Beef consumption has significantly increased in the last fifty years as a response to the increase in population size, whereas the sustainability of production systems has begun to be questioned. ...Because the residues left in the animal feed additives used in conventional food production constitute major health problems in consumers. Therefore, an interest in organic farming methods based on natural grazing and feed production without the use of chemicals is increasing. One of the most important examples of organic beef production in Turkey is the project carried out in the villages of Ayvacık district in Çanakkale. This region has an ecological structure which does not allow an extensive production of culture cattle. The most important advantages of the Turkish grey cattle living in the pastures in the region covered with bushes are that they have less needs of shelter, they do not need supplementary feeding throughout the year and labor costs for their production for beef are low. Breeders in this region maintained a market price for their products by shifting to organic system and thus allowed the sustainable production of the Turkish grey cattle. In this study, Ayvacık Organic Beef Production Project which sets an example for the sustainability of Turkish grey cattle production by featuring its surplus values was evaluated.
Beef consumption has significantly increased in the last fifty years as a response to the increase in population size, whereas the sustainability of production systems has begun to be questioned. ...Because the residues left in the animal feed additives used in conventional food production constitute major health problems in consumers. Therefore, an interest in organic farming methods based on natural grazing and feed production without the use of chemicals is increasing. One of the most important examples of organic beef production in Turkey is the project carried out in the villages of Ayvacık district in Çanakkale. This region has an ecological structure which does not allow an extensive production of culture cattle. The most important advantages of the Turkish grey cattle living in the pastures in the region covered with bushes are that they have less needs of shelter, they do not need supplementary feeding throughout the year and labor costs for their production for beef are low. Breeders in this region maintained a market price for their products by shifting to organic system and thus allowed the sustainable production of the Turkish grey cattle. In this study, Ayvacık Organic Beef Production Project which sets an example for the sustainability of Turkish grey cattle production by featuring its surplus values was evaluated.
Beef consumption has significantly increased in the last fifty years as a response to the increase in population size, whereas the sustainability of production systems has begun to be questioned. ...Because the residues left in the animal feed additives used in conventional food production constitute major health problems in consumers. Therefore, an interest in organic farming methods based on natural grazing and feed production without the use of chemicals is increasing. One of the most important examples of organic beef production in Turkey is the project carried out in the villages of Ayvacık district in Çanakkale. This region has an ecological structure which does not allow an extensive production of culture cattle. The most important advantages of the Turkish grey cattle living in the pastures in the region covered with bushes are that they have less needs of shelter, they do not need supplementary feeding throughout the year and labor costs for their production for beef are low. Breeders in this region maintained a market price for their products by shifting to organic system and thus allowed the sustainable production of the Turkish grey cattle. In this study, Ayvacık Organic Beef Production Project which sets an example for the sustainability of Turkish grey cattle production by featuring its surplus values was evaluated.
Çalışmada 2028 Holstein ve 1084 Esmer sığırda fazla meme başı sayısının düzeyi incelenmiştir. Fazla meme başı sayısına sahip inek oranı Siyah Alaca ırkta %14.2, Esmer ırkta ise %22.7 olarak tesbit ...edilmiştir. Fazla meme başı sayısının gen frekansı Siyah Alaca ırkında 0.376±0.008, Esmer ırkta ise 0.476±0.111 olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Fazla meme başı sayısının kalıtım derecesi Siyah Alaca ırkta 0.79±0.12 ve Esmer ırkta ise 0.56±0.06 olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Süt verim özelliklerine fazla meme başı sayısının etkisi her iki ırkta da önemsiz bulunmuştur.
The level of supernumerary teats (hyperthelia) was investigated in 2028 Holstein and 1084 Brown Swiss cattle. The frequency of supernumerary teats was 14.2% in Holstein and 22.7% in Brown Swiss. Estimates of gene frequency for the supernumerary teats allele were 0.376±0.008 in Holstein and 0.476±0.111 in Brown Swiss. The posterior mean for the heritability was 0.79±0.12 in Holstein and 0.56±0.06 in Brown Swiss. The effect of teat number on milk yield traits weren't significant, both breeds.
Beef consumption has significantly increased in the last fifty years as a response to the increase in population size, whereas the sustainability of production systems has begun to be questioned. ...Because the residues left in the animal feed additives used in conventional food production constitute major health problems in consumers. Therefore, an interest in organic farming methods based on natural grazing and feed production without the use of chemicals is increasing. One of the most important examples of organic beef production in Turkey is the project carried out in the villages of Ayvacık district in Çanakkale. This region has an ecological structure which does not allow an extensive production of culture cattle. The most important advantages of the Turkish grey cattle living in the pastures in the region covered with bushes are that they have less needs of shelter, they do not need supplementary feeding throughout the year and labor costs for their production for beef are low. Breeders in this region maintained a market price for their products by shifting to organic system and thus allowed the sustainable production of the Turkish grey cattle. In this study, Ayvacık Organic Beef Production Project which sets an example for the sustainability of Turkish grey cattle production by featuring its surplus values was evaluated.
The objective of this study is to relationship between the somatic cell count (SCC), milk production and the morphologic
traits of udder in the herds of Black-and-White cattle. The data included the ...test day records of milk and SCC, type evaluation of
2012 Black-and-White cows of the first lactation in 143 Lithuanian herds. The findings of the study are consistent with the results
of similar previous studies concerning a negative relationship between SCC and milk yield during lactation. According to the results
of the study, the increase in SCC from 100,000 to 800,000 cells/ml and above decreased the milk yield of Black-and-White cows
to 658 kg (14.4%), fat content - to 28.9 kg (14.7%), and milk protein content - to 13.3 kg (9.1%).
The udder and teat morphology significantly (P < 0.001) affected log2 SCC, hence the cows selection based on the udder
morphology can serve to improve the milk quality reducing SCC in milk.
The findings of this study are consistent with the data concerning the negative relationship between SCC and milk yield during
lactation and the relationship between somatic cell count and udder, or teat morphology. Reducing milk SCC the selection of Blackand-
White cows based on the udder and teat morphology can improve milk quality.
Arnavutluktaki Küçük ölçekli iiletmelerin yaklaşık %80 i 1-2 sağmal inek içermektedir. Küçük ölçekli iiletmelerin 1-1,5 hektarlık arazi varlığı inek sayılası artışını sınırlayan başlıca ...sebeplerdendir.
Bu nedenle yetiştiricilerin istemi iiletmelerinde inek sayısını arttırmak değilde doğan buzağların Pazar ya da aile tüketimi için besiye alınmasıdır.Bu çalışmanın başlıca amacı Holstein Friesian ırkı ineklerle Piemonteze(P),Limousine(L),Chianina (C),ġarole(SH) ve Markixhana(M) gibi et ırkları ile melezlemesinin Küçük ölçekli iiletmelerdeki et üretimini araştırmasıdır.
Bu maksadı sağlamak için 2 metot kullanılmıĢtır.Bu metotlardan biri Arnavutluk sahil kesim alanlarındaki 284 Küçük ölçekli işletmelerdeki survey gözlemleri diğeri de yarı entansif küçük ölçekli işletme koşullarındaki besiye alınan F1 Holstein ineklerinin yukarıdaki ırklarla melezlerinin karşılaştırmalı besi denemesidir.
Hayvanların beslenmesi işletmede üretilen kaba yemler esasına göre %30 kuru maddeli mısır slajı ve taze yonca ile yonca samanıdır.%35 kuru madde ihtiyacı kuru madde esasına göre %15 ham protein içeren kesif yem satın alınarak sağlanmıştır. Besi dönemi 8 ay sürmüĢtür.
Günlük canlı ağırlık artışı sırasıyla 889 g (PxH) 998 g (LxH) 850 g (KxH) 1010 g (CHxH) 953 g (mxH) 702 g (HxH) şeklinde olmuştur. Genotip, cinsiyet GenotipxCinsiyet sabit faktörleri ile deneme başı canlı ağırlık kovaryası içeren doğrusal modele göre en çok değişkenli analiz melezlerin günlük canlı ağırlık artışına göre küçük ölçekli işletmelerde etkili olduğunu ayrıca melezleme tipine göre günlük canlı ağırlık kazancı artışının %23-%38 fazla olduğu Limousine ve Shorole ile melezlemenin etkili olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
Markigiana,Kianine,ve Piemonteze ile melezleri arasındaki farkın istatik önemi olmadığı gösterilmiştir.Yarı intansif küçük ölçekli işletmelerde buzağı besisi 2 aylık yaşta başlamakta olup küçük ölçekli işletmelerde süt sığırlarıyla et sığırlarının melezlenmesi suretiyle saf süt sığır buzağlara göre dah çok et üreteceği gösterilmiştir.
About 80 % of Albanian small scale farms farming 1-2 dairy cows. The small agriculture land surface on farm property (1-1,5 ha) is the main limiting factor for cow‟s number increasing. So the farmer interest is not to increasing the number of cows in their farm but to fattening of calf‟s born both for nutritive need of the family and market. The main objective of the study was to show the effect of industrial crosses (F1) of Holstein Frison cows with meat breeds like as Piementese(P), Limousine(L), Kianina(C), Sharole(Sh) and Markixhana(M) on meat production increasing on small scale farms. To carried out this objective, two study methods were used: (i) The survey - 284 small scale farms was observed in the Albanian coastal field and (ii) Comparative essay of fattening calves (F1) in semi intensive small scale farm condition - 32 calves, F1 crosses of Holstein cows with above mentioned meat breeds were put in fattening in semi intensive small scale farm condition. 6 Holstein breed (H) calves of 3-4 months age was used as control group. The feeding of animals was based on forages produced in farm: corn silage 30 % D.M, fresh alpha-alpha and its hay. 35 % of dry matter requirements were supplied by bought concentrate feedstuffs with 15 % crude protein on dry matter bases. The fattening period lasted 8 months . The average daily body weight increasing for each crosses and control group were respectively 889g (PxH), 998g (LxH), 850g (KxH), 1010g( ChxH), 953g (MxH) and 702g (HxH). Multivariate analyses according to a linear model with constant factors ( genotype, sex, genotype x sex) and covariance "live body weight in the beginning of experiment" showed that: (i) The effect of crossbreds on average daily gain is evident under the small-scale farms conditions, also, (ii) The average daily gain increases with 23 -38 % , depending on the type of crosses, (iii) The crosses of dairy cattle with Limousine and Sharole result as most effective. The differences between F1 crosses of Markigiana, Kianine and Piemonteze are not statistically significant, (iv) In semi intensive small scale farms the calf fattening can start from second month of life, (v) The farmers even though small scale farm condition can produce more meat though the crossing of dairy cattle with meat breeds in comparison with pure dairy breed calves.
Bu çalışmada, Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde üç sınır ilde (Iğdır, Kars, Ardahan) bulunan ve kontrol edilen etkenler
yönünden aşı uygulanmamış 265 baş sığırdan kan serum örneği alındı. Serum örnekleri, ...sığırların önemli solunum sistemi
etkenleri olan Bovine Herpesvirus tip 1 (BHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV-3), Bovine
Adenovirus-1 (BAV-1) ve Bovine Adenovirus-3 (BAV-3) spesifik antikorları yönünden kontrol edildi. Test edilen kan serumu
örneklerinde BHV-1, BVDV, PIV-3, BAV-1 ve BAV-3 enfeksiyonlarının seropozitiflik oranları sırasıyla %61.50, %58.86, %55.84,
%57.35 ve %50.18 olarak tespit edildi. Araştırma sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, örneklenen sığırların %2.26'sı kontrol edilen
tüm viruslar için seronegatif bulundu. Seropozitiflik oranlarına göre, söz konusu örneklerin %10.56'sında yalnızca bir virusa
karşı, %25.28'inde iki virusa karşı, %32.07'sinde üç virusa karşı, %22.64'ünde dört virusa karşı, %7.16'sında ise beş virusa
karşı antikor varlığı saptandı. Kontrol edilen hayvanlarda solunum sistemi viral enfeksiyonlarının seroprevalanslarının yüksek
olduğu ve bu enfeksiyonların genellikle çoklu enfeksiyonlar şeklinde görüldüğü belirlendi.
In the present study, blood serum samples were collected from 265 cattle which was not vaccinated against mentioned
diseases in three provinces (Igdir, Kars, Ardahan) located North-East part of Turkey. Blood serum samples were investigated
serologically for specific antibodies developed against Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV),
Parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV-3), Bovine Adenovirus-1 (BAV-1) and Bovine Adenovirus-3 (BAV-3) which are the most important
respiratory system diseases occuring in cattle. Seropositivity of the serum samples tested for the BHV-1, BVDV, PI-3, BAV-1,
BAV-3 were 61.50%, 58.86%, 55.84%, 57.35% and 50.18%, respectively. Analysis of the results reflected that only 2.26% of
the cattle were negative for the all diseases investigated. 10.56% of the samples were positive for only one virus, 25.28% were
positive against two viruses, 32.07% were positive for three virus types, 22.64% were positive against four virus types, and
7.16% of the cattle were positive for the all viral diseases investigated. In conclusion, viral infections of respiratory system are
common with a high seroprevalance with a high incidence of concomitant infections in Border Provinces of North-East Turkey.
Liver telangiectasis with an obscure etiology and pathogenesis, is characterized by hepatocyte loss and sinusoidal enlargements with blood. The condition causes condemnation of livers and in severe ...cases decreases in meat and milk yield, therefore causes economic losses. Peliosis hepatis is a condition of humans and animals characterized by blood filled cystic spaces, and has been associated with lung tuberculosis in humans. Peliosis hepatis of humans and liver telangiectases of cattle are pathogenically similar conditions. This report investigates a case of lung tuberculosis and liver telangiectasis in a 3 years old, Holstein-Friesian cow and emphasizes its similarity to the relationship between peliosis hepatis-lung tuberculosis in humans.
Sığırlarda karaciğer telengiektazisi etiyolojisi ve patogenezisi henüz net olarak ortaya konulamamıştır ve mikroskobik görünümüyle hepatosit kaybı şekillenen bölgelerde içleri eritrositler ile dolu sinuzoid genişlemeleri olarak tanımlanır. Lezyonun makroskobik görünümü nedeniyle karaciğerin insan tüketimine sunulamaması ve organın şiddetli olarak etkilendiği olgularda da et ve süt veriminde düşüşe yol açması nedeniyle ekonomik önemi olan bir durumdur. Peliozis hepatis insan ve hayvanlarda gözlenen ve karaciğerde içi kan dolu kistik boşluklarla karakterize bir durumdur. İnsanlarda gözlenen peliozis hepatis akciğer tüberkülozu ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Sığırların karaciğer telengiektazisi ile insanlarda gözlenen peliozis hepatis arasında da patojenez benzerliği mevcuttur. Sunulan bu vakada 3 yaşlı, Holstein-Friesian ırkı bir inekte gözlenen akciğer tüberkülozu ve karaciğer telengiektazisi mikroskobik olarak değerlendirilmiş, insanlardaki peliozis hepatis-akciğer tüberkülozu arasındaki ilişkiye benzerliğe dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Sunulan derlemede, sığırlarda akut solunum stresi ve asfeksiye neden olan NO2, H S, 4-Ipomeanol, Organik Fosforlu İnsektisitler, Karbamatlar, Nitrit, Nitrat, Siyanür ve Arsenik gibi zehirlenmelerin ...etiyolojileri, klinik ve başlıca patolojik bulguları ile tedavileri hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.
Presented review, summarizes the ethiological factors, clinical and pathological findings and treatment options of some of the important toxications characterised with acute respiratory distress and asphexia in cattle such as NO2, H S, 4-Ipomeanol, Organic Phosphorus Pesticides, Carbamates, Nitrite, Nitrate, Ciyanide and Arsenic.
