During the Russian Civil War (1917–1922) and after the introduction of communism in Russia, a large number of people (according to various assessments more than a million), supporters of the former ...Tsarist regime or opponents of Bolshevism, left Russia and emigrated abroad. This exodus resulted in the Russian refugee crisis, as humanitarian organisations and the countries these refugees migrated to were ill-equipped to receive so many people. The Russian refugees thus mostly lived in poverty and scarcity without any legal protection. Such circumstances gave rise to the first significant attempts to manage the crisis and find ways to ensure the international protection of refugees. Formal international efforts to help the Russian refugees began in 1921 when the International Committee of the Red Cross asked the League of Nations for assistance. Larger organised groups of Russian emigrants also arrived in the Kingdom of SHS. They represented a huge burden for the country, especially given the local economic situation. The contribution thus thoroughly examines how these emigrants were treated and integrated into the society, especially in view of the humanitarian aid and the resolution of their legal status.
(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2022 7(1), 15-30 | European Forum Insight/Highlight of 30 March 2022 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Occurrences ...and recurrences of history: the refugee protection between what is reasonable and possible. - III. An inner glow to the dark side of the moon: beyond unequal solidarity. - IV. From inter-state solidarity to "dual voluntarism". - V. On the Nansen passport and temporary protection: re-linking protection with mobility rights. - VI. The future of asylum in Europe: between realpolitik and differential elements of constitutional capture. | (Abstract) The Temporary Protection Directive (TPD) is one of the most controversial pieces of EU legislation. Adopted back in 2001 and never implemented, it has been at the margins of EU migration and asylum policies until, on 3 March 2022, the Home Affairs Ministers of the EU27 reached an "historic agreement" on its activation. This Insight seeks to contextualise the activation of the TPD for those who flee from Ukraine under the broader horizon of collective responsibility for international protection. Departing from the rationale and constraints embedded in the historical development of refugee status - and underpinning the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) - this Insight explores the potential impact of the current situation at the Eastern borders of Europe on the balance between "what is reasonable and possible" within the framework of the EU asylum and immigration policies.
Whether in science or in international politics, neutrality has sometimes been promoted, not only as a viable political alternative but as a lofty ideal - in politics by nations proclaiming their ...peacefulness, in science as an underpinning of epistemology, in journalism and other intellectual pursuits as a foundation of a professional ethos. Time and again scientists and other intellectuals have claimed their endeavors to be neutral, elevated above the world of partisan conflict and power politics. This volume studies the resonances between neutrality in science and culture and neutrality in politics. By analyzing the activities of scientists, intellectuals, and politicians (sometimes overlapping categories) of mostly neutral nations in the First World War and after, it traces how an ideology of neutralism was developed that soon was embraced by international organizations.
This book explores how the notion of neutrality has been used and how a neutralist discourse developed in history. None of the contributions take claims of neutrality at face value - some even show how they were made to advance partisan interests. The concept was typically clustered with notions, such as peace, internationalism, objectivity, rationality, and civilization. But its meaning was changeable - varying with professional, ideological, or national context. As such, Neutrality in Twentieth-Century Europe presents a different perspective on the century than the story of the great belligerent powers, and one in which science, culture, and politics are inextricably mixed.
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