Converting green areas and agricultural land into built-up areas is one of the most significant effects of urbanization in Iraqi cities. Greenery spaces are a fundamental requirement for any ...city because they promote a healthy lifestyle and preserve urban areas' aesthetic and ecological beauty. The current study examines urbanization's effect on Baghdad city vegetation and land surface temperature. The Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) over Baghdad were used to determine the relationship among urban areas, vegetation areas, water bodies, and land temperature. The Baghdad-vector-data from the General Survey Authority was used along with Landsat Thematic Mapper for 2004 and 2008 and Landsat Operational Land Imager for 2013, 2017, and 2021. In order to understand the correlation between urban areas, water bodies, and green areas with LST, a correlation was carried out using ArcGIS software, and a scatter diagram was made to evaluate the relationship among the elements. The results showed that the temperature increased on Baghdad's land surface between 2004 and 2021. Moreover, built-up areas increased from 17% in 2004 to 53.2% in 2021; in contrast, the green areas drastically declined by 39.7%.
The Rizal Province was subjected to a series of natural and human-induced disturbances throughout the years. Currently, the area is undergoing urbanization which in turn results in shifts in the ...extent of impervious surfaces that can intensify heat-related health concerns, increase energy consumption for cooling, and alter local weather patterns. This study uses remote sensing images from to quantify the various environmental considerations that remain undocumented and unmapped for areas caused by changes in land use and land cover from Landsat Collection 1- Level 1 (Landsat 4-5 ™ C1- Level 1 & Landsat 8 OLI/ TIRS C1 Level 1) and calculated three parameters namely, (i) Land surface temperature (LST), (ii) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and (iii) the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). The results showed the following: (i) an increase in the vegetation cover from 1993-2020 showed a decrease in LST from 29.34°C to 24.03°C, (ii) the relationship between LST and NDBI is directly proportional, whereas an inversely proportional relationship can be observed between LST and NDVI, and (iii) there is a fluctuating LST due to the changes in the land cover of the study site for almost three decades. This implicates the extensive shift in the ambient temperature of Rizal which further emphasizes the effects of the modification in certain land use land cover classifications, especially in vegetation cover and urban development. This highlights how human-induced and natural factors significantly contribute to the release of heat and ambient temperature, thus, accentuating the need for sustainable urban planning.
Urbanization is necessary for the worldwide rapidly growing population to achieve a better living standard. Change of land surface feature is the key consequence of urbanization and it promotes a ...rise of land surface temperature (LST). The present article analyzes the seasonal variability of LST-normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) relationship on various land surface in Raipur City of India by collecting sixty-four Landsat images of four specific seasons from 1991–92, 1995–96, 1999–00, 2004–05, 2009–10, 2014–15, and 2018–19. Land surface composition and seasonal difference noticeably affect the LST distribution and LST-NDBI correlation. The LST always builds positive correlation with NDBI. The post-monsoon season indicates the strongest (0.72) LST-NDBI correlation, followed by the monsoon (0.69), pre-monsoon (0.67), and winter (0.57). The LST-NDBI correlation is strong on green vegetation; strong to moderate on built-up and open land; and moderate on water bodies. This research work recommends that the environmentalists and urban planners should consider the remaining open spaces for a better ecological condition.
The study focuses on evaluating the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) with four land use/land cover (LULC) indices (MNDWI, NDBaI, NDBI, and NDVI) in Hyderabad City of India using ...four Landsat 8 data from the winter season of 2020-21. Pearson's linear correlation coefficient method is applied in determining the correlation analysis. The results represent a stable status of the indices in the winter season as the range of the mean is significantly low (0.04 for MNDWI, 0.04 for NDBaI, 0.02 for NDBI, and 0.05 for NDVI). All the LULC indices are very stable with each other. Moreover, these indices also build a stable relationship with LST. The indices respond differently to the change of LST. LST builds a neutral relationship with NDVI (average r = −0.07), a moderate negative relationship with MNDWI (average r = −0.57), and a moderate positive relationship with NDBaI (average r = 0.48) and NDBI (average r = 0.55). The dry winter season affects the vegetation life and generates a neutral relationship between LST and NDVI. Built-up and bare land surfaces enhance the LST while water surface reduces the LST. The study is suitable for a stable land use planning system.
Understanding the dynamics of urban landscapes and their impacts on ecological well-being is crucial for developing sustainable urban management strategies in times of rapid urbanisation. This study ...assesses the nature and drivers of the changing urban landscape and ecosystem services in cities located in the rainforest (Akure and Owerri) and guinea savannah (Makurdi and Minna) of Nigeria using a combination of remote sensing and socioeconomic techniques. Landsat 8 datasets provided spatial patterns of the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalised difference built-up index (NDBI). A household survey involving the administration of a semi-structured questionnaire to 1552 participants was conducted. Diminishing NDVI and increasing NDBI were observed due to the rising trend of urban expansion, corroborating the perception of over 54% of the respondents who noted a decline in landscape ecological health. Residential expansion, agricultural practices, transport and infrastructural development, and fuelwood production were recognised as the principal drivers of landscape changes. Climate variability/change reportedly makes a 28.5%–34.4% (Negelkerke R2) contribution to the changing status of natural landscapes in Akure and Makurdi as modelled by multinomial logistic regression, while population growth/in-migration and economic activities reportedly account for 19.9%–36.3% in Owerri and Minna. Consequently, ecosystem services were perceived to have declined in their potential to regulate air and water pollution, reduce soil erosion and flooding, and mitigate urban heat stress, with a corresponding reduction in access to social services. We recommend that urban residents be integrated into management policies geared towards effectively developing and enforcing urban planning regulations, promoting urban afforestation, and establishing sustainable waste management systems.
•Residential expansion and developmental activities mainly drive urban changes.•Ecological variation and urbanisation are both implicated in landscape changes.•Landscape changes adversely impact social and ecosystem services.•Residents are notable stakeholders in urban landscape management.
The earth's surface comprises different kinds of land cover, water resources, and soil, which create environmental factors for varied animals, plants, and humans. Knowing the significant effects ...of land cover is crucial for long-term development, climate change modeling, and preserving ecosystems. In this research, the Google Earth Engine platform and freely available Landsat imagery were used to investigate the impact of the expansion and degradation in urbanized areas, watersheds, and vegetative cover on the land surface temperature in Baghdad from 2004 to 2021. Land cover indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index, and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI) were determined to examine the effects of land cover changes. In addition, the land surface temperature was calculated to assess urbanization expansion's impact on Baghdad's climate warming. The results showed a drastic decrease in vegetative cover and green land, on the other hand, a significant expansion in urbanized areas. Hence, from 2004 to 2021, the urbanized areas and open land rose by 37% and 3%, respectively, while the vegetative cover decreased by 41%. The maximum land surface temperature has risen 4° C, and the minimum land surface temperature has risen 2.5°C.
Vegetation indices play a predominant role in the field of Remote processing systems which assimilate vital multispectral images. The digital numbers identify the spectral information in one or more ...spectral bands. It focuses mainly on two or more spectral regions and obtains different types of surfaces like vegetation, built-up, bare soil and water area. Different types of vegetation can be studied and analyzed using LANDSAT images. In this paper, comparison has been made on ten major vegetation indices such as RVI, DVI, NDVI, TNDVI, NDWI, MNDWI, NDBI, UI, SAVI, and NDMI using different spectral bands and different features are detected and extracted with the help of ArcGIS and MATLAB tools. This study reveals better classification accuracy.
The study focused on investigating the seasonal and spatiotemporal relationship between the relationships of LST with four spectral indices (MNDWI, NDBaI, NDBI, and NDVI) in and around Manipur City ...of India using eight cloud-free Landsat data from the summer and winter seasons for 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021. These spectral indices respond differently to the change of LST in an urban landscape. Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient was the basis of the correlation analysis. The study finds that LST builds a moderate negative relationship with NDVI (R = -0.42) and MNDWI (R = -0.42), a moderate positive relationship with NDBaI (R=0.48), and NDBI (R = 0.61). The relationship is more stable in the winter season (CV = 7.31, 7.04, 10.45, and 28.71 for MNDWI, NDBaI, NDBI, and NDVI, respectively) than in summer (CV = 44.46, 36.09, 23.67, and 29.71 for MNDWI, NDBaI, NDBI, and NDVI, respectively). The strength of the relationship is gradually increasing in the winter season while there is no such effect noticed on the trend in the summer season. The LST-NDBI relationship is the most consistent (CV = 18.19), while the LST-NDVI relationship is the most variable (CV = 30.37).
Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions have been described as culturally responsive and family-friendly interventions, with research demonstrating improvements in children's development ...following the receipt of these interventions. Given the child-directed nature of Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions and the intervention's integration within families' daily routines, many studies have examined the impact of Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions on family and family member quality of life. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the relationship between Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions and family quality of life. Results suggest that the provision of a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention neither improved nor worsened family or family member quality of life. For those involved in delivering Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention services, there is an immediate need to convey to families that children's improvements will likely not translate into improvements in family quality of life.
•Land-cover types altered to different land-uses.•Land surface temperature increased due to land-use and land-cover change.•Built-up exhibited higher temperature than forest and water body.
Extreme ...land-use and land-cover (LULC) as the result of rapid urbanization has been raising land surface temperature of core city areas and its surrounding. Therefore, investigation on surface temperature is very vital to analyze temperature variations and minimize its effect. This research aims to analyze the impacts of LULC changes on LST in Bangui city, Central African Republic using combined techniques of remote sensing and GIS. The result of this study indicates that there was a significant change in LULC between 1986 and 2017 particularly expanded in vegetation and built-up areas and declined in bare soil. For instance, built-up increased by + 130.29 % with a rate of 137.06; and vegetation increased by 8.44% or a rate of 17.2. Whereas bare soil was sharply declined by −35.33% for a rate of −155.83. The mean LST of the city firstly decreased from 26.24 °C in 1986 to 23.37 °C in 1999 and increased to 27.23 °C in 2017. The study also stated that the mean LST of built-up areas increased from 26.21 °C in 1986 to 27.59 °C in 2017. Besides, the mean LST of bare soil raised from 26.51 °C to 27.33 °C in 1986 and 2017 respectively. These indicate that built up and bare soil experienced high LST than vegetation and water body. The study found a positive correlation between NDBI and LST whereas negative correlations of LST with NDVI and NDLI. City planners should be implemented urban green belts and green roof to mitigate the effect of surface urban heat islands (SUHI) in the city and its surooundings.
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