Combining forensic archaeology and numismatic methods of investigations, the present study identify a new Roman hoard buried in the context of the Dacian wars.Furthermore, the composition and the ...findspot of this hoard reveal the Roman functionality of the site where the hoard was discovered.
One Roman funerary stelae originating from Petavonium (Zamora, Spain) with three horseshoe arches under the inscription suggest that there was an architectural and funerary model where the horseshoe ...arch had a symbolic and constructive role. Our objective is to prove that this type of arch was used in the Northern Plateau of the Iberian Peninsula in funerary context at least from the end of the First Century; and without oriental influences. The similarity between arches in stelae and arches in contemporary Roman mausoleums leads us to conclude that funerary stelae had in their decoration a symbolic representation of the mausoleums.
Una estela romana procedente de Petavonium (Zamora) con tres arcos de herradura bajo la cartela sugiere la existencia de un modelo arquitectónico funerario en el que el arco de herradura tenía un papel tanto constructivo como simbólico. El objetivo es demostrar que este arco se usó en la meseta norte con carácter funerario al menos desde finales del siglo I, sin necesidad de influencias orientales. La similitud de los arcos de las estelas con los de algunos mausoleos coetáneos nos lleva a concluir que las estelas contenían una representación simbólica de los mausoleos.
For a simple, undirected graph
G
=
(
V
,
E
), an independent Roman dominating function (IRDF)
f
:
V
→
{
0
,
1
,
2
}
has the property that every vertex
v
∈
V
with
f
(
v
)
=
0
is adjacent to at least ...one vertex
u
, with
f
(
u
)
=
2
, and no two vertices assigned positive values are adjacent. An independent Roman
{
2
}
-dominating function (IR2DF) is an IRDF
f
with an additional property that, for every vertex
v
∈
V
with
f
(
v
)
=
0
, there exists at least two vertices
x
,
y
∈
N
G
(
v
)
with
f
(
x
)
=
f
(
y
)
=
1
. An independent double Roman dominating function (IDRDF) on
G
is a function
f
:
V
→
{
0
,
1
,
2
,
3
}
, such that for every vertex
v
∈
V
, if
f
(
v
)
=
0
, then
v
has at least two neighbors
x
,
y
with
f
(
x
)
=
f
(
y
)
=
2
or one neighbor
w
with
f
(
w
)
=
3
, and if
f
(
v
)
=
1
, then
v
must have at least one neighbor
w
with
f
(
w
)
≥
2
, and no two vertices assigned positive values are adjacent. The weight of an IRDF (IR2DF, IDRDF)
f
is the sum
f
(
V
)
=
∑
v
∈
V
f
(
v
)
. Given a graph
G
and a positive integer
k
, the independent Roman domination problem (IRDP), independent Roman
{
2
}
-domination problem (IR2DP) and independent double Roman domination problem (IDRDP), respectively, is to check whether
G
has an IRDF, IR2DF, and IDRDF of weight at most
k
. The IRDP, IR2DP and IDRDP are known to be NP-complete for bipartite graphs. We investigate the complexity of these problems for dually chordal graphs and some subclasses of bipartite graphs, namely, star convex bipartite graphs and comb convex bipartite graphs. We also investigate the complexity of IR2DP and IDRDP for chordal graphs. The minimum independent Roman domination problem (MIRDP), minimum independent Roman
{
2
}
-domination problem (MIR2DP), and minimum independent double Roman domination problem (MIDRDP), respectively, are to find an IRDF, IR2DF, and IDRDF of minimum weight in the input graph. We show that MIRDP, MIR2DP, and MIDRDP are linear time solvable for bounded tree-width graphs, chain graphs, and threshold graphs, a subclass of split graphs. We also show that the MIRDP, MIR2DP, and MIDRDP are APX-hard for graphs with bounded degree 4. Finally, we show that the domination problem and IRDP (IR2DP, IDRDP) are not equivalent in computational complexity aspects.
The romance genre was a popular literary form among writers and readers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but since then it has often been dismissed as juvenile, unmodern, improper, or ...subversive. In this study, William J. Scheick seeks to recover the place of romance in fin-de-siècle England and America; to distinguish among its subgenres of eventuary, aesthetic, and ethical romance; and to reinstate ethical romance as a major mode of artistic expression. The authors whose works Scheick discusses are Nathaniel Hawthorne, H. Rider Haggard, Henry James, C. J. Cutcliffe Hyne, H. G. Wells, John Kendrick Bangs, Gilbert K. Chesterton, Richard Harding Davis, Stephen Crane, Mary Austin, Jack London, Robert Louis Stevenson, Mary Cholmondeley, and Rudyard Kipling. This wide selection expands the canon to include writers and works that highly merit re-reading by a new generation.
Traces how the day has served as a key organizing concept in Roman culture—and beyond.How did ancient Romans keep track of time? What constituted a day in ancient Rome was not the same twenty-four ...hours we know today. In The Ordered Day, James Ker traces how the day served as a key organizing concept, both in antiquity and in modern receptions of ancient Rome. Romans used the story of how the day emerged as a unit of sociocultural time to give order to their own civic and imperial history. Ancient literary descriptions of people's daily routines articulated distinctive forms of life within the social order. And in the imperial period and beyond, outsiders—such as early Christians in their monastic rules and modern antiquarians in books on daily life—ordered their knowledge of Roman life through reworking the day as a heuristic framework.Scholarly interest in Roman time has recently moved from the larger unit of the year and calendar to smaller units of time, especially in the study of sundials and other timekeeping technologies of the ancient Mediterranean. Through extensive analysis of ancient literary texts and material culture as well as modern daily life handbooks, Ker demonstrates the privileged role that small time played, and continues to play, in Roman literary and cultural history. Ker argues that the ordering of the day provided the basis for the organizing of history, society, and modern knowledge about ancient Rome. For readers curious about daily life in ancient Rome as well as for students and scholars of Roman history and Latin literature, The Ordered Day provides an accessible and fascinating account of the makings of the Roman day and its relationship to modern time structures.
The combination of portrait statue, monumental support, and public lettering was considered emblematic of Roman public space even in antiquity. This book examines ancient Roman statues and their ...bases, tombs, dedicatory altars, and panels commemorating gifts of civic beneficence made by the Augustales, civic groups composed primarily of wealthy ex-slaves. Margaret L. Laird examines how these monuments functioned as protagonists in their built and social environments by focusing on archaeologically attested commissions made by the Augustales in Roman Italian towns. Integrating methodologies from art history, architectural history, social history, and epigraphy with archaeological and sociological theories of community, she considers how dedications and their accompanying inscriptions created webs of association and transformed places of display into sites of local history. Understanding how these objects functioned in ancient cities, the book argues, illuminates how ordinary Romans combined public lettering, honorific portraits, emperor worship, and civic philanthropy to express their communal identities.
Fiction has a major social impact, not least because it co-shapes the image that society has of various social groups. Drawing on a collection of 170 contemporary Dutch-language novels, Character ...Constellations presents a range of data-driven, statistical models to study depictions of characters in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, class, age, sexuality, and other identity categories. Incorporating the tools of network analysis, each chapter highlights an aspect of fictional social networks that affects the representation of social groups: their centrality, their communities, and their conflicts. While reading individual novels in light of emerging statistical patterns, combining the formal methods of social network analysis with the interpretive tools of narratology, this study shows how central societal themes such as (in)equality and emancipation, integration and segregation, and social mobility and class struggle are foregrounded, replicated, or distorted in the Dutch novel. Showcasing what character-based critiques of literary representation gain by integrating data-driven methods into the practice of critical close reading, Character Constellations contributes to societal debates on cultural representation and identity and the role fiction and art have in those debates.
The cemetery with 208 cremations and 49 inhumations was in use from the end of the 1st Century AD until the beginning of the 5th Century AD and provides an insight into burial customs and burial ...rites in a rural necropolis aver a period of more than 300 years. In addition to an archaeological-cultural-historical evaluation, the work includes scientific analyses oftextile remains, colour pigments and human and animal bones.
Das Gräberfeld mit 208 Brand- und 49 Körperbestattungen war vom ausgehenden 1. Jh. n. Chr. bis in den Beginn des 5. Jhs. belegt und gibt einen Einblick in Bestattungsbrauchtum und Beigabensitten in einer ländlichen Nekropole über mehr als 300 Jahre hindurch. Neben einer archäologisch-kulturhistorischen Auswertung beinhaltet die Arbeit naturwissenschaftliche Analysen von Textilresten, Farbpigmenten sowie menschlichen Knochen und Tierknochen.
The cemetery with 208 cremations and 49 inhumations was in use from the end of the 1st Century AD until the beginning of the 5th Century AD and provides an insight into burial customs and burial ...rites in a rural necropolis aver a period of more than 300 years. In addition to an archaeological-cultural-historical evaluation, the work includes scientific analyses oftextile remains, colour pigments and human and animal bones.
Das Gräberfeld mit 208 Brand- und 49 Körperbestattungen war vom ausgehenden 1. Jh. n. Chr. bis in den Beginn des 5. Jhs. belegt und gibt einen Einblick in Bestattungsbrauchtum und Beigabensitten in einer ländlichen Nekropole über mehr als 300 Jahre hindurch. Neben einer archäologisch-kulturhistorischen Auswertung beinhaltet die Arbeit naturwissenschaftliche Analysen von Textilresten, Farbpigmenten sowie menschlichen Knochen und Tierknochen.
•Different types of Iron Age pottery share mineral temper in postglacial landscape.•Production process of Burnished pottery differ from other contemporary types.•Silt in pottery aids provenance ...determination in postglacial environment.•Burnished pottery was made locally.
This article explores the technological aspects of pottery from Lithuania during the pre-Roman and Roman periods, aiming to uncover the distinctive characteristics of Burnished pottery in comparison to Late Striated and other common contemporary ceramics. A secondary objective of this study is to illuminate the potential for provenancing in a glacial-formed environment and to shed light on the elusive origins of Burnished pottery. These objectives were pursued through the application of ceramic petrography and chemical analysis via pXRF on 88 pottery samples collected from ten archaeological sites. Petrographic analysis revealed differences in temper size and firing conditions between Burnished and Late Striated pottery, but chemical signatures between the various pottery types appeared indistinguishable. Furthermore, it was observed that the size, shape, and quantity of fine natural inclusions in the ceramic matrix of petrographic samples often differed between sites. However, these characteristics overlapped between Burnished pottery and some samples of other contemporary pottery types which were made with finer clay and were found at the same site. The observed results led to the conclusion that nearly every aspect of the Chaîne Opératoire of the production process differed between Burnished pottery and the other common contemporary types. Despite these technological differences, the majority of Burnished wares were likely produced locally. Additionally, a combination of chemical and petrographic analysis could be employed for provenance determination in glacial-formed environments. However, occasional overlap of chemical and petrographic data between sites could lead to incorrect ascriptions of provenance.
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