When people judge the motive dispositions of unacquainted others, are their judgments accurate representations of the targets’ explicit motives, their implicit motives, or both? To address this ...question, we assessed target persons’ explicit motives via self-report and their implicit motives via a Picture Story Exercise as well as two recently developed affective contingency-based measures. Targets were then filmed during a short, casual conversation. The recordings were shown to thirty unacquainted observers who judged targets’ affiliation, power and achievement motives. For all three motives, observer ratings were linked to explicit motives. For the affiliation and achievement domains, ratings were also linked to implicit motives. We further investigated whether the extent of congruence between observer ratings and motive ratings would depend on information modality, this was not the case. The findings thus indicate that both explicit and implicit motives are relevant for observer judgments, but that these effects are not modality-specific.
Relevance Statement
The present research is the first to explore the relevance of motive-duality on strangers’ assessments. It sheds new light on the assessment and conceptualization of implicit motives as well as on their interpersonal consequences.
Key Insights
Strangers can deduce other's motives from short interactions
Both implicit and explicit motives contribute to the impression
Unexpectedly, this effect is not modality-specific
Summary
KEA3 is a thylakoid membrane localized K+/H+ antiporter that regulates photosynthesis by modulating two components of proton motive force (pmf), the proton gradient (∆pH) and the electric ...potential (∆ψ). We identified a mutant allele of KEA3, disturbed proton gradient regulation (dpgr) based on its reduced non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) in artificial (CO2‐free with low O2) air. This phenotype was enhanced in the mutant backgrounds of PSI cyclic electron transport (pgr5 and crr2‐1). In ambient air, reduced NPQ was observed during induction of photosynthesis in dpgr, the phenotype that was enhanced after overnight dark adaptation. In contrast, the knockout allele of kea3‐1 exhibited a high‐NPQ phenotype during steady state in ambient air. Consistent with this kea3‐1 phenotype in ambient air, the membrane topology of KEA3 indicated a proton efflux from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma. The dpgr heterozygotes showed a semidominant and dominant phenotype in artificial and ambient air, respectively. In dpgr, the protein level of KEA3 was unaffected but the downregulation of its activity was probably disturbed. Our findings suggest that fine regulation of KEA3 activity is necessary for optimizing photosynthesis.
Significance Statement
A thylakoid membrane‐localized K+/H+ antiporter (KEA3) regulates photosynthesis by modulating the proton gradient (∆pH) and the electric potential (∆ψ). Here, by characterizing a point mutant allele of KEA3 and a knockout allele, we suggest that fine regulation of KEA3 activity is necessary for optimizing photosynthesis in fluctuating light conditions.
The current study investigates the association between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance (FP), and discusses the driving motives of banks to engage in CSR. Three ...motives, namely, strategic choices, altruism, and greenwashing, suggest that the relationship between CSR and FP is positive, non-negative, and non-existent, respectively. We obtained our sample, which covered 2003–2009, from the Ethical Investment Research Service (EIRIS) databank and Bankscope database. The data consists of 162 banks in 22 countries. We then classified the banks into four types based on their degree of engagement in CSR. This study proposes the use of an extended version of the Heckman two-step regression, in which the first step adopts a multinomial logit model, and the second step estimates the performance equation with the inverse Mills ratio generated by the first step. The empirical results show that CSR positively associates with FP in terms of return on assets, return on equity, net interest income, and non-interest income. In contrast, CSR negatively associates with non-performing loans. Hence, strategic choice is the primary motive of banks to engage in CSR.
•We investigated drinking motives among outpatients with schizophrenia.•Results supported the psychometric validity of the DMQ-R SF in schizophrenia.•Comorbid AUD was not related to any psychotic ...symptom dimensions and severity.•AUD was associated with higher drinking motives and polysubstance use.•Higher AUDIT scores were related to high enhancement and coping motives.
Drinking motives are considered to be major predictors of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. However, these motives have been poorly investigated in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the present study among patients with schizophrenia was twofold: 1) assess the validity of the short form of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R SF); and 2) investigate the relationship between drinking motives and comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD).
A total of 179 patients with schizophrenia were approached to participate in the study. DSM-5 criteria were used to identify patients with comorbid AUD (AUD+; n = 42) and non-abstainers patients without comorbid AUD (AUD-; n = 71).
A confirmatory factor analysis conducted on items of the DMQ-R SF for the whole sample revealed adequate goodness-of-fit values, while internal consistency indices were globally satisfactory. Group comparisons revealed higher use of alcohol and other substances, as well as stronger drinking motives among AUD + patients, while groups were comparable concerning clinical features of schizophrenia, including psychotic symptom dimensions and severity. Regression analysis showed that the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test score was significantly associated with two internal drinking motives: enhancement and coping.
Findings suggest that the DMQ-R SF is a reliable tool for assessing drinking motives among patients with schizophrenia. Enhancement and coping motives seem to play a major role in comorbid AUD among these patients. Community-based and clinical treatment programs should take the drinking motives of dual-diagnosis patients into consideration, in order to improve their outcomes.
In this paper a new consumption function is derived based on savings motive hypothesis (SMH). The major theory behind the SMH is that households save part of their income in period 1 and transfer it ...to period 2. Implying that consumption in period 1 is the addition of autonomous consumption and variable consumption in period 2. The validity of the SMH is tested by using data from India, Kenya, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UK and USA for the period 1970 to 2018. The data analyses are performed by using World Bank Data and generalized least squares (GLS) method. The paper demonstrates that estimation of the consumption function could be done more accurately by using SMH of the consumption function. The MSH is based on the psychological savings motive theory. Some results in the paper can be used in making both household and national welfare decisions e.g. making use of the short run global marginal propensity to consume that is found to be 0.43.
What people strive for (motive contents) and how people strive (self-regulatory processes) are studied in separate fields of psychology and assessed with different measures. The Operant Motive Test ...(OMT) integrates the assessment of self-regulatory processes and implicit motives. The present research validated the distinction between self-regulated and not self-regulated (incentive-driven, fearful) motive enactment. Consistent with expectations, self-regulated motive enactment correlated positively with dispositional self-regulation (i.e., action orientation, N
1_total
= 730, re-analyzed in five published samples) and integrative self-organization (N
2
= 47) and showed pre-post increases after a multi-faceted three-hour resilience training (N
3
= 45). A specific self-motivation exercise yielded more self-regulated motive enactment among poor self-regulators compared to humoristic talk (N
4
= 164) and no exercise conditions, controlling for baseline (N
5
= 97). Findings validate the OMT as sensitive to dispositional and experimental variations in self-regulation and show that short interventions can change how people strive for what they need.
The increased number of environmental problems caused by business activities put higher pressures on entrepreneurs to implement pro‐environmental policies within their businesses. However, studies ...show that SMEs are less engaged with sustainable and pro‐environmental policies. Hence, it is important to understand the barriers and drivers of implementing a pro‐environmental strategy in SMEs from an entrepreneur's perspective. In a study with Indonesian SME owners, we find that environmental sustainability orientation (ESO) is driven by an entrepreneur's explicit and implicit power motives. Using polynomial regression with surface analysis, we also reveal that a high level of SME's ESO is affected by power motive discrepancy. We discuss implementations for policymakers, entrepreneurs, and educational programs in entrepreneurship.
We explore the relation between the personal motives of the entreprneurs and the environmental sustainability orientation (ESO) of their SMEs.
We focus on the enterpreneurs' implicit and explicit power motives.
Both explicit and implicit power motives play a significant role in the SME's ESO.
A high level of ESO is obtained when the entrepreneur is motivated either by explicit power or implicit power (i.e., power motives discrepancy).
•Influencer-product congruence affects product attitude and advertising recognition.•Sponsorship disclosure is linked to the calculative motive inference of the influencer.•Sponsorship disclosure ...affects product attitude through a serial mediation.•Social media users infer multiple alternative motives of the influencer.
This study investigates the effects of influencer advertising attributes on consumer responses via multiple motive inference processing. Influencer-product congruence and sponsorship disclosure are manipulated as independent variables. In so doing, this study examines whether social media users infer two types of motives (Affective vs. Calculative) of the influencer derived from perceived congruence (High vs. Low) and sponsorship disclosure (Presence vs. Absence). Results suggest that influencer-product congruence can be used to enhance product attitude and reduce advertising recognition by generating a higher affective motive inference. Sponsorship disclosure can also affect product attitude in a serial mediation of calculative motive inference and advertising recognition. The multiple motive inference model explained the dual processing of influencer advertising by attributing to the prior persuasion knowledge and situational characteristics simultaneously. The findings discussed theoretical and managerial implications on native advertising on social media.
•A model for global and specific work-related motivational orientations is proposed.•The factorial structure is tested through bifactor exploratory structural modeling techniques.•Strong needs for ...power, income, and leadership predict aspirations to a management career.•Strong needs for competence, autonomy, and creativity predict aspirations to becoming a professor.
Integrating Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory, McClelland’s acquired needs theory, and more fine-grained indicators of work-related tasks, we (a) investigated the possible co-existence of global and specific motivational factors based on a new instrument and (b) used them to predict the goals of becoming a professor or a manager. We collected data from more than 3000 doctoral students and doctorate holders from the STEM fields at five measurement points. Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling confirmed a hierarchical taxonomy. Both career goals were predicted by global and specific motives. Strong needs for power, income and leadership predicted aspirations to a management career. Motivational factors predicting the professorship goal were strong needs for competence, autonomy, and creativity, and low interest in income.
Photosynthetic electron transport is coupled to proton translocation across the thylakoid membrane, re- sulting in the formation of a trans-thylakoid proton gradient （△pH） and membrane potential ...（△ψ）. Ion trans-porters and channels localized to the thylakoid membrane regulate the contribution of each component to the proton motive force （pmf）. Although both △pH and △ψ contribute to ATP synthesis as pmf, only ~pH downregulates photosynthetic electron transport via the acidification of the thylakoid lumen by inducing thermal dissipation of excessive absorbed light energy from photosystem II antennae and slowing down of the electron transport through the cytochrome bsf complex. To optimize the tradeoff between efficient light energy utilization and protection of both photosystems against photodamage, plants have to regulate the pmf amplitude and its components, △pH and △ψ. Cyclic electron transport around photosystem I （PSI） is a major regulator of the pmf amplitude by generating pmf independently of the net production of NADPH by linear electron transport. Chloroplast ATP synthase relaxes pmf for ATP synthesis, and its activity should be finely tuned for maintaining the size of the pmf during steady-state photosynthesis. Pseudo-cyclic electron transport mediated by flavodiiron protein （FIv） forms a large electron sink, which is essential for PSI photoprotection in fluctuating light in cyanobacteria. FIv is conserved from cyanobacteria to gymno- sperms but not in angiosperms. The Arabidopsis proton gradient regulation 50（pgr5） mutant is defective in the main pathway of PSI cyclic electron transport. By introducing Physcomitrella patens genes encoding Flvs, the function of PSI cyclic electron transport was substituted by that of FIv-dependent pseudo-cyclic electron transport. In transgenic plants, the size of the pmf was complemented to the wild-type level but the contribution of △pH to the total pmf was lower than that in the wild type. In the pgr5 mutant, the size of the pmf was drastically lowered by the absence of PSI cyclic electron transport. In the mutant, △pH occupied the majority ofpmf, suggesting the presence of a mechanism for the homeostasis of luminal pH in the light. To avoid damage to photosynthetic electron transport by periods of excess solar energy, plants employ an intricate regulatory network involving alternative electron transport pathways, ion transporters/channels, and pH-dependent mechanisms for downregulating photosynthetic electron transport.
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