Narratives enable readers to vividly experience fictional and non-fictional contexts. Writers use a variety of language features to control these experiences: they direct readers in how to construct ...contexts, how to draw inferences and how to identify the key parts of a story. Writers can skilfully convey physical sensations, prompt emotional states, effect moral responses and even alter the readers' attitudes. Mind, Brain and Narrative examines the psychological and neuroscientific evidence for the mechanisms which underlie narrative comprehension. The authors explore the scientific developments which demonstrate the importance of attention, counterfactuals, depth of processing, perspective and embodiment in these processes. In so doing, this timely, interdisciplinary work provides an integrated account of the research which links psychological mechanisms of language comprehension to humanities work on narrative and style.
The present volume presents research on language processing and language disorders. Topics range across typical language processing, child developmental language disorders, adult neurodegenerative ...disorders and neurological bases of typical or impaired brains. The chapters cover a number of linguistic phenomena, including relative clauses, empty categories, determiner phrases and inflectional morphology. Work in this collection uses a variety of experimental methods, both online and offline, such as eye tracking, reaction times, Event Related Potentials, picture selection, sentence elicitation and picture matching tasks. This book will be useful for linguists, speech therapists, and psycholinguists working on the processing of morphosyntax.
Complex hierarchic syntax is a hallmark of human language. The highest level of syntactic complexity, recursive-embedded clauses, has been singled out by some for a special status as the evolutionary ...apex of the uniquely - human language faculty - evolutionary yet mysteriously immune to Darwinian adaptive selection. Prof. Givón's book treats syntactic complexity as an integral part of the evolutionary rise of human communication. The book first describes grammar as an adaptive instrument of communication, assembled upon the pre-existing platform of pre-linguistic object- and-event cognition and mental representation. It then surveys the two grand developmental trends of human language: diachrony, the communal enterprise directly responsible for fashioning synchronic morpho-syntax and cross-language diversity; and ontogeny, the individual endeavor directly responsible for acquiring the competent use of grammar. The genesis of syntactic complexity along these two developmental trends is compared with second language acquisition, pre-grammatical pidgin and pre-human communication. The evolutionary relevance of language diachrony, language ontogeny and pidginization is argued for on general bio-evolutionary grounds: It is the organism's adaptive on-line behavior- invention, learning and skill acquisition - that is the common thread running through all three developmental trends. The neuro-cognitive circuits that underlie language, and their evolutionary underpinnings, are described and assessed. Recursive embedding turns out to be not an adaptive target on its own, but the by-product of two distinct adaptive moves: (i) the recruitment of conjoined clauses as modal operators on, or referential specifiers of, other clauses; and (ii) the subsequent condensation of paratactic into syntactic structures.
This groundbreaking work offers a comprehensive account of brain-based research on translation and interpreting. First, the volume introduces the methodological and conceptual pillars of ...psychobiological approaches vis-a-vis those of other cognitive frameworks. Next, it systematizes neuropsychological, neuroscientific, and behavioral evidence on key topics, including the lateralization of networks subserving cross-linguistic processes; their relation with other linguistic mechanisms; the functional organization and temporal dynamics of the circuits engaged by different translation directions, processing levels, and source-language units; the system's susceptibility to training-induced plasticity; and the outward correlates of its main operations. Lastly, the book discusses the field's accomplishments, strengths, weaknesses, and requirements. Its authoritative yet picturesque, didactic style renders it accessible to researchers in cognitive translatology, bilingualism, and neurolinguistics, as well as teachers and practitioners in related areas. Succinctly, this piece establishes a much-needed platform for translation and interpreting studies to fruitfully interact with cognitive neuroscience.
De nombreuses techniques et méthodes de préparation mentale adaptées à la compétition se sont imposées dans l’environnement sportif. Parmi celles-ci, il convient de citer la programmation ...neurolinguistique (PNL). Sa méthodologie et ses différentes techniques se focalisent principalement sur la fixation d’objectifs et sur l’amélioration de la gestion des états mentaux du sportif.
Cette étude vise à démontrer l’efficacité d’une intervention structurée autour d’une méthode composite intégrant dans le même programme de préparation mentale, sur une période intensive de trois mois, les trois séquences suivantes : la fixation d’objectifs sportifs, la pratique d’une technique empruntée à la PNL, l’ancrage de ressources et des techniques qui lui sont associées pour en faciliter l’apprentissage et un accompagnement personnalisé des sportifs durant la période compétitive.
Un groupe expérimental composé de 20 judokas (10 filles et 10 garçons) appartenant à l’équipe nationale junior tunisienne de judo, ont suivi ce programme, par comparaison avec un groupe témoin,
Une amélioration significative de ses habiletés mentales, aussi bien chez les garçons que chez les filles. Les contrôles émotionnel, attentionnel, et cognitif, la motivation et la confiance en soi ont été tout particulièrement améliorés.
L’étude a montré l’intérêt d’utiliser, tout particulièrement, de la technique de l’ancrage de ressources, pour solliciter, les habiletés mentales des sportifs, aussi bien en situation d’entraînement qu’en compétition.
Many mental training techniques and methods adapted to the competition have been imposed in the sports environment. Among these, mention should be made of NeuroLinguistic Programming (NLP). Its methodology and its different technical focus mainly on setting targets and improving the management of mental states of the athlete.
This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of a structured of PNL in a mental preparation program during three months. We use three sequences: setting fitness goals, practicing a technique borrowed from NLP, anchoring resources and techniques associated with it to facilitate learning and coaching sports during the competitive period.
An experimental group composed of 20 Tunisian judokas (the junior national team of judo, 10 women and 10 men), have followed such a program of mental preparation in comparison with a control group.
A significant improvement in mental skills, both in boys than in girls. The emotional, attentional control, and cognitive, motivation and self-confidence were particularly improved.
The study showed the value of using, in particular, the technique of anchoring resources, to solicit, mental skills of athletes, both in situations of training and competition.
This is a book about language as a species-typical trait of humans. Linguists customarily describe it as an extremely exceptional capacity, even when compared with the biological endowment of closely ...related species, and this is the source of the many quarrels that exist around the aim of explaining its evolutionary origins. This book argues that language is not so exceptional after all, as according to the text it is just the human version of a rather common and conservative organic system that they refer to as the Central Computational Complex. The book argues that inter-specific variation of this organ is restricted to (i) accessible memory resources, and (ii) patterns of external connectivity, both being the result of perturbations in the system underlying its development. The book thus offers a fresh perspective on language as a naturally evolved phenomenon.
When we think of everyday language use, the first things that come to mind include colloquial conversations, reading and writing e-mails, sending text messages or reading a book. But can we study the ...brain basis of language as we use it in our daily lives? As a topic of study, the cognitive neuroscience of language is far removed from these language-in-use examples. However, recent developments in research and technology have made studying the neural underpinnings of naturally occurring language much more feasible. In this book a range of international experts provide a state-of-the-art overview of current approaches to making the cognitive neuroscience of language more 'natural' and closer to language use as it occurs in real life. The chapters explore topics including discourse comprehension, the study of dialogue, literature comprehension and the insights gained from looking at natural speech in neuropsychology.
