The problem of the threat of the Radicalism movement in the Campus environment is a form of non-military threat that can shake the joints of community life. This research discusses the strategy and ...synergy of the National University in Preventing the Threat of Radicalism in Higher Education seen from three aspects namely Ways, Means and Ends as a way through existing facilities and infrastructure to ward off acts of radicalism in the campus environment that can affect the non-military defence system. This research was conducted to answer 2 research questions related to how strategies and synergies were carried out by the National University in preventing potential threats of radicalism to support the non-military defence system. The results showed that 3 aspects must be considered when the National University Campus makes efforts to prevent the threat of radicalisation among students through the Organizational Synergy, Policy Synergy and Operational Synergy approaches. All three will form an answer resulting from the research. The suggestion that needs to be done is how the campus can implement and integrate campus policies/policy strategy and student activities/operational strategy in the Student organisation/organizational strategy.
Focusing on the example of Sintra during the Islamic period, we seek to understand how the knowing of the territory weighed in the strategy for the construction of fortifications and surveillance ...structures that allowed for the military defence and that were part of the defensive system of the Lisbon region. The methodology used consists on the crossing of data between historical and archaeological sources, toponymical and geographical recognition. The results show that Sintra, besides two castles and a ribat, will have had other defensive structures and checkpoints that allowed communication with other distant places and marked the maritime cultural landscape. This investigation allows to conclude that the structuring of this defensive system implied a strategic planning based on the study of the different geographical combinations, the relations between the villages, the communication ways, the ports and anchorages, and that some important places would already have been used in previous eras.
Focando o exemplo de Sintra durante o Período Islâmico, procura-se compreender como o conhecimento do território pesou na estratégia de edificação de fortificações e de estruturas de vigilância que permitiam a defesa militar e que faziam parte do sistema defensivo do distrito de Lisboa. A metodologia seguida consiste no cruzamento de dados entre as fontes históricas, arqueológicas, a toponímia e o reconhecimento geográfico. Os resultados obtidos mostram que Sintra, para além de dois castelos e de um ribat, teve outras estruturas defensivas e postos de vigilância que possibilitavam a comunicação com outros locais a longa distância e que marcavam a paisagem cultural marítima. A investigação permite concluir que a estruturação deste sistema defensivo implicou um planejamento estratégico baseado no estudo das diferentes combinações geográficas, das relações entre os povoados, das vias de comunicação, dos portos e ancoradouros, sendo que alguns locais importantes já teriam sido utilizados em épocas anteriores.
El presente artículo busca entender, a partir del caso de Sintra durante el periodo islámico, cómo el conocimiento del territorio pesó en la estrategia de la construcción de fortificaciones y de las estructuras de vigilancia que permitían la defensa militar y formaban parte del sistema defensivo de la región de Lisboa. La metodología consiste en el intercambio de datos entre las fuentes arqueológicas, históricas, la toponimia y el reconocimiento geográfico. Los resultados muestran que Sintra, además de dos castillos y un ribat, ha tenido otras estructuras defensivas y puntos de control que permitían la comunicación con otros lugares de larga distancia y que marcaban el paisaje cultural marítimo. Las investigaciones muestran que la estructura de este sistema defensivo implicó una planificación estratégica basada en el estudio de las diferentes combinaciones geográficas, de las relaciones entre los pueblos, de las vías de comunicación, de los puertos y fondeaderos, y de algunos sitios importantes que habrían sido utilizados en épocas anteriores.
Traditionally understood as a linear defence wall, the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) is actually part of a larger, complex system: the Ming Great Wall Military Defence System (the ...M-GWMDS).This article presents findings of an ongoing research into the authenticity of the M-GWMDS, based on the Geographic Information System (GIS) platform and fractal theory. Here, the focus is on the analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics of the traffic networks of the M-GWMDS, as this allows elucidating the system relationship of the M-GWMDS based on such characteristics. The study findings reveal that the M-GWMDS is thoroughly integrated with the linear Great Wall via the treelike fractal traffic networks, thus forming a defence system characterized by highly efficient space and resource planning. At the more macroscopic level, the Great Wall military defence settlement system and the civil settlement system are further merged into a mutually complementary double-fractal structure, which effectively copes with the special man-land relationship on the survival and defence in the border areas.
Este artículo analiza el gasto fiscal realizado por la Real Hacienda en el área de Maldonado. A partir del análisis de los datos contenidos en los libros contables de la Caja Real de Maldonado se ...estudian las erogaciones de caudales efectuadas en el periodo comprendido entre 1782 y 1806, que estaban orientadas a solventar la política de poblamiento de la zona y la defensa militar del territorio. El trabajo también muestra que ese gasto fiscal fue sostenido, en su mayor parte, por las transferencias provenientes de las cajas de Buenos Aires y Montevideo, que a su vez recibían esos fondos de otras cajas. De esta manera durante 25 años se produjo una inyección constante de moneda metálica en Maldonado que, en última instancia, procedía de los excedentes de las cajas mineras del Alto Perú y que ayudó a consolidar el crecimiento demográfico y económico de la zona.
The beginning of the war in 1939 changed the geopolitical situation in the Baltic region. After Poland had lost its sovereignty and the Soviet Union approached the borders of Lithuania, the country’s ...defence concept also changed. Reforms of the army that had started in Lithuania as early as 1935 fundamentally changed the approach to the defence of the country. The vision was declared that every citizen was a defender of his country. After the reinforcement of border control, mobilisation plans were drawn up, and the Riflemen’s Union was included in Lithuania’s defence plans. In 1939, after the Mutual Assistance Treaty had been signed with the Soviet Union, 20,000 Soviet soldiers entered Lithuania. Given the new geopolitical circumstances, a detailed restructuring of the concept of national defence was undertaken. This paper looks into the directives for mobilisation drawn up in the spring of 1940, the mobilisation plan for the Riflemen’s Union, and the plans for the use of the riflemen for national defence.
This article discusses the process of the integration of the Lithuanian Riflemen’s Union (LRU) into the state’s defence system in the 1920s and 1930s. The key features and boundaries of the process ...are outlined, on the basis of archival materials and research literature. An analysis of relations between the military authorities and the LRU reveals individual characteristics of the relationship between the riflemen and the army. The regional context of the process is evaluated within the limitations of the sources available, by presenting the situations of similar paramilitary organisations in Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Poland during the period in question.
The paper deals with the role of the Kaitseliit (Defence League) voluntary defence organisation in Estonia’s defence in the years of the Estonian War of Independence (also known as the Liberation ...War) and in peacetime until 1940, with attention focused mainly on the 1930s. An overview is provided of the historiography, the formation of Kaitseliit in 1918, its role in the Liberation War, the period of decreasing activity of the organisation after the war, and the restoration and development of Kaitseliit in the 1920s and 1930s. The author reviews the objectives of the organisation, issues of its membership, structure, management and armament, as well as the use of Kaitseliit and its units in Estonian military defence and internal training. The paper also attempts to answer the question how the role of Kaitseliit in Estonian national defence developed.
The National Library of Brazil has in its cartographic collection a little-known late sixteenth-century ichnographic plan of Lisbon, Portugal, showing the city's western extramural suburb. In this ...article the unfinished draft plan is analysed for what it reveals of the mapmakers' surveying methods. Comparison of the plan with other historical sources suggests that it was produced by Giovanni Vincenzo Casale and Alexandre Massai for military purposes between 1590 and 1597. This makes it the oldest ichnographic plan of Lisbon known to date, replacing the better known ichnographic plan of Lisbon signed by João Nunes Tinoco in 1650.
Obvious changes in a very broad field of the information and communication technologies are the key driver of the accelerated development of every sphere of human activity, including private life. In ...the military organization, this technological progress is present through the “post 2000” concept of the networked implementation of operations, which is implemented to varying degrees in armies around the world. New confrontations on the modern front include demands for an ever-increasing volume of the electronic traffic, complexity of the systems that generate, share and consume information content, and above all, the fastest possible availability of the relevant information. The race for information superiority is accompanied, on the other hand, by an ever more destructive highly sophisticated threats, from classic degradations and physical destruction, action of the hybrid (intelligence-combat) platforms of the unmanned systems, to cyber-electromagnetic activities of an offensivedefensive nature. The new paradigms of the multi-domain warfare and expected scenarios that such forms of engagement put forward, demand from the modern military organization further normative arrangements within the functional area related to communication information systems. At the operational-strategic level, they imply the introduction of adequate organizational concepts and doctrines, while in the implementation part they require correction of the established tactics, techniques and procedures. In such an operational environment, integrative efforts within today’s militarydefence communication systems transformed into unique complete solutions have brought a special challenge. Key networking of the mission components is provided by network access points. For this reason, they are the subject of special attention of the network designers, both conceptually and in terms of implementation. The effectiveness of their functioning is also an assessment of the maturity of military thinking, inventiveness and engineering practice – which will bring along defeats or victories to any combat system in future challenges.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have been protecting country since time immemorial. One way they have continued these traditions in recent times is through service in the Australian ...military, both overseas and within Australia. In Defence of Country presents a selection of life stories of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ex-servicemen and women who served in the Australian Army, Navy and Air Force after World War Two. In their own words, participants discuss a range of issues including why they joined up; racial discrimination; the Stolen Generations; leadership; discipline; family; war and peace; education and skills development; community advocacy; and their hopes for the future of Indigenous Australia. Individually and collectively, the life stories in this book highlight the many contributions that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander servicemen and women have made, and continue to make, in defence of country.
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