Tobacco smoking is the predominant risk factor for bladder cancer as it contains cancer-causing chemicals. However, genetic factors may play important role in response towards chemical carcinogens. ...In this study we aim to investigate genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) as determinants of bladder cancer risk, independently and in combination with tobacco use in the Mongolian population.
The current study was a hospital-based case-control study including 60 histologically confirmed bladder cancer patients and 60 cancer-free controls. PCR-RFLP assay was used to determine the presence of GSTM1 and NAT2 polymorphisms in bladder cancer patients and controls. GSTM1 and NAT2 were tested using binary logistical regression analysis with adjustment or stratification according to the smoking.
There were 46 men and 14 women diagnosed with bladder cancer, with mean age was 58±4. The controls included 37 men and 23 women with a mean age of 57±3. The frequency of GSTM1 null genotype was higher in controls (71.67%) than in bladder cancer patients (58.33%) without statistical significance (OR=0.5534; 95% CI=0.2586-1.1843), (p=0.128). The NAT2 low acetylator phenotype was more common in patients with bladder cancer (15%) than in controls (5%). Furthermore, individuals with NAT2 low acetylator phenotype had a nearly 3.35-fold increased risk to develop bladder cancer (OR=3.35; 95% CI=0.8604-13.0657), (p=0.081) while the risk was even higher when combined with null GSTM1 genotype (OR=4; 95% CI=0.4459-37.5308), (p=0.213) but there was no statistical significance. Prevalence of smoking in bladder cancer patients was higher than controls and increased significantly the risk of bladder cancer (OR=8.31; 95% CI=3.66-18.88). Smokers with GSTM1 null genotype were at 5-fold higher risk of bladder cancer (OR=5.0; 95% CI=1.55-16.16), (p=0.007) while NAT2 low acetylator phenotype increased bladder cancer risk by 20-fold (OR=20.5; 95% CI=2.33-80.86), (p=0.006).
The current study shows that tobacco smokers with the NAT2 low acetylator phenotype and GSTM1 null genotype have the highest risk of bladder cancer in the Mongolian population.
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Presentando la storia dei Mongoli in prospettiva armena, la Flor des estoires de la terre d’Orient di Het‘um da Korykos (1307) portò in Occidente informazioni prima sconosciute sulla storia, la ...geografia e l’etnografia dell’Asia, acquisendo rapidamente un’enorme popolarità. Questo saggio analizza la prima circolazione dell’opera, avvenuta in quello spazio culturalmente vivace e dinamico che fu la corte dei papi di Avignone. Sotto l’impulso di autori veneziani legati alla curia, come Marino Sanudo e Paolino da Venezia, la Flor conobbe significativi slittamenti interpretativi, prestandosi ad attraversare contesti di ricezione e generi testuali ed aprendosi a nuovi modi di usare il resoconto storico.
Through the analyses of the sources, the volume intends to bring an aspect of the complex Mongolian affair to its historical dimension. The work focuses on Mongol domination in Caucasia, here ...considered as the area that extends south from the Sea of Azov including present-day Georgia. The period of Mongol domination was not the first one to see an interaction between sedentary cultures and nomadic civilisations; it is however following such an event that Caucasia experienced a coherent leading power from an organised system featuring structural aspects drawn from both models. The genesis of this process and its results constitute the fundamental object of the work.
The inclusion of the Black Sea basin into the long-distance trade network - with its two axes of the Silk Road through the Golden Horde (Urgench-Sarai-Tana/Caffa) and the Spice Road through the ...Ilkhanate (Ormuz-Tabriz-Trebizond) - was the two Mongol states' most important contribution to making the sea a "crossroads of international commerce".
Provider: EFG - The European Film Gateway EFG - The European Film Gateway - Institution: EFG - The European Film Gateway Istituto Luce - Cinecittà - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All ...metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: EFG - The European Film Gateway EFG - The European Film Gateway - Institution: EFG - The European Film Gateway Istituto Luce - Cinecittà - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All ...metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: EFG - The European Film Gateway EFG - The European Film Gateway - Institution: Istituto Luce - Cinecittà EFG - The European Film Gateway - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All ...metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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