The opium poppy genome and morphinan production Guo, Li; Winzer, Thilo; Yang, Xiaofei ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
10/2018, Letnik:
362, Številka:
6412
Journal Article
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Morphinan-based painkillers are derived from opium poppy (
L.). We report a draft of the opium poppy genome, with 2.72 gigabases assembled into 11 chromosomes with contig N50 and scaffold N50 of 1.77 ...and 204 megabases, respectively. Synteny analysis suggests a whole-genome duplication at ~7.8 million years ago and ancient segmental or whole-genome duplication(s) that occurred before the Papaveraceae-Ranunculaceae divergence 110 million years ago. Syntenic blocks representative of phthalideisoquinoline and morphinan components of a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid cluster of 15 genes provide insight into how this cluster evolved. Paralog analysis identified P450 and oxidoreductase genes that combined to form the
gene fusion essential for morphinan biosynthesis in opium poppy. Thus, gene duplication, rearrangement, and fusion events have led to evolution of specialized metabolic products in opium poppy.
In recent years, environmental regulations have forced the researchers to gradually replace the traditional toxic inhibitors with the green/sustainable products based on the plant sources, ion ...liquids, and biopolymers (such as alginate, chitosan, and Polydopamine). Application of the green inhibitors based on the extracts of the plants in the acidic solution has been found to be the most feasible and cost-effective way for the metals corrosion mitigation. However, most of the plant-based inhibitors are not as efficient as the synthetic inhibitors like bio-polymers due to the presence of so many in-active components in their extracts. Here, we introduce the most powerful plant-based inhibitors extracted from the Papaver somniferum leaves/stems (called poppy) which are rich in some well-known bio-active medicines such as codeine, morphine, noscapine, oripavine, papaverine, thebaine which are full of Nitrogen-based functionalities. This study aims at studying the impact of Papaver somniferum (known as poppy) leaves and stems extract (PSLSE) addition to the 1 M HCl solution in which the mild steel is immersed. Surface characterizations including FE-SEM, EDX, AFM, CA measurements, FT-IR,11Fourier-transform infrared. GIXRD,22Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. UV–Vis33Ultraviolet-visible. spectroscopy were carried out. The inhibition potent of the extract was reviewed by EIS44Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. and PDS.55Potentiodynamic polarization spectroscopy. Moreover, to explore the adsorption action of the poppy extract on the metal surface, the theoretical simulations based on the Monte Carlo (MC), molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) were done. Surface characterizations proved the inhibitor adsorption on the metallic surface beside the formation of protective complexes such as ternary iron cyanide. EIS investigations indicated the excellent protection provided by PSLSE addition. The magnificent inhibition of around 97.64% was reached in the 600 ppm and 1000 ppm PSLSE samples. A mixed-type action with a dominant performance on the cathodic inhibition was observed. The simulation studies supported the successful interfacial adsorption of inhibitive compounds over the surface.
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•Corrosion inhibition of a novel most effective inhibitor was studied on steel surface.•The Inhibition action of green inhibitor was examined by EIS and polarization tests.•Maximum efficiency of 97.64% was obtained.•Molecular simulations revealed the inhibitors adsorption on steel substrate.
•CuO@Pd NPs were synthesized by environmentally friendly synthesis method for hydrogen efficiency experiments.•CuO@Pd NPs, the average particle size of the cubic nanoparticles was seen as ...26.2 nm.•Activation energy of CuO@Pd NPs was calculated as 37.39 kJ/mol, enthalpy energy 34.84 kJ/mol, and entropy energy as −189.8 J/mol.K.•TOF, which is an indicator of hydrogen efficiency, was calculated as 1513.4 h−1.
In this study, Palladium dopped Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO@Pd NPs) were synthesized by an environmentally friendly green synthesis method for hydrogen production experiments. Characterizations of synthesized nanoparticles; UV–vis Spectroscopy to characterize the optical properties, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to determine the morphology and particle size of the particles, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for the analysis of organic groups, and X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) for the crystal lattice type analysis were used. As a result of the UV–vis Spectroscopy characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles, an absorption peak compatible with metals visible at 422 nm was observed. According to the XRD analysis results, the crystal size observed in the cubic phase was calculated as approximately 4.426 nm. According to the results of the SEM analysis the average particle size of the cubic nanoparticles was seen as 26.2 nm. The catalytic properties of CuO@Pd NPs were determined by the sodium borohydride hydrolysis reaction. As a result of catalyst, substrate, temperature, and reusability experiments, some activation parameters required for a catalytic reaction of nanoparticles were calculated. The activation energy of CuO@Pd NPs was calculated as 37.39 kJ/mol, enthalpy change as 34.84 kJ/mol, and entropy change as −189.8 J/mol.K. TOF, which is an indicator of hydrogen efficiency, was calculated as 1513.4 h−1. Reusability experiments were carried out in 4 cycles and the catalytic activity of CuO@Pd NPs was measured as 70 %. In light of these results, it was seen that nanoparticles provide optimal conditions for a catalytic reaction.
The oil quality, fatty acid composition, tocopherol contents, and phenolic compounds of oven- and microwave-roasted seeds from three different poppy varieties (blue, yellow, and white) were ...investigated. The quantity, acidity, unsaponifiable matter, peroxide, and saponification values of oil were generally higher in roasted seeds compared to those in raw poppy seeds (control). Total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity of roasted seeds were less than those of the control. Roasting decreased fatty acid contents including linoleic acid in blue, yellow, and white seeds and its contents remained 57.91, 61.91, and 64.83% in control oil (oil from raw seeds) but decreased to 57.23, 60.78, and 64.11% in oven-roasted and 56.97, 60.08, and 60.84% in microwave-roasted seed oil, respectively. The tocopherol (α, β, γ, and δ) contents also decreased after roasting and β and γ-types predominated. The major phenolic compounds were vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, p-coumaric,cinnamic, and protocatechuic acids. The vanillic acid content ranged from 64.38–71.17 mg/100 g in raw seed, 41.86–49.76 mg/100 g in oven-roasted, and 43.66–56.71 mg/100 g in microwave-roasted seed. The current study revealed that poppy seeds and their oil have excellent nutritional qualities that are significantly reduced after roasting.
•Blue, yellow and white poppy seeds were evaluated for chemical and biological properties.•Conventional oven and microwave roasting of poppy seed may affect quality attributes of seed and oil.•Roasting processes cast negative effects on nutritional and functional attributes of seed and oil.•Different physico-chemical properties of poppy seed and oil were also affected by the variety.
•The detailed combustion analyses of poppy oil biodiesel blends were performed.•Poppy oil biodiesel emitted lower CO and soot emissions than those of neat diesel.•SFC values of biodiesel-diesel fuel ...blends were higher than those of neat diesel.•ITEdecreased with biodiesel fuel blends compared to neat diesel.
In this study, a single cylinder, four-stroke, naturally aspirated with compression ratio of 18:1 direct injection diesel engine was run with opium poppy oil biodiesel-diesel fuel blends. The effects of diesel and biodiesel-diesel fuel blends were investigated experimentally on combustion, performance and emissions. Experiments were conducted with standard diesel fuel and opium poppy oil biodiesel-diesel fuel blends (OP10 and OP20) at maximum brake torque speed of 2200 rpm and five different engine load including 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. This study focuses on the detailed performance and combustion analysis with opium poppy biodiesel under different engine load and speeds. Test results showed that in-cylinder presssure and heat release rate increased with the increase of engine load when biodiesel fuel blends were used. ID period increased with the usage of biodiesel. Thermal efficiency decreased by about 5.73% and 13.05% with OP10 and OP20 compared to diesel respectively owing to lower calorific value of opium poppy oil biodiesel at 75% engine load. NOx increased 2.9% and 5.98% with OP10 and OP20 according to diesel at full load. On the contrary, CO decreased 14% and 17.42% with OP10 and OP20 compared to diesel at full load.
For millions of years, plants evolve plenty of structurally diverse secondary metabolites (SM) to support their sessile lifestyles through continuous biochemical pathway innovation. While new genes ...commonly drive the evolution of plant SM pathway, how a full biosynthetic pathway evolves remains poorly understood. The evolution of pathway involves recruiting new genes along the reaction cascade forwardly, backwardly, or in a patchwork manner. With three chromosome-scale Papaver genome assemblies, we here reveal whole-genome duplications (WGDs) apparently accelerate chromosomal rearrangements with a nonrandom distribution towards SM optimization. A burst of structural variants involving fusions, translocations and duplications within 7.7 million years have assembled nine genes into the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids gene cluster, following a punctuated patchwork model. Biosynthetic gene copies and their total expression matter to morphinan production. Our results demonstrate how new genes have been recruited from a WGD-induced repertoire of unregulated enzymes with promiscuous reactivities to innovate efficient metabolic pathways with spatiotemporal constraint.
Papaver somniferum and Cannabis sativa are ancient medicinal plants that contain secondary metabolites with multiple pharmacological properties, such as benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in opium poppy ...and cannabinoids in cannabis. However, their addictive potential and psychotropic effects have led to historical and social controversies surrounding their cultivation and use. Understanding the research evolution in these crops is of particular interest. While previous bibliometric analyses have explored opiate and cannabis research separately, no study has compared these two plant species as sources of these substances. To address this gap, a bibliometric analysis using the Scopus database was conducted to examine scientific documents related to Papaver somniferum and Cannabis sativa. The analysis included metrics such as publication and patent numbers, distribution by country, language, and affiliation, as well as journals and subject areas. Additionally, the main keywords from research publications were analysed and categorized thematically. The results reveal interesting differences in research trends between the two crops, highlighting a higher relevance of cannabis in recent years. This finding triggers further discussion on the underlying factors driving this divergence.
•Cannabis research has gained more attention than Papaver in recent decades.•The rise of cannabis cultivation and medical use is related to its scientific interest.•Scientific documents on both species share common keywords and fields of study.•The scientific publications distribution and the cultivation by country are correlated.
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•Getting reaction conditions for Papaver somniferum L. oil biodiesel with a statistical optimization method.•Four remarkable effective factors for the transesterification process via ...Taguchi approach.•Diminishing experiment numbers thanks to L9 orthogonal array matrix in the Taguchi method.•Biodiesel production at the optimum reaction conditions and its fuel specifications.•Almost all physicochemical properties of the biodiesel meet international biodiesel standards.
This work has been accomplished for synthesizing biodiesel from crude oil extracted from Papaver somniferum L. seeds. The oil content of the seeds was detected to be at 43.51 ± 1.58 % which is higher than most of the feedstock used in biodiesel production. The obtained oil was exposed to the transesterification process under demanded reaction conditions as an L9 (9–runs) orthogonal attempt guessed by the Taguchi method. In conclusion, the highest yield of the produced biodiesel was found at the following optimized reaction conditions: molar ratio for methanol to oil of 9:1, NaOH concentration of 0.75 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, and reaction time of 60 min. The exploration of the prominent reaction factors was acquired thanks to the Taguchi technique and the substantial parameters were found to be as follows: catalyst concentration, molar ratio for methanol to oil, reaction temperature, and reaction time with the contribution factors of 47.18 %, 30.04 %, 16.87 %, and 5.91 %, respectively. The statistical analysis carried out based on the ANOVA demonstrated that the monitored yield (88.97 %) were in good consonance with the estimated yield (89.93 %). In addition, the physicochemical characteristics of produced biodiesel was within the limits given in the global biodiesel standards. It can be concluded that Papaver somniferum L. seed oil can be recommended as a novel and important feedstock for biodiesel production in the close future studies as well as industrial applications when the obstructions will remove for the harvesting of this plant.
TOF-SIMS based panoramic chemical imaging strategy for mapping five opium alkaloids in Papaver somniferum from “plant” to “organ” to “microstructure”.
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•A TOF-SIMS based panoramic ...chemical imaging strategy for mapping opium alkaloids in Papaver somniferum was proposed.•This strategy exhibited high spatial resolution imaging, muti-components analysis, high scanning efficiency and simple sample pretreatment.•The spatial differentiation of opium alkaloids in Papaver somniferum was directly visualized fromthemacrotothemicro.•High-resolution chemical imaging of opium alkaloids in different cell types of receptacle vascular bundles was achieved for the first time.
Accurate mapping of opium alkaloids in Papaver somniferum (P. somniferum) is significant for comprehensively elucidating their biosynthetic pathways and metabolic regulations. Here we describe a panoramic chemical imaging strategy based on time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) that enables a thorough and precise visualization of the spatial differentiation of five opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and noscapine) in P. somniferum. Notably, the opium alkaloids exhibited enrichment in the capsule, pistil, receptacle and peduncle. Moreover, a series of cross sections of a capsule were imaged to reveal a three-dimensional horizon of internal distribution of opium alkaloids. Opium alkaloids were observed enriched within the pseudoseptum and the “tube-like” structure of the inner pod wall, witnessing a downward trend toward the stigmatic disk. Finally, in high spatial resolution mode of TOF-SIMS, direct single-cell level chemical mapping of opium alkaloids in the phloem of the vascular bundles of P. somniferum receptacle was achieved for the first time. The introduced imaging strategy can provide multi-dimensional insights into the spatial distribution of opium alkaloids in P. somniferum, and the findings are expected to facilitate shedding light on the biological activities of these pharmacologically valued alkaloids.
Opiates and related molecules are medically essential, but their production via field cultivation of opium poppy Papaver somniferum leads to supply inefficiencies and insecurity. As an alternative ...production strategy, we developed baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a microbial host for the transformation of opiates. Yeast strains engineered to express heterologous genes from P. somniferum and bacterium Pseudomonas putida M10 convert thebaine to codeine, morphine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone and oxycodone. We discovered a new biosynthetic branch to neopine and neomorphine, which diverted pathway flux from morphine and other target products. We optimized strain titer and specificity by titrating gene copy number, enhancing cosubstrate supply, applying a spatial engineering strategy and performing high-density fermentation, which resulted in total opioid titers up to 131 mg/l. This work is an important step toward total biosynthesis of valuable benzylisoquinoline alkaloid drug molecules and demonstrates the potential for developing a sustainable and secure yeast biomanufacturing platform for opioids.
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