El presente artículo explora la evolución de los modelos utilizados por el campo de la medicina, desde el modelo biomédico hasta el modelo ofrecido por el marco de la Cognición 4E. Asimismo, se ...critica el enfoque biomédico para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades debido a su naturaleza reduccionista de la complejidad del continuo salud-enfermedad y la experiencia humana. Se propone el modelo de la Cognición 4E como una posibilidad para la aplicación práctica del modelo biopsicosocial –siendo su dificultad para la aplicabilidad una de las principales críticas a este modelo– dado a que permite el desarrollo de intervenciones concretas desde una perspectiva integradora en las ciencias médicas. Este artículo explora la aplicación del modelo 4E de la Cognición en el campo de la Psiquiatría y Psicología, destacado el potencial rol de las tecnologías Mobile Brain-Body Imaging (MoBI) para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de diversos diagnósticos neuropsiquiátricos desde una perspectiva integradora que considere elementos fisiológicos, sociales, psicológicos e incluso ambientales y estructurales. Finalmente, se exploran posibles direcciones futuras en términos de investigación y aplicabilidad al desarrollo de intervenciones y tratamientos implementando estas tecnologías.
Recent technological progress has allowed the development of low-cost and highly portable brain sensors such as pre-amplified dry-electrodes to measure cognitive activity out of the laboratory. This ...technology opens promising perspectives to monitor the "brain at work" in complex real-life situations such as while operating aircraft. However, there is a need to benchmark these sensors in real operational conditions. We therefore designed a scenario in which twenty-two pilots equipped with a six-dry-electrode EEG system had to perform one low load and one high load traffic pattern along with a passive auditory oddball. In the low load condition, the participants were monitoring the flight handled by a flight instructor, whereas they were flying the aircraft in the high load condition. At the group level, statistical analyses disclosed higher P300 amplitude for the auditory target (Pz, P4 and Oz electrodes) along with higher alpha band power (Pz electrode), and higher theta band power (Oz electrode) in the low load condition as compared to the high load one. Single trial classification accuracy using both event-related potentials and event-related frequency features at the same time did not exceed chance level to discriminate the two load conditions. However, when considering only the frequency features computed over the continuous signal, classification accuracy reached around 70% on average. This study demonstrates the potential of dry-EEG to monitor cognition in a highly ecological and noisy environment, but also reveals that hardware improvement is still needed before it can be used for everyday flight operations.
Empathy is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that plays a crucial role in human social interactions. Recent developments in social neuroscience have provided valuable insights into the neural ...underpinnings and bodily mechanisms underlying empathy. This methodology often prioritizes precision, replicability, internal validity, and confound control. However, fully understanding the complexity of empathy seems unattainable by solely relying on artificial and controlled laboratory settings, while overlooking a comprehensive view of empathy through an ecological experimental approach. In this article, we propose articulating an integrative theoretical and methodological framework based on the 5E approach (the "E"s stand for
), highlighting the relevance of studying empathy as an active interaction between embodied agents, embedded in a shared real-world environment. In addition, we illustrate how a novel multimodal approach including mobile brain and body imaging (MoBi) combined with phenomenological methods, and the implementation of interactive paradigms in a natural context, are adequate procedures to study empathy from the 5E approach. In doing so, we present the Empirical 5E approach (E5E) as an integrative scientific framework to bridge brain/body and phenomenological attributes in an interbody interactive setting. Progressing toward an E5E approach can be crucial to understanding empathy in accordance with the complexity of how it is experienced in the real world.
Cervical total disc replacement (TDR) is an increasingly accepted procedure for the treatment of symptomatic cervical degenerative disc disease. Multiple Level I evidence clinical trials have ...established cervical TDR to be a safe and effective procedure in the short-term. The objective of this study is to provide a long-term assessment of TDR versus anterior discectomy and fusion for the treatment of one- and two-level disc disease.
This study was a continuation of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, US FDA IDE clinical trial comparing cervical TDR with the Mobi-C
Cervical Disc versus ACDF through 7 years follow-up. Inclusion criteria included a diagnosis of symptomatic cervical degenerative disc disease at one or two cervical levels. TDR patients were treated using a Mobi-C
artificial disc (Zimmer Biomet, Austin TX, USA). ACDF with allograft and anterior plate was used as a control treatment. Outcome measures were collected preoperatively and postoperatively at 6 weeks, at 3, 6, 12, 18 months, annually through 60 months, and at 84 months. Measured outcomes included Overall success, Neck Disability Index (NDI), VAS neck and arm pain, segmental range of motion (ROM), patient satisfaction, SF-12 MCS/PCS, major complications, and subsequent surgery rate. The primary endpoint was an FDA composite definition of success comprising clinical improvement and an absence of major complications and secondary surgery events.
A total of 599 patients were enrolled and treated, with 164 treated with one-level TDR, 225 treated with two-level TDR, 81 treated with one-level ACDF, and 105 treated with two-level ACDF. At seven years, follow-up rates ranged from 73.5% to 84.4% (overall 80.2%).The overall success rates of two level TDR and ACDF patients were 60.8% and 34.2%, respectively (p<0.0001). The overall success rates of one level TDR and ACDF patients were 55.2% and 50%, respectively (p>0.05). Both the single and two level TDR and ACDF groups showed significant improvement from baseline NDI scores, VAS neck and arm pain scores, and SF-12 MCS/PCS scores (p<0.0001). In the single level cohort, there was an increased percentage of TDR patients who reported themselves as "very satisfied" (TDR 90.9% vs ACDF 77.8%; p= 0.028). There was a lower rate of adjacent level secondary surgery in the single level TDR patients (3.7%) versus the ACDF patients (13.6%; p = 0.007).In the two level TDR group, the NDI success rate was significantly greater in the TDR group (TDR: 79.0% vs. ACDF: 58.0%; p=0.001). There was significantly more improvement in NDI change score at 7 years in the TDR patients versus ACDF. The TDR group had a significantly higher rate of patients who were "very satisfied" with their treatment compared to the ACDF group (TDR: 85.9% vs. ACDF: 73.9%). The rate of subsequent surgery at the index level was significantly lower in the TDR group compared to the ACDF group (TDR: 4.4% vs. ACDF: 16.2%; p=0.001). The rate of adjacent level secondary surgery was significantly lower in the two level TDR (4.4%) patients compared to the ACDF (11.3%; p=0.03) patients. In both single and two level cohorts, the percentage of patients with worse NDI (2.5%-3.8% of two level surgeries and 1.2%-2.5% of single level surgeries) or worse neck pain (5%-6.8% of the two level surgeries and 1.3% - 3.8% of the single level surgeries) was strikingly low in both groups but trended lower in the TDR patients.
At seven years, the composite success analysis demonstrated clinical superiority of two level TDR over ACDF and non-inferiority of single level TDR versus ACDF. There were lower rates of secondary surgery and higher adjacent level disc survivorship in both groups. Both surgeries were remarkably effective in alleviating pain relative to baseline and the rate of patients with worse disability or neck pain was surprisingly low. Overall, greater than 95% of patients (from both groups) who underwent TDR and 88% of patients who underwent ACDF were "very satisfied" at seven years. The differences in clinical effectiveness of TDR versus ACDF becomes more apparent as treatment increases from one to two levels, indicating a significant benefit for TDR over ACDF for two-level procedures.
The Mobi-C Clinical Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00389597) was conducted at 24 sites in the US and was approved by the Institutional Review Board, Research Ethics Committee, or local equivalent of each participating site.
1.
Brain activity during natural walking outdoors can be captured using mobile electroencephalography (EEG). However, EEG recorded during gait is confounded with artifacts from various sources, possibly ...obstructing the interpretation of brain activity patterns. Currently, there is no consensus on how the amount of artifact present in these recordings should be quantified, or is there a systematic description of gait artifact properties. In the current study, we expand several features into a seven‐dimensional footprint of gait‐related artifacts, combining features of time, time‐frequency, spatial, and source domains. EEG of N = 26 participants was recorded while standing and walking outdoors. Footprints of gait‐related artifacts before and after two different artifact attenuation strategies (after artifact subspace reconstruction (ASR) and after subsequent independent component analysis ICA) were systematically different. We also evaluated topographies, morphologies, and signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNR) of button‐press event‐related potentials (ERP) before and after artifact handling, to confirm gait‐artifact reduction specificity. Morphologies and SNR remained unchanged after artifact attenuation, whereas topographies improved in quality. Our results show that the footprint can provide a detailed assessment of gait‐related artifacts and can be used to estimate the sensitivity of different artifact reduction strategies. Moreover, the analysis of button‐press ERPs demonstrated its specificity, as processing did not only reduce gait‐related artifacts but ERPs of interest remained largely unchanged. We conclude that the proposed footprint is well suited to characterize individual differences in gait‐related artifact extent. In the future, it could be used to compare and optimize recording setups and processing pipelines comprehensively.
A multidimensional footprint of gait‐related EEG artifacts is proposed. A composite score of the footprint features, as well as the magnitude of some individual features, changed after preprocessing and between two processing pipelines, suggesting that the employed artifact reduction methods were sensitive to artifacts. An ERP of interest remained, indicating that preprocessing was specific as well. The proposed footprint enables objective comparisons of gait‐related EEG artifact extent.
In lower mammals, locomotion seems to be mainly regulated by subcortical and spinal networks. On the contrary, recent evidence suggests that in humans the motor cortex is also significantly engaged ...during complex locomotion tasks. However, a detailed understanding of cortical contribution to locomotion is still lacking especially during stereotyped activities. Here, we show that cortical motor areas finely control leg muscle activation during treadmill stereotyped walking. Using a novel technique based on a combination of Reliable Independent Component Analysis, source localization and effective connectivity, and by combining electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) recordings in able-bodied adults we were able to examine for the first time cortical activation patterns and cortico-muscular connectivity including information flow direction. Results not only provided evidence of cortical activity associated with locomotion, but demonstrated significant causal unidirectional drive from contralateral motor cortex to muscles in the swing leg. These insights overturn the traditional view that human cortex has a limited role in the control of stereotyped locomotion, and suggest useful hypotheses concerning mechanisms underlying gait under other conditions.
Motor cortex proactively drives contralateral swing leg muscles during treadmill walking, counter to the traditional view of stereotyped human locomotion.
•Cortical contributions to stereotyped locomotion are still not well understood.•We studied EEG – EMG effective cortico-muscular connectivity during treadmill walking.•A novel technique based on reliable source localization and effective connectivity is proposed.•The Motor Cortex drives leg muscles even during stereotyped locomotion.•The results counter the traditional view of limited Cortex involvement in stereotyped locomotion.
Advances in Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) technology allows for real‐time measurements of human brain dynamics during every day, natural, real‐life situations. This special issue Time to Move ...brings together a collection of experimental papers, targeted reviews and opinion articles that lay out the latest MoBI findings. A wide range of topics across different fields are covered including art, athletics, virtual reality, and mobility. What unites these diverse topics is the common goal to enhance and restore human abilities by reaching a better understanding on how cognition is implemented by the brain‐body relationship. The breadth and novelty of paradigms and findings reported here positions MoBI as a new frontier in the field of human cognitive neuroscience.
•A generic PBK model was developed for three bird species to understand chemical distribution.•The generic PBK model included ovulation compartment, to predict concentrations of chemicals in ...eggs.•The egg compartment is divided in yolk and albumen.•Application of a generic avian PBK model to predict egg concentrations in wild birds.•The overall accuracy of the PBK model predictions across the analyzed chemicals was satisfactory.
Physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models are effective tools for designing toxicological studies and conducting extrapolations to inform hazard characterization in risk assessment by filling data gaps and defining safe levels of chemicals. In the present work, a generic avian PBK model for male and female birds was developed using PK-Sim and MoBi from the Open Systems Pharmacology Suite (OSPS). The PBK model includes an ovulation model (egg development) to predict concentrations of chemicals in eggs from dietary exposure. The model was parametrized for chicken (Gallus gallus), bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) and mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and was tested with nine chemicals for which in vivo studies were available. Time-concentration profiles of chemicals reaching tissues and egg compartment were simulated and compared to in vivo data. The overall accuracy of the PBK model predictions across the analyzed chemicals was good. Model simulations were found to be in the range of 22–79% within a 3-fold and 41–89% were within 10- fold deviation of the in vivo observed data. However, for some compounds scarcity of in-vivo data and inconsistencies between published studies allowed only a limited goodness of fit evaluation. The generic avian PBK model was developed following a “best practice” workflow describing how to build a PBK model for novel species. The credibility and reproducibility of the avian PBK models were scored by evaluation according to the available guidance documents from WHO (2010), and OECD (2021), to increase applicability, confidence and acceptance of these in silico models in chemical risk assessment.
INTRODUCTION: Around the world, individuals experience flooding more frequently than any other natural calamity.
OBJECTIVES: The motivation behind this research is to provide an Internet of Things ...(IoT)-based early warning assistive system to enable monitoring of water logging levels in flood-affected areas. Further, the SSD-MobiNET V2 model is used in the developed system to detect and classify the objects that prevail in the flood zone.
METHODS: The developed research is validated in a real-time scenario. To enable this, a customized embedded module is designed and developed using the Raspberry Pi 4 model B processor. The module uses (i) a pi-camera to capture the objects and (ii) an ultrasonic sensor to measure the water level in the flood area.
RESULTS: The measured data and detected objects are periodically ported to the cloud and stored in the cloud database to enable remote monitoring and further processing.
CONCLUSION: Also, whenever the level of waterlogged exceeds the threshold, an alert is sent to the concerned authorities in the form of an SMS, a phone call, or an email.
Neuroarchitecture uses neuroscientific tools to better understand architectural design and its impact on human perception and subjective experience. The form or shape of the built environment is ...fundamental to architectural design, but not many studies have shown the impact of different forms on the inhabitants' emotions. This study investigated the neurophysiological correlates of different interior forms on the perceivers' affective state and the accompanying brain activity. To understand the impact of naturalistic three-dimensional (3D) architectural forms, it is essential to perceive forms from different perspectives. We computed clusters of form features extracted from pictures of residential interiors and constructed exemplary 3D room models based on and representing different formal clusters. To investigate human brain activity during 3D perception of architectural spaces, we used a mobile brain/body imaging (MoBI) approach recording the electroencephalogram (EEG) of participants while they naturally walk through different interior forms in virtual reality (VR). The results revealed a strong impact of curvature geometries on activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Theta band activity in ACC correlated with specific feature types (
(14) = 0.525,
= 0.037) and geometry (
(14) = -0.579,
= 0.019), providing evidence for a role of this structure in processing architectural features beyond their emotional impact. The posterior cingulate cortex and the occipital lobe were involved in the perception of different room perspectives during the stroll through the rooms. This study sheds new light on the use of mobile EEG and VR in architectural studies and provides the opportunity to study human brain dynamics in participants that actively explore and realistically experience architectural spaces.
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