Purpose
Renal metabolic rate of oxygen (rMRO2) is a potentially important biomarker of kidney function. The key parameters for rMRO2 quantification include blood flow rate (BFR) and venous oxygen ...saturation (SvO2) in a draining vessel. Previous approaches to quantify renal metabolism have focused on the single organ. Here, both kidneys are considered as one unit to quantify bilateral rMRO2. A pulse sequence to facilitate bilateral rMRO2 quantification is introduced.
Methods
To quantify bilateral rMRO2, measurements of BFR and SvO2 are made along the inferior vena cava (IVC) at suprarenal and infrarenal locations. From the continuity equation, these four parameters can be related to derive an expression for bilateral rMRO2. The recently reported K‐MOTIVE pulse sequence was implemented at four locations: left kidney, right kidney, suprarenal IVC, and infrarenal IVC. A dual‐band variant of K‐MOTIVE (db‐K‐MOTIVE) was developed by incorporating simultaneous‐multi‐slice imaging principles. The sequence simultaneously measures BFR and SvO2 at suprarenal and infrarenal locations in a single pass of 21 s, yielding bilateral rMRO2.
Results
SvO2 and BFR are higher in suprarenal versus infrarenal IVC, and the renal veins are highly oxygenated (SvO2 >90%). Bilateral rMRO2 quantified in 10 healthy subjects (8 M, 30 ± 8 y) was found to be 291 ± 247 and 349 ± 300 (μmolO2/min)/100 g, derived from K‐MOTIVE and db‐K‐MOTIVE, respectively. In comparison, total rMRO2 from combining left and right was 329 ± 273 (μmolO2/min)/100 g.
Conclusion
The present work demonstrates that bilateral rMRO2 quantification is feasible with fair reproducibility and physiological plausibility. The indirect method is a promising approach to compute bilateral rMRO2 when individual rMRO2 quantification is difficult.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease characterized by chronic brain inflammation. Leukocyte infiltration of brain tissue causes inflammation, demyelination, and the ...subsequent formation of sclerotic plaques, which are a hallmark of MS. Activation of proinflammatory cytokines is essential for regulation of lymphocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier. We demonstrate increased levels of many cytokines, including IL-2RA, CCL5, CCL11, MIF, CXCL1, CXCL10, IFNγ, SCF, and TRAIL, were upregulated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), whereas IL-17, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and IL-12(p40) were activated in MS serum. Interaction analysis of cytokines in CSF demonstrated a connection between IFNγ and CCL5 as well as MIF. Many cells can contribute to production of these cytokines including CD8 and Th1 lymphocytes and astrocytes. Therefore, we suggest that IFNγ released by Th1 lymphocytes can activate astrocytes, which then produce chemoattractants, including CCL5 and MIF. These chemokines promote an inflammatory milieu and interact with multiple chemokines including CCL27 and CXCL1. Of special note, upregulation of CCL27 was found in CSF of MS cases. This observation is the first to demonstrate CCL27 as a potential contributor of brain pathology in MS. Our data suggest that CCL27 may be involved in activation and migration of autoreactive encephalitogenic immune effectors in the brain. Further, our data support the role of Th1 lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of brain inflammation in MS, with several cytokines playing a central role.
We developed and investigated the causal validity of a picture set specifically designed to assess the implicit autonomy motive (nAutonomy). Studies 1a and 1b describe the empirical selection of a ...new picture set for the Operant Motive Test. Three further studies examined the causal validity of these pictures. A total of 387 participants (aged 18–79 years) watched film clips with autonomy-relevant or neutral cues (Study 2), completed an online (Study 3a) or laboratory experiment with a baseline measurement (Study 3b) that aroused nAutonomy using the symbolic self-completion paradigm. Using the new pictures, participants who watched a film clip with high nAutonomy cues had higher nAutonomy scores than participants who watched a neutral tutorial film. Furthermore, participants who felt they could not personally express themselves while writing an essay in an online setting had higher nAutonomy scores than participants who felt they could. Finally, interrupting participants while writing an essay resulted in higher nAutonomy scores as compared to baseline. Participants who completed a personal essay had lower nAutonomy scores as compared to baseline, which indicates a satisfied motive. Our results support the causal validity of the new OMT pictures that assess nAutonomy and have wide-ranging implications for future research on nAutonomy.
•Provides an empirically robust assessment for the implicit autonomy motive•Expands on an established method for implicit motive assessment•The implicit autonomy motive is aroused by autonomy-related film stimuli.•Writing a self-related essay satisfies the implicit autonomy motive.
We examined the impact of the implicit power motive on negotiation performance. Further, we examined the long-held notion that an aroused implicit motive's influence can be neutralized by a ...conflicting explicit motive. In two experiments with student samples, participants engaged in simulated salary negotiations against a fictitious opponent. Negotiation performance was assessed with participants' salary requests. As predicted, results indicated a positive impact of the implicit power motive on negotiation performance, regardless of whether the implicit power motive was measured (Experiment 1, N=65) or manipulated (Experiment 2, N=96). In addition, Experiment 2 confirmed that the effects of the aroused implicit power motive were neutralized when the explicit affiliation motive had been activated prior to negotiation.
•The implicit power motive has a positive impact on negotiation performance•The affiliation motive neutralizes power motive effects on negotiation performance•Arousal of competing implicit and explicit motives leads to compromise behavior
Athletic motivation is actively studied in the sports psychology. The study of the juniors’ motivation is crucial for exploring the reasons to quit the sport, the fac-tors that reduce an athlete’s ...productivity, the principles of building support pro-grams for young athletes. The purpose of the study was to study the basic needs satisfaction and the hierarchy of young athlete conscious motives. The study involved juniors, in the amount of 133 people aged 13-16 years (M=15.1; SD=1.6; 59.4% men). The following methods were used: the essay “Why I came into sports”, “Method of paired comparisons” by V.V. Skvortsov (modified by I.A. Akindinova), as well as statistical methods (descriptive statistics, W - Kendall, Chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis H - test). Personal, professional and status conscious motives were found out to form a complex motivation for sports activities. Conscious motives for sports activities differ among juniors in various sports. The least satisfied needs are those for acceptance needs and self-expression. The type of sport does not determine the satisfaction of the junior needs. The prospect of the study is to create a model of motivation for a young athlete. The results can be used in the activities of sports institutions.
We developed and tested the hypotheses that motive incongruence (i.e., incongruence between a person's implicit and explicit motives) would be associated with higher job burnout and that this ...relation would be mediated by lower intrinsic motivation. The results of an online study with 49 executives enrolled in an Executive MBA program confirmed the hypotheses. The findings are discussed with respect to the theoretical conceptualization of impaired intrinsic motivation as a consequence of motive incongruence. On the basis of our findings, interventions ought to be directed at helping people gain an improved understanding of their implicit motives rather than trusting their perceptions in identifying job stressors that need to be removed.
•Incongruence of implicit and explicit motives correlates with increased job burnout.•Intrinsic motivation mediates the influence of motive discrepancies on job burnout.•Motive discrepancies correlate with less intrinsic motivation and higher job burnout.
The primary issue addressed in the text is the importance of corporate governance, specifically within Sharia microfinance institutions, in achieving profitability and success. The study emphasizes ...the role of market share as an indicator of operational success for Sharia microfinance institutions, with a focus on meeting the needs of small communities. This study uses the library research method by extracting data from primary sources such as economics books and Sharia microfinance institutions. Data analysis is carried out using critical analysis and content analysis. The research findings highlight that these institutions use corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a strategic tool to promote their products and services. This, in turn, contributes to an increase in market share by introducing the company to the public. The text suggests that the implementation of CSR by Sharia microfinance institutions is motivated not only by economic considerations, such as marketing and promoting products but also by social motives, including a desire to assist others. In the context of Islamic or Sharia-compliant finance, the study underscores the integration of economic activities with ethical and socially responsible principles. The economic motive is evident in the use of CSR as a marketing tool to reach a wider community and promote financial products. The findings suggest that in the pursuit of economic goals, Sharia microfinance institutions also align themselves with social values by engaging in activities that benefit the broader community. This dual motive reflects the unique intersection of economic and ethical considerations within the framework of Sharia-compliant financial practices.
The achievement motive refers to a preference for mastering challenges and competing with some standard of excellence. Along with affiliation and power motives, the achievement motive is typically ...considered to occur on the level of implicit versus explicit representations. Specifically, whereas implicit motives involve pictorial, emotional goal representations and facilitate corresponding action effortlessly, explicit motives involve propositional (“verbalized”) goal representations but need some effort to translate into action (
McClelland et al., 1989
). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether and to which degree the implicit and explicit achievement motives differentially predict blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses to pictures of individuals engaging in challenging activities. Whereas the implicit AM predicted activity in areas associated with emotion (orbitofrontal cortex) and visual processing (right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, premotor and occipital cortices), the explicit AM predicted activity in areas associated with cognitive self-control or verbal goal processing (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). The findings support the commonly assumed distinction between implicit and explicit motives with neuronal data. They also suggest that explicit motives require cognitive self-control to overcome potential lacks of motivation.
Despite widespread recognition that conspiracy theories carry the potential for serious harm, relatively little research has investigated possible antidotes to conspiracy beliefs. Previous theorizing ...posits that belief in conspiracy theories is driven in part by existential motives related to a sense of control and social motives aimed at maintaining a positive image of oneself and one's ingroup. Using electoral contests as the context, we investigated whether the act of voting (i.e., addressing existential motives) and seeing one's preferred candidate win (i.e., addressing social motives) were associated with a reduction in conspiracy beliefs. In two two-wave studies of high-profile U.S. elections, we measured endorsement of conspiracy beliefs before the election and after the results were known, thereby tracking change in conspiracy belief endorsement over time. Both Study 1 (2020 U.S. Presidential election) and Study 2 (2021 Georgia Senate runoff election) showed a significant decrease in conspiracy beliefs among people who supported the winning candidate, consistent with the importance of social motives. The findings highlight the merits of one's political ideology receiving support and recognition for potentially abating conspiracy beliefs.
The subject of the paper is the linguistic aspects of personal self-identification in the literary biography. This work aims to outline the linguistic aspects of personal identity research. The ...topicality of the research is to clarify the theoretical grounds by which the linguistic aspects of personal identity actualization in the text of the literary biography can be revealed. The general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization), the contextual and interpretive method, and discourse analysis are used in the paper. The novelty of the paper is determined both by the object of the study and the angle of the analysis currently presented by means of the theoretical grounds. As a result of the research, it has been established that the matter of studying the identity of Steve Jobs is correlated with a number of philosophical concepts (self-knowledge, self-realization, self-identification, self-evaluation), the main means of implementation of which at the verbal level is the linguistic strategy of self-presentation. The starting level in the typology of Steve Jobs’ linguistic personality is pragmatic. Its main units are motive, linguistic strategy and tactics. The description of Steve Jobs’ self-identification, which is directly related to the realization of the motives of self-knowledge, image creation, and creative self-expression, is important for W. Isaacson, Steve Jobs’ bibliographer. The realization of the self-knowledge motive is based on auto-communication; this motive is not related to communicative strategies and is actualized through such forms of self-knowledge as memories, self-observation, self-analysis, and self-evaluation. The motive of image creation is realized through the linguistic strategy of self-presentation. The creation of Steve Jobs’ image is embodied through a number of tactics (self-praise, appealing to authorities, exculpatory self-defense, criticism, positioning himself as an example to follow, etc.). The motive of creative self-expression has a mixed character, since its implementation involves both an external (model) addressee and auto-addressability. In future works, investigating the peculiarities of the self-identification process of linguistic realization and Steve Jobs’ self-presentation in the literary biography “Steve Jobs: Biography” might prove important.
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