We consider a system with genuine elements (GEs) and false targets (FTs) that cannot be distinguished by the attacker. To enhance the attack efficiency, the attacker uses a double attack strategy in ...which it tries first to eliminate with minimal effort as many false targets as possible in the first attack and then distributes its entire remaining resources among all surviving targets in the second attack. The model for evaluating the system vulnerability in the double attack is suggested for a single genuine element, and multiple genuine elements are configured in parallel or in a series. It is assumed that the attacker strikes a subset of the targets in the first attack, choosing the optimal number of targets in this subset. The defender can optimize its resource distribution among deploying FTs, protecting GEs and, in the case of a parallel system, deploying redundant GEs. Various examples of optimal attack and defense strategies analysis are demonstrated. The defense strategy is analyzed based on a two-period minmax game.
With the drawdown of US troops from both Iraq and Afghanistan, questions abound regarding the role of private military and security contractors (PMSCs) in American security policy moving forward. ...This article explores evolving US considerations for the use of various types of PMSCs currently and in the future. In doing so, it argues that the United States will continue to use PMSCs for the foreseeable future, although to a lesser extent than in the previous decade, and for different types of services in different theatres than was witnessed in Iraq and Afghanistan. In particular, it is likely that the US will use PMSCs specializing in security or training/consulting functions in place of US troops for external security support missions. The effects of this shift may be moderated by the private military industry's increasing adherence to international regulatory standards, although it is likely that such regulations will have the greatest impact on those firms providing security services.
Ongoing reassessments in U.S. strategy in the Asia-Pacific have coincided with a major growth in Sino-Australian economic relations. The Australian-American alliance could be increasingly tested if ...U.S. policy planners are unsuccessful in generating more sensitive and proactive alliance security postures to ensure Australian support for key U.S. interests in the Asia-Pacific.
Following the end of martial law and democratization in Taiwan, the Republic of China (ROC) military continued to guide defense policy without full civilian control throughout the 1990's. A major ...blow to this military "deep state" was the political scandal involving the purchase of Lafayette-class naval frigates, which exposed the military to allegations of corruption, political cronyism and even murder. As the scandal was slowly uncovered, efforts by opposition legislators and public calls for significant defense reforms culminated in the passage of two national defense laws which radically restructured the ROC defense establishment. The Lafayette scandal provided a window of opportunity for Taiwan's civilian leaders to achieve greater control over the military and enact constitutional changes strengthening the authority of civilian officials. In contrast, Taiwan's current defense reform program, designed to end conscription, is suffering significant problems in implementing effective reforms due to a lack of political and public interest. The divergent results of the two periods suggests that an overreaction to Taiwan's militarized past and excessively strict legislative control is now hindering current military reform and development.
This article examines why Asia's multilateral defence diplomacy has been a relative laggard when compared to other forms of institutionalized security dialogue, and what explains its recent rise. It ...argues that explanations that stress the "catalytic role" of external shocks such as the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) or changes in the distribution of power or threats are underdetermining. Rather, Asia's new multilateral defence diplomacy reflects strategic emulation on the part of ASEAN elites, who localized ideas initially put forward by outsiders in order to maintain ASEAN's central place in the regional security architecture. Its rise has also been helped by the changing role of militaries in some East Asian states and its rapid institutionalization owes much to historical contingency, in particular the interests of two influential ASEAN Chairs in Indonesia and Vietnam. The final part of the article briefly assesses the future prospects and influence of regional multilateral defence diplomacy.
Background: The US military is perhaps the only retailer consistently losing money on tobacco. Military stores (commissaries and exchanges) have long sold discount-priced cigarettes, while the ...Department of Defense (DoD) pays directly for tobacco-related healthcare costs of many current and former customers. Tobacco use also impairs short-term troop readiness. Objective: To examine the long struggle to raise commissary tobacco prices and the tobacco industry’s role in this policy effort. Methods: Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents, searches of government and military websites and newspaper databases, and interviews with key informants identified in the documents. Results: Efforts to raise commissary tobacco prices began in the mid-1980s. Opposition quickly emerged. Some military officials viewed tobacco use as a “right” and low prices as a “benefit”. Others raised issues of authority, and some saw the change as threatening the stores. The tobacco industry successfully exploited complex relationships among the Congress, the DoD, commissaries, exchanges and private industry, obstructing change for over a decade. Leadership from the Secretary and Assistant Secretaries of Defense, presidential support and procedural manoeuvring finally resulted in a modest price increase in 1996, but even then, high-level military officials were apparently threatened with retaliation from pro-tobacco Congressmen. Conclusions: The longstanding military tradition of cheap cigarettes persists because of the politics of the military sales system, the perception within the military of tobacco use as a right, and tobacco industry pressures. Against its own best interests, the US military still makes tobacco available to service members at prices below those in the civilian sector.
Gideon at Guantánamo KATYAL, NEAL KUMAR
The Yale law journal,
06/2013, Letnik:
122, Številka:
8
Journal Article
The right to counsel maintains an uneasy relationship with the demands of trials for war crimes. Drawing on the author's personal experiences from defending a Guantánamo detainee, the Author explains ...how Gideon set a baseline for the right to counsel at Guantánamo. Whether constitutionally required or not, Gideon ultimately framed the way defense lawyers represented their clients. Against the expectations of political and military leaders, both civilian and military lawyers vigorously challenged the legality of the military trial system. At the same time, tensions arose because lawyers devoted to a particular cause (such as attacking the Guantánamo trial system) were asked at times to help legitimize the system, particularly when it came to decisions about whether to enter a plea to help legitimize the rickety trial system in operation at Guantánamo.
To discuss the sentencing complexities in military national security cases, first defining a national security case and then distinguishing Department of Defense (DOD) prosecutions from those by the ...Department of Justice (DOJ) is helpful. Following that, this article explains the challenges national security cases present, including the introduction of classified information and the difficulty in correlating degrees of potential harm to national security to a level of punishment.
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