La hibridación cultivo-silvestre/maleza puede resultar en la introgresión de caracteres del cultivo en el germoplasma silvestre/maleza y promover la evolución adaptativa de estas poblaciones. Sin ...embargo, el grado de introgresión va a depender del efecto de los caracteres sobre la aptitud de los híbridos y del ambiente de selección. Para ello, se evaluó la selección fenotípica de 10 caracteres funcionales en Raphanus sativus (rábano o nabón) (días a floración y variables asociadas al tamaño de planta en etapas vegetativas y reproductivas), en dos ambientes contrastantes. Se evaluaron siete biotipos agrupados en cuatro tipos de cruzas: cultivo, maleza e híbridos recíprocos cultivo-maleza, seleccionados en dos ambientes contrastantes: ruderal (simulando área disturbada no-cultivada) y agrestal (competencia con trigo). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre biotipos y ambientes para los 10 caracteres evaluados e interacción significativa en solo tres caracteres. Todos los caracteres experimentaron selección direccional positiva, favoreciendo plantas más grandes y floración tardía. La intensidad de selección fue mayor en el ambiente ruderal (|S'|media=0,703) que en el agrestal (|S'|media=0,417) y fue similar entre híbridos recíprocos y malezas, sugiriendo que ambos tipos de cruzas tienen variación suficiente para que actúe la selección. La mayoría de los caracteres experimentaron selección no-lineal, estabilizadora en el ambiente ruderal (C'media=-0,437) y disruptiva en competencia con trigo (C'media=0,258). Nuestros resultados demuestran que la hibridación cultivomaleza puede promover la introgresión adaptativa de ciertos caracteres funcionales, incrementando el potencial invasivo de las poblaciones ferales de R. sativus en ambientes agrestales y ruderales.
To determine the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among red radishes, 37 accessions with different flesh colors were analyzed in terms of the red pigment content, karyotypes, and ...simple sequence repeat markers. Red pigment content of red radish was 3.4 to 28.8% with an average of 15.62%. The karyotype formulas were 14 m (median) + 4 sm (submedian), 16 m + 2 sm, and 18 m for radishes with the same number of chromosomes. The number of alleles detected among the 86 simple sequence repeat primers was 2 to 15 in red-flesh radishes and 2 to 11 in white-flesh radishes. Clustering analysis separated the accessions into three clusters, with most accessions from the same region clustering together. The results indicated that (1) red radish is abundant in red radish, which is a valuable material in red pigment industry; (2) the white-flesh radish is an ancestor of the red-flesh radish, which should be considered a variety in Raphanussativus, and (3) a low level of genetic diversity exists among the 37 accessions. The available radish germplasms should be expanded by creating new hybrid or introducing genes from other crops.
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•Endophytic fungal supernatant mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).•Formations of AgNPs were confirmed by UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, DLS, EDS, TEM and AFM.•The synthesised AgNPs show good ...antimicrobial activity.
In this study, biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from supernatant of endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. isolated from the healthy leaves of Raphanus sativus is studied. The synthesized AgNPs are characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The structural analysis is done by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The stability of AgNPs is studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. The size and shape of AgNPs are observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and found to be spherical with an average particles size of 4–30nm. Further, these AgNPs have been found to be highly toxic against human pathogenic bacteria, suggesting the possibility of using AgNPs as efficient antibacterial agents.
Plant physiological processes alter with elevated carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere (eCO2), which affects the growth and yield potential of crops. Among plants with C3 carbon fixation, ...root crops show highest yield response under eCO2 which is suggested to be linked to their large carbon (C) sink strength. The high C gain under eCO2 can be limited by processes that constrain sink capacity, such as nitrogen (N) supply. Different N sources may interact with eCO2 and thus have variable impacts on carboxylation activity, N uptake efficiency and plant development. This study aims at contributing to a better understanding of sink-driven assimilation, re-allocation and finally growth processes under eCO2 as a function of N-form. Radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus), a C3 tuber plant with strong sink strength, was used. The plants were grown in pots in climate chambers at 400 ppm (aCO2) and 1000 ppm CO2 (eCO2) with either pure nitrate or ammonium-dominated nutrition. A split plot design was applied. Plants were harvested after four weeks and physiological, morphological and chemical parameters in leaves and tubers were assessed. The N-form had no effect on N acquisition, but affected C and N partitioning into plant organs differently under eCO2. N assimilation processes of nitrate-fed plants were focussed on leaves being both source and sink, and those of ammonium-fed plants on tubers, the strongly pronounced sink. Acclimation of CO2 fixation due to eCO2 did not occur for both N forms, probably due to altered sink strength and low N content in leaves. The N-form influences the sink-driven C and N balance and thus enables unrestricted carbon gain as well as the variation of organ development under future eCO2 conditions. These processes can be utilized in cultivation and breeding.
•High sink strength can delay photosynthetic acclimation at high CO2•Nitrate nutrition is not adverse due to its non-restricted assimilation at high CO2•C and N partitioning in organs indicates reallocation of N assimilation at high CO2•Ammonium-dominated nutrition fosters tuber formation of root crops at high CO2•Nitrate nutrition fosters formation of leaf biomass over tuber biomass at high CO2
La hibridación entre poblaciones divergentes, especialmente entre cultivos y sus parientes silvestres/malezas, puede promover la rápida evolución adaptativa de las malezas. Sin embargo, el resultado ...evolutivo depende de la aptitud relativa de los híbridos, que puede ser afectada por el genotipo materno y el ambiente de selección. Para estudiar estos efectos en Raphanus sativus (rábano o nabón), se comparó la producción de biomasa seca aérea y fecundidad en híbridos recíprocos cultivo-maleza y sus progenitores. En condiciones de campo, se sembraron siete biotipos: un cultivo, dos poblaciones maleza, y sus híbridos recíprocos cultivo-maleza, en dos ambientes contrastantes, ruderal (simulando área disturbada no cultivada) y agrestal (competencia con trigo). Se compararon cuatro tipos de cruza: cultivo (C), maleza (M), e híbridos cultivo-maleza con madre cultivada (CxM) y maleza (MxC), respectivamente. En ambos caracteres, se detectaron diferencias entre biotipos y ambientes, pero no interacción ambiente por biotipo. En el ambiente ruderal, las plantas presentaron ~50% menor biomasa aérea y fecundidad que en el ambiente agrestal. En ambos ambientes, las malezas mostraron en promedio ~200% mayor biomasa aérea y fecundidad que el cultivo. Los híbridos recíprocos no mostraron diferencias significativas entre ellos, indicando la ausencia de efectos genéticos maternos, y ambas cruzas mostraron 40% y 49% mayor biomasa aérea y fecundidad que las malezas, respectivamente. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la hibridación cultivo-maleza puede promover la evolución adaptativa, incrementando el potencial invasivo de las poblaciones ferales de R. sativus, tanto en ambientes agrestales como ruderales.
•Leaves of Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus is often ignored in southern part of India and utilized as livestock feed.•Solid waste management of leaves of Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus for ...lung cancer treatment.•Synthesized ZnO NPs using Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus leaves extract proved to have cytotoxicity against A549 cell lines.•Synthesized ZnO NPs using Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus leaves extract proved to have cytotoxicity against A549 cell lines.
In 21 st century, nanomedicine has turned out to be an emergent modulus operation for the diagnosis and treatment for cancer. The current study includes the Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from the leaves of Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus and interpretation of its anticancer activity. Synthesized ZnO NPs were investigated by UV–vis, FTIR, particle size analysis, SEM, XRD and its anticancer activity using A549 cell lines. The UV–vis and particle size confirmed the developed ZnO NPs are in nanoscale. The FTIR studies confirmed the presence of various functional groups. SEM and XRD pictures confirmed the partial crystal spherical shape and wurtzite crystal nature. The cytotoxicity results pointed out the enhanced cytotoxic effect of the synthesized ZnO NPs. This is the first attempt of Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus facilitated synthesis of ZnO NPs as anticancer agents and may subsequently be potential chemopreventive agent against other cancer treatment in future.
Presented study investigated the impact of a stationary electric field with an average value of 185 kV/m on the germination process and early growth of radish (Raphanus sativus – a eudicot plant) and ...oat (Avena sativa – a monocot plant). Electric field stimulation may prove to be one method to sustainably increase crop efficiency. The research is aimed to increase knowledge of the effect of a static electric field on the plant growth process, because understanding of the topic is still limited. The plants were grown on a viscose substrate in a dark room without any light. Studies have shown that the electric field can affect the germination and growth process depending on the plant species. The findings indicate a positive influence of the electric field on radish germination. The presence of the electric field accelerates the germination process and growth of young plants. On the first day of germination (the 3rd day of cultivation), about 3.2 times as many plants germinated in the samples exposed to a stationary electric field compared to the control samples. On the last day of the experiment (the 8th day of cultivation), the tallest plants in the samples subjected to the electric field were 8 % higher, compared to the tallest plants in the control samples. On the other hand, the results demonstrate a negative impact of the electric field on oat seed germination. The presence of an electric field delays the germination process and reduces the number of germinated seeds. On the last day of the experiment (the 11th day of cultivation), about 1.25 times fewer oat plants germinated in the samples exposed to a stationary electric field compared to the control samples. The tallest plants in the samples subjected to the electric field were 1.1 times smaller than the tallest plants in the control samples.
•High static electric field can have different effect on the germination process depending on the plant species.•The electric field has negative effect on oat (Avena sativa) germination process.•The electric field has positive effect on radish (Raphanus sativus) germination process.•Atmospheric conditions can affect electric field impact on germination process.
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important salad vegetable grown and consumed throughout the world for fleshy roots which has numerous categories– varying in root colour, size, shape and flavour. ...The uses of coloured radishes in the salads and their anthocyanins as colourants are gaining popularity because of the colour characteristics, health benefits as well as antioxidant activities. However, information on the genetic variability, heritability and inter-relationship of total phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities in pigmented radish is very limited, but pre-requisite to initiate breeding programme; and therefore investigated in the present study. Radish genotypes were significantly diverse for all the antioxidants; differed by 4.98-fold for total phenolics, 36.16-fold for anthocyanins content, 4.96-fold for FRAP activity and 4.03-fold for CUPRAC activity; and the genotypes accounted for >97% of total variations. The meager differences between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation reveals the greater role of genotypes and lesser influence of the environment on the biosynthesis and accumulation of antioxidants. Significantly positive correlations along with higher magnitude for anthocyanins content, total phenolics, FRAP activity and CUPRAC activity (r= 0.823 to 0.964) could be used as indirect selection criteria for improving levels of antioxidant compounds. The estimates of heritability and genetic advance indicate the role of additive and non-additive genes for biosynthesis of antioxidants and root development, respectively; therefore, recurrent selection would be the best breeding approach to improve both the traits simultaneously in coloured radish.
Despite the plethora of published reports on ameliorative effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) to plants under salt stress, a critical role of SA in redox balance, photosynthetic and ...electron transport in mediating salt tolerance in plants is still ignored. The present study was aimed to assess the beneficial effects of SA on photosynthetic electron transport in five radish cultivars during salt stress which may translate into protection from salt-induced oxidative damage. Seeds of five radish cultivars (Red Neck Purple, Early Long White, Minnu Radish, Radish 40-day and Gong Swang Radish) were allowed to germinate for five days after which seedlings were sprayed with different concentrations of SA (0, 2 and 5 mM). After 48 h of SA treatment, seedlings were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl). Salt stress cause reduction in biomass, chlorophyll contents and PSII photochemistry in all five radish cultivars. However, salt stress causes an increase in proline content, lipid peroxidation, ROS content and antioxidant enzymatic activity. Foliar spray of SA downregulated the absorption, trapping and photosynthetic electron transport fluxes while it increased dissipation flux consequently improving photochemistry of most of the radish cultivars under salt stress. This Improved photochemistry and enhanced antioxidant enzymes activity of radish cultivars by SA application resulted in lower ROS generation and membrane damage. Greater accumulation of compatible solutes due to foliar spray of SA might have additional protective effects on photosynthetic machinery by lowering oxidative stress. Moreover, ameliorative effects of SA were cultivar specific. The study suggested that SA could mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress by regulating physiological and biochemical mechanisms in radish plant.
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant that causes health hazard to living organisms. Melatonin (MT) has emerged as a ubiquitous pleiotropic molecule capable of coordinating heavy metal (HM) ...stresses in plants. However, it remains unclear how melatonin mediates Cd homeostasis and detoxification at transcriptional and/or post‐transcriptional levels in radish. Herein, the activities of five key antioxidant enzymes were increased, while root and shoot Cd contents were dramatically decreased by melatonin. A combined small RNA and transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that 14 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) and 966 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were shared between the Cd and Cd + MT conditions. In all, 23 and ten correlated miRNA‐DEG pairs were identified in Con vs. Cd and Con vs. Cd + MT comparisons, respectively. Several DEGs encoding yellow stripe 1‐like (YSL), heavy metal ATPases (HMA), and ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters were involved in Cd transportation and sequestration in radish. Root exposure to Cd2+ induced several specific signaling molecules, which consequently trigger some HM chelators, transporters, and antioxidants to achieve reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and detoxification and eliminate Cd toxicity in radish plants. Notably, transgenic analysis revealed that overexpression of the RsMT1 (Metallothionein 1) gene could enhance Cd tolerance of tobacco plants, indicating that the exogenous melatonin confers Cd tolerance, which might be attributable to melatonin‐mediated upregulation of RsMT1 gene in radish plants. These results could contribute to dissecting the molecular basis governing melatonin‐mediated Cd stress response in plants and pave the way for high‐efficient genetically engineering low‐Cd‐content cultivars in radish breeding programs.
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