Očigledne promjene na vrlo širokom području informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologija
ključni su pokretač ubrzanog razvoja svake sfere ljudskog djelovanja – uključujući i
privatni život. U vojnoj ...organizaciji ovaj tehnološki napredak prisutan je kroz tzv.
post 2000 koncept umrežene provedbe operacija – koji se u različitim stupnjevima
implementira u vojskama širom svijeta. Nova sučeljavanja na suvremenoj bojišnici
uključuju zahtjeve za sve većim volumenom elektroničkih prometnica, usložnjavanja
sustava koji generiraju, dijele i konzumiraju informacijske sadržaje te prije svega što
bržu dostupnost relevantnih informacija. Utrku za informacijskom superiornošću s
druge strane prate nikad destruktivnije visokosofisticirane prijetnje – od klasičnih
degradacija i fizičkih uništenja, djelovanja hibridnih (obavještajno-borbenih) platformi
besposadnih sustava, do kiberelektromagnetskih aktivnosti napadajno-obrambene
prirode. Nove paradigme višedomenskog ratovanja i očekujući scenariji koje takvi
oblici angažmana donose, od suvremene vojne organizacije traže daljnja normativna
uređenja unutar funkcionalnog područja vezanog uz komunikacijsko-informacijske
sustave. Ona na operativno-strategijskoj razini podrazumijevaju uvođenje adekvatnih
organizacijskih koncepata i doktrina, dok u provedbenom dijelu traže korigiranje
ustaljenih taktika, tehnika i procedura. U takvom operativnom okružju, poseban
izazov donose integrativni napori unutar vojno-obrambenih komunikacijskih sustava
današnjice, pretočeni u jedinstvena cjelovita rješenja. Ključnu umreženost misijskih
sastavnica osiguravaju mrežne pristupne točke. Zbog tog su razloga predmetom od
posebne pozornosti mrežnih dizajnera, i u konceptualnom i u izvedbenom smislu.
Učinkovitost njihova funkcioniranja, ujedno je i ocjena zrelosti vojnog promišljanja,
inventivnosti i inženjerske prakse – koja će u budućim izazovima svakom borbenom
sustavu donositi poraze ili pobjede.
Očigledne promjene na vrlo širokom području informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologija ključni su pokretač ubrzanog razvoja svake sfere ljudskog djelovanja – uključujući i privatni život. U vojnoj ...organizaciji ovaj tehnološki napredak prisutan je kroz tzv. post 2000 koncept umrežene provedbe operacija – koji se u različitim stupnjevima implementira u vojskama širom svijeta. Nova sučeljavanja na suvremenoj bojišnici uključuju zahtjeve za sve većim volumenom elektroničkih prometnica, usložnjavanja sustava koji generiraju, dijele i konzumiraju informacijske sadržaje te prije svega što bržu dostupnost relevantnih informacija. Utrku za informacijskom superiornošću s druge strane prate nikad destruktivnije visokosofisticirane prijetnje – od klasičnih degradacija i fizičkih uništenja, djelovanja hibridnih (obavještajno-borbenih) platformi besposadnih sustava, do kiberelektromagnetskih aktivnosti napadajno-obrambene prirode. Nove paradigme višedomenskog ratovanja i očekujući scenariji koje takvi oblici angažmana donose, od suvremene vojne organizacije traže daljnja normativna uređenja unutar funkcionalnog područja vezanog uz komunikacijsko-informacijske sustave. Ona na operativno-strategijskoj razini podrazumijevaju uvođenje adekvatnih organizacijskih koncepata i doktrina, dok u provedbenom dijelu traže korigiranje ustaljenih taktika, tehnika i procedura. U takvom operativnom okružju, poseban izazov donose integrativni napori unutar vojno-obrambenih komunikacijskih sustava današnjice, pretočeni u jedinstvena cjelovita rješenja. Ključnu umreženost misijskih sastavnica osiguravaju mrežne pristupne točke. Zbog tog su razloga predmetom od posebne pozornosti mrežnih dizajnera, i u konceptualnom i u izvedbenom smislu. Učinkovitost njihova funkcioniranja, ujedno je i ocjena zrelosti vojnog promišljanja, inventivnosti i inženjerske prakse – koja će u budućim izazovima svakom borbenom sustavu donositi poraze ili pobjede.
본 논문은 2010년 9월 28일 개최된 북한 제3차 노동당 대표자회와 중앙위원회 전원회의 개최 결과를 분석하고, 이를 기초로 북한의 권력구조와 관련한 쟁점들을 탐구(search)하여, 앞으로의 북한 권력구조 연구(research)를 위한 과제들을 제시하는 데 목적을 두었다. 제3차 당 대표자회와 당 중앙위원회 전원회의는 3대 강화-비서국 중심의 김정일 ...체제강화, 당 중앙군사위원회 중심의 후계체제 기반 강화, 정치국 중심의 후견체제 강화-로 귀결되었고, 이는 당 국가체계의 복원 및 당·군의 상호 견제와 균형시스템 마련으로 발현되었다. 본 논문은 다음과 같이 북한 권력구조와 관련한 쟁점과 과제들을 제시하였다. 첫째, 중앙당 체계 정비와 달리 지방당과 하급당 체계의 정비과정은 순탄치 않을 가능성에 주목하였다. 둘째, 1980년 당 규약과 2009년 개정헌법을 고려할 때, 국방위원회와 당 중앙군사위원회 간 권능과 임무가 상충하고 있다는 점을 지적하였다. 셋째, 국방위원회는 당 중앙위원회의 지도하에 있기보다는 국방위원장의 직할통치기구일 가능성에 착목하였다. 넷째, 당 중앙군사위원회가 중앙위원회 산하로 재 편입 되었다는 주장은 아직 시기상조라는 점을 주장하였다. 마지막으로, 후계자와 권력엘리트 간의 관계는 김정일의 생존기간에 따라 두 가지 경로로 진행될 가능성에 주목해야 한다는 점을 제시하였다.
The aim of this article is to analyze the result of WPK(Workers` Party of Korea) Conference and PMCC(Plenary Meeting of Central Committee) in Sep-tember28, 2010, to search disputing issues related to the power structure, and to suggest various research subjects in the future. WPK Conference and PMCC were concluded with three enforcements-enforcement of Kim Jong-Il regime in the center of Secretariats, enforcement of the successor regime basement in the center of CMC(Central Military Commission),and enforcement of the ward ship system in the center of the Political Bureau. It was displayed as the Party-State system rebuilding and the check and balance system between Party and Military. I suggested the disputing issues and subjects as followings. Firstly, I focused on the possibilities to be more difficult to the equipment of Local Party system, compared with Central Party. Secondly, I pointed out that MDC and CMC collide with their missions and authorities each other, between the Party Statute1980 and the Constitution 2009. Thirdly, I took my eyes on possibilities that MDC(Military Defence Committee) is direct control organization by the chair-man of MDC rather than one is guided by Central Committee(CC). Fourthly, I missed an opportunity that the CMC was re-entried under the CC. Lastly, I suggested that the relationship between a successor and power elites will proceed in the two paths according to the term of Kim Jong-Il`s survival.
In a time of increasing pressure and increasing demands on space a critical view is needed in order to preserve our cultural heritage. Mere preservation or restoration is not an approach that assures ...the survival of heritage in the future. In The Netherlands a new approach is being developed by which cultural heritage is integrated into physical planning and the development of new functions. In addition to contemplating on the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of the approach, this article shows an example of a successful participatory approach by which a landscape plan was designed for an area around a historical military defence line. The defence line is one of the first of the kind and originates from the Dutch War for Independence (1568–1648). The structure is threatened by present spatial developments. In co-operation with stakeholders a vision was formulated that formed a framework for future developments. The project showed that preservation through development is an approach that has great potential and should in many cases be preferred to the more common approach of protection and restoration of relics. The new approach provides more support for the preservation of cultural heritage and doesn’t block other social developments.
Historical cities (or centers) show a value which goes beyond the properly
historical or cultural, being considered as milestones for the own collective
memory of its inhabitants. Because their ...strategic value, it is of paramount
importance to develop research lines for increasing our knowledge about
them.
In this article, we propose a proper methodology for the generation of threedimensional
digital models considering the characteristics of historical urban
centers. This methodology is based on the combined and complementary
use of photogrammetry and laser scanner. The models finally obtained for
each building are geometrically precise and visually aesthetic. These models
can be integrated into virtual environments, and used for safety of historical
cities, which are especially vulnerable against war or terrorist actions.
Las ciudades (o centros) históricos presentan un valor que transciende
más allá del meramente histórico o cultural, pudiendo ser considerados
hitos de referencia para la propia memoria colectiva de sus habitantes.
Dado su valor estratégico, resulta muy importante el desarrollo de lí-
neas de investigación que permitan profundizar en su seguridad y conservación.
En este artículo planteamos una metodología propia para la generación
de modelos digitales tridimensionales aplicado a los centros urbanos
históricos. Esta metodología se basa en el uso combinado y complementario
de técnicas de fotogrametría y láser escáner. Los modelos finalmente obtenidos ofrecen una representación geométricamente
precisa y visualmente estética de los distintos edificios que pueden ser
integrados en entornos virtuales y aplicados a la seguridad de las áreas
urbanas históricas, especialmente vulnerables ante acciones bélicas o
terroristas.
Résumé Cet article, fondé sur des archives militaires confidentielles et sur celles du Conseil d’aide économique mutuelle (CAEM), retrace l’histoire de l’industrie de la défense hongroise des années ...1950 aux années 1980. La première partie décrit la soviétisation massive de ce secteur et ses conséquences : changements technologiques radicaux, adaptation aux standards soviétiques GOST et production de missiles. La deuxième montre comment l’industrie de la défense fut progressivement réinsérée dans l’économie civile entre 1953 et 1961. Les usines militaires développèrent alors une structure duale, qui les aida à affronter les difficultés de cette période de transition. La troisième analyse les coopérations économiques et la division du travail au sein du CAEM, en soulignant l’important degré d’intégration des productions militaires. Elle éclaire aussi les failles de cette coopération, qui obligèrent la Hongrie à rechercher des partenariats en dehors du bloc soviétique. Enfin, la dernière partie s’attache aux années 1970-1980, marquées par les transferts de technologies, légaux ou illégaux, avec l’Occident et par l’exportation d’un savoir-faire et d’armements vers le tiers-monde.
The Bač Fortress, Bač Project Leader: Dr Slavica Vujovic, Project Leader and author of the Project | The Provincial Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage – Petrovaradin (PZZSK)
Entry year: 2018
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The Bač Fortress began construction in the 14th-century with additions made in the 15th- and 16th-centuries and is a listed national monument. The project “Centuries of Bač” was initiated in 2006 to ...research and increase knowledge about the area of Bač; to implement key conservation principles in its preservation; to find a sustainable use for the site; and to raise awareness of its value among the wider community. The conservation and rehabilitation of the Bac Fortress has been a central part of this project. The project was carried out by the Provincial Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments -Petrovaradin,and supported by its partners: the Fund for Preserving Cultural and Historical Heritage “Centuries of Bač”, the University of Novi Sad Faculty of Technology and the Museum of Vojvodina. The project received financial support from regional, national and international sources including EU funding. The project has successfully integrated the Bač Fortress into the life of the local community and has found a sustainable use to ensure its future. It has been restored, its archaeological remains preserved and its interior transformed into a visitor centre and exhibition space which helps visitors to interpret the wider cultural landscape of Bač. It has also become a centre where professional knowledge about heritage conservation and management is gained, enhanced and shared. For the past 15 years the Fortress has also been the regional central point for the European Heritage Days,an initiative of the Council of Europe.Due to the success of this project the Bač Fortress was listed on UNESCO’s Tentative List in 2010, as a part of the “Historical place of Bač and its surroundings”. The town of Bač shows influences of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Byzantine, Islamic and Baroque styles, along with examples of vernacular architecture. The built heritage pays testimony to the cultural diversity of the area, linking the Balkans with Central and Western Europe.
Some of its most iconic structures are now listed as national monuments: namely the Bac Fortress, the Bodjani Orthodox Monastery and the Franciscan Monastery of Bač.
Buildings:
Former Use: Fortress
Jury Citation: “This project is an exceptional example of heritage preservation based on interdisciplinary collaboration. To achieve this, the project leaders have made use of European resources to research and carry out necessary preliminary investigations, which in turn have led to the implementation of a correct management strategy. A sustained effort has been made to maintain the aspect of the ruin through careful conservation. In addition there is a strong educational component relevant to the entire region”.
“The Fortress is located in close proximity to the Danube, a river which has provided a link between many European countries”.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have been protecting country since time immemorial. One way they have continued these traditions in recent times is through service in the Australian ...military, both overseas and within Australia. In Defence of Country presents a selection of life stories of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ex-servicemen and women who served in the Australian Army, Navy and Air Force after World War Two. In their own words, participants discuss a range of issues including why they joined up; racial discrimination; the Stolen Generations; leadership; discipline; family; war and peace; education and skills development; community advocacy; and their hopes for the future of Indigenous Australia. Individually and collectively, the life stories in this book highlight the many contributions that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander servicemen and women have made, and continue to make, in defence of country.
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