As part of a four-year interdisciplinary research project of a Roman gold mine in the landscape known as the "Karth" to the south of Vienna, Austria, a reconstruction of gold washing took place as ...described by Pliny the Elder in book 33 of his Natural History. So far, the "Karth" is the only proven Roman gold mine known in the Eastern Alps. Random finds, such as fibulae and coins, suggest dating the site to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD (Cech et al., 2013, pp.32-71; Lang et al., 2010). The following people are involved in the project: Project manager and archaeology: Brigitte Cech (independent researcher, Vienna), survey and cartography: Frank Stremke (Bremen), Roman history: Andras Hofeneder (University of Vienna), geophysical prospection: Robert Scholger (Mining University, Leoben), geology: Günther Weixelberger (Pitten), analysis of gold: Simone Elmer, Frank Melcher (Mining University, Leoben), laser ablation of gold samples: Nicole Lockhoff (Curt-Engelhorn-Centre of Archaeometry, Mainz), hydraulic engineering: Martin Fuchs (Firma Afry, Vienna), pollen analysis: Klaus Oeggl (University of Innsbruck), mapping of leats: Thomas Fleck, Nadine Riegler, Markus Foidl (Weibnitz), gold washing/panning: Heimo Urban (Graz), documentary film: Rick Spurway (Sopron). The project is financed by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF project 30790-G25).
No genre manifests the pleasure of reading—and its power to consume and enchant—more than romance. In suspending the category of the novel to rethink the way prose fiction works, Without the Novel ...demonstrates what literary history looks like from the perspective of such readerly excesses and adventures.
Rejecting the assumption that novelistic realism is the most significant tendency in the history of prose fiction, Black asks three intertwined questions: What is fiction without the novel? What is literary history without the novel? What is reading without the novel? In answer, this study draws on the neglected genre of romance to reintegrate eighteenth-century British fiction with its classical and Continental counterparts. Black addresses works of prose fiction that self-consciously experiment with the formal structures and readerly affordances of romance: Heliodorus’s Ethiopian Story , Cervantes’s Don Quixote , Fielding’s Tom Jones , Sterne’s Tristram Shandy , and Burney’s The Wanderer . Each text presents itself as a secondary, satiric adaptation of anachronistic and alien narratives, but in revising foreign stories each text also relays them. The recursive reading that these works portray and demand makes each a self-reflexive parable of romance itself. Ultimately, Without the Novel writes a wider, weirder history of fiction organized by the recurrences of romance and informed by the pleasures of reading that define the genre.
A {\em Roman dominating function} on a graph $G$ is a function $f:V(G)\rightarrow \{0,1,2\}$ satisfying the condition that every vertex $u$ for which $f(u) = 0$ is adjacent to at least one ...vertex $v$ for which $f(v) =2$. A {\em restrained Roman dominating} function $f$ is a Roman dominating function if the vertices with label 0 induce a subgraph with no isolated vertex. The weight of a restrained Roman dominating function is the value $\omega(f)=\sum_{u\in V(G)} f(u)$. The minimum weight of a restrained Roman dominating function of $G$ is called the { \em restrained Roman domination number} of $G$ and denoted by $\gamma_{rR}(G)$. In this paper we establish some sharp bounds for this parameter.
The pyroclastic aggregate concrete of Trajan’s Markets (110 CE), now Museo Fori Imperiali in Rome, has absorbed energy from seismic ground shaking and long-term foundation settlement for nearly two ...millenia while remaining largely intact at the structural scale. The scientific basis of this exceptional service record is explored through computed tomography of fracture surfaces and synchroton X-ray microdiffraction analyses of a reproduction of the standardized hydrated lime–volcanic ash mortar that binds decimeter-sized tuff and brick aggregate in the conglomeratic concrete. The mortar reproduction gains fracture toughness over 180 d through progressive coalescence of calcium–aluminum-silicate–hydrate (C-A-S-H) cementing binder with Ca/(Si+Al) ≈ 0.8–0.9 and crystallization of sträätlingite and siliceous hydrogarnet (katoite) at ≥90 d, after pozzolanic consumption of hydrated lime was complete. Platey strääätlingite crystals toughen interfacial zones along scoria perimeters and impede macroscale propagation of crack segments. In the 1,900-y-old mortar, C-A-S-H has low Ca/(Si+Al) ≈ 0.45–0.75. Dense clusters of 2- to 30-µm sträääätlingite plates further reinforce interfacial zones, the weakest link of modern cement-based concrete, and the cementitious matrix. These crystals formed during long-term autogeneous reaction of dissolved calcite from lime and the alkali-rich scoriae groundmass, clay mineral (halloysite), and zeolite (phillipsite and chabazite) surface textures from the Pozzolane Rosse pyroclastic flow, erupted from the nearby Alban Hills volcano. The clast-supported conglomeratic fabric of the concrete presents further resistance to fracture propagation at the structural scale.
Significance A volcanic ash–lime mortar has been regarded for centuries as the principal material constituent that provides long-term durability to ancient Roman architectural concrete. A reproduction of Imperial-age mortar based on Trajan’s Markets (110 CE) wall concrete resists microcracking through cohesion of calcium–aluminum–silicate–hydrate cementing binder and in situ crystallization of platey strätlingite, a durable calcium-aluminosilicate mineral that reinforces interfacial zones and the cementitious matrix. In the 1,900-y-old mortar dense intergrowths of the platey crystals obstruct crack propagation and preserve cohesion at the micron scale. Trajanic concrete provides a proven prototype for environmentally friendly conglomeratic concretes that contain ∼88 vol % volcanic rock yet maintain their chemical resilience and structural integrity in seismically active environments at the millenial scale.
The Symptom and the Subject takes an in-depth look at how the physical body first emerged in the West as both an object of knowledge and a mysterious part of the self. Beginning with Homer, moving ...through classical-era medical treatises, and closing with studies of early ethical philosophy and Euripidean tragedy, this book rewrites the traditional story of the rise of body-soul dualism in ancient Greece. Brooke Holmes demonstrates that as the body (sma) became a subject of physical inquiry, it decisively changed ancient Greek ideas about the meaning of suffering, the soul, and human nature.
The Araxes flowing through the Armenian Highlands was one of the rivers mentioned quite often in Roman poetry from the Augustan Age up to the 5th century. In line with the traditional tendency of ...classical literature, the Araxes was usually shown as a pars pro toto of a country, in this case Armenia, which was one of the aims of the Roman eastern policy and the object of rivalry between the Empire and Parthia/Persia. The great majority of references to the Araxes was connected with the theme of Roman expansion in the East (especially with the campaign of Tiberius in 20 BC and later with the Roman-Parthian war 58–63 AD), which can be observed best in the recurrent motif of a bridge across this river, a clear-cut symbol of Roman domination over Armenia and – more generally – over all of the East.
The chemical composition of 48 glass finds from Histria and Tomis, Romania, chiefly dated to the 1st-4th c. AD, was determined using prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) at the Budapest Neutron ...Centre (BNC). Most fragments have composition typical for the Roman naturally colored blue-green-yellow (RNCBGY) glass; Mn-colorless, Sb-colorless, and Sb-Mn colorless glass finds were evidenced, too. Several Foy
and Foy
glass fragments, as well as an HIMT and a plant ash glass sample, were identified in the studied assemblage. The archaeological evidence, the glass working waste items, and the samples with compositional patterns suggestive of recycling are proofs of the secondary glass working activities at Tomis during the Early Roman Empire period.
A double Roman dominating function (DRDF) on a graph G=(V,E) is a function f:V→{0,1,2,3} having the property that if f(v)=0, then vertex v must have at least two neighbors assigned 2 under f or one ...neighbor w with f(w)=3, and if f(v)=1, then vertex v must have at least one neighbor w with f(w)≥2. The weight of a DRDF is the sum of its function values over all vertices, and the double Roman domination number γdR(G) is the minimum weight of a DRDF on G. Let G be a connected graph G of order n and minimum degree at least two. With the exception of seven graphs of order at most seven, Beeler et al. (2016) observed that γdR(G)≤6n5 and posed the question whether this bound can be improved. Amjadi et al. (2018) settled this question by proving that γdR(G)≤8n7. In this paper, we improve this bound to γdR(G)≤11n10. Moreover, we provide an infinite family of graphs attaining this bound.
Baron Roman Fedorovich von Ungern-Sternberg (1885-1921) was a Baltic German aristocrat and tsarist military officer who fought against the Bolsheviks in Eastern Siberia during the Russian Civil War. ...From there he established himself as the de facto warlord of Outer Mongolia, the base for a fantastical plan to restore the Russian and Chinese empires, which then ended with his capture and execution by the Red Army as the war drew to a close.
In The Baron's Cloak, Willard Sunderland tells the epic story of the Russian Empire's final decades through the arc of the Baron's life, which spanned the vast reaches of Eurasia. Tracking Ungern's movements, he transits through the Empire's multinational borderlands, where the country bumped up against three other doomed empires, the Habsburg, Ottoman, and Qing, and where the violence unleashed by war, revolution, and imperial collapse was particularly vicious. In compulsively readable prose that draws on wide-ranging research in multiple languages, Sunderland recreates Ungern's far-flung life and uses it to tell a compelling and original tale of imperial success and failure in a momentous time.
Sunderland visited the many sites that shaped Ungern's experience, from Austria and Estonia to Mongolia and China, and these travels help give the book its arresting geographical feel. In the early chapters, where direct evidence of Ungern's activities is sparse, he evokes peoples and places as Ungern would have experienced them, carefully tracing the accumulation of influences that ultimately came together to propel the better documented, more notorious phase of his career
Recurring throughout Sunderland's magisterial account is a specific artifact: the Baron's cloak, an essential part of the cross-cultural uniform Ungern chose for himself by the time of his Mongolian campaign: an orangey-gold Mongolian kaftan embroidered in the Khalkha fashion yet outfitted with tsarist-style epaulettes on the shoulders. Like his cloak, Ungern was an imperial product. He lived across the Russian Empire, combined its contrasting cultures, fought its wars, and was molded by its greatest institutions and most volatile frontiers. By the time of his trial and execution mere months before the decree that created the USSR, he had become a profoundly contradictory figure, reflecting both the empire's potential as a multinational society and its ultimately irresolvable limitations.
This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the proviso on the sale of slaves known as ne prostituatur, focusing on the progressive protection that the imperial constitutions, since the 2nd century ...AD onwards, provided for its enforcement. Theories that explain this process invoking the favor libertatis doctrine or through a particular reading of sexual honor are not entirely satisfactory. Therefore, I defend an interpretation of the clause in terms of reward. The emperors would seek to strengthen its validity within a global strategy of securing the punishment and reward model that allowed for the control of slaves, protecting the masters’ general interest, even if it implied limiting their individual power.
Il s’ agit d’ étudier la clausule ne prostituatur présente dans les actes de vente d’ esclaves que les constitutions impériales, à partir du IIe siècle de notre ère, cherchent à encadrer. Considérant que les théories qui rattachent ce processus à la favor libertatis ou à une lecture particulière de l’ honneur sexuel sont insuffisantes, l’ auteur défend l’ hypothèse d’ une interprétation de la clausule en termes de récompense. Ainsi, les empereurs chercheraient à consolider sa validité au sein d’ une stratégie globale de sécurisation du modèle des peines et des récompenses qui régit le contrôle des esclaves en protégeant l’ intérêt général et celui des maîtres tout en limitant leur pouvoir individuel.
Se busca analizar la evolución de la cláusula de venta de esclavos conocida como ne prostituatur, centrándose en la progresiva protección que las constituciones imperiales desarrollan sobre estos pactos a partir del siglo ii. Considerando insuficientes las teorías que vinculan este proceso a la doctrina del favor libertatis o a una particular lectura del honor sexual, se opta por una interpretación de la cláusula en clave de recompensa. Así, los emperadores buscarían apuntalar su validez dentro de una estrategia global de asegurar el modelo de castigos y recompensas que aseguraba el control de los esclavos, protegiendo el interés general de los amos aun a costa de limitar su poder individual.
Rodríguez Garrido Jacobo. Ne serva prostituatur. Esclavitud, prostitución y los límites de la dominica potestas en la Roma Antigua. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 46, n°1, 2020. pp. 173-196.
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