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•Solid-state fermentation(SSF) is a green process that utilises agricultural wastes.•SSF is used in the bioconversion of agriculture wastes to value-added products.•The significance ...of process variables for SSF is described.•Applications of SSF in bioremediation, biocontrol agents, enzymes explained.
The increase in solid waste has become a common problem and causes environmental pollution worldwide. A green approach to valorise solid waste for sustainable development is required. Agricultural residues are considered suitable for conversion into profitable products through solid-state fermentation (SSF). Agricultural wastes have high organic content that is used as potential substrates to produce value-added products through SSF. The importance of process variables used in solid-phase fermentation is described. The applications of SSF developed products in the food industry as flavouring agents, acidifiers, preservatives and flavour enhancers. SSF produces secondary metabolites and essential enzymes. Wastes from agricultural residues are used as bioremediation agents, biofuels and biocontrol agents through microbial processing. In this review paper, the value addition of agricultural wastes by SSF through green processing is discussed with the current knowledge on the scenarios, sustainability opportunities and future directions of a circular economy for solid waste utilisation.
Objective To standardize the recording of surgical phenotypic information on endometriosis and related sample collections obtained at laparoscopy, allowing large-scale collaborative research into the ...condition. Design An international collaboration involving 34 clinical/academic centers and three industry collaborators from 16 countries. Setting Two workshops were conducted in 2013, bringing together 54 clinical, academic, and industry leaders in endometriosis research and management worldwide. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) A postsurgical scoring sheet containing general and gynecological patient and procedural information, extent of disease, the location and type of endometriotic lesion, and any other findings was developed during several rounds of review. Comments and any systematic surgical data collection tools used in the reviewers' centers were incorporated. Main Outcome Measure(s) The development of a standard recommended (SSF) and minimum required (MSF) form to collect data on the surgical phenotype of endometriosis. Result(s) SSF and MSF include detailed descriptions of lesions, modes of procedures and sample collection, comorbidities, and potential residual disease at the end of surgery, along with previously published instruments such as the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine and Endometriosis Fertility Index classification tools for comparison and validation. Conclusion(s) This is the first multicenter, international collaboration between academic centers and industry addressing standardization of phenotypic data collection for a specific disease. The Endometriosis Phenome and Biobanking Harmonisation Project SSF and MSF are essential tools to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis by allowing large-scale collaborative research into the condition.
Peningkatan kebutuhan energi terutama bahan bakar minyak yang tidak diimbangi dengan ketersediaan sumber energi tak terbarukan akan mengakibatkan kelangkaan energi. Pembuatan bahan bakar terbarukan ...merupakan solusi untuk mengatasi kelangkaan tersebut, salah satunya bioetanol. Biomassa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) merupakan bahan baku yang cocok untuk pembuatan bioetanol karena jumlahnya yang melimpah dan mengandung lignoselulosa. Bioetanol dapat diperoleh melalui proses fermentasi dengan metode yang digunakan adalah Fed Batch Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation. Pretreatment berupa size reduction dan delignifikasi direkomendasikan sebelum proses hidrolisis enzimatik dan fermentasi secara serentak. Metode pengumpanan Fed Batch pada High Total Solid Loading (HTSL) direkomendasikan sebagai strategi pengumpanan pada proses hidrolisis enzimatik dengan jumlah frekuensi yang tinggi memberikan hasil kadar etanol lebih tinggi.
The enhancement of energy needs, especially fuel, that is not complemented by the availability of non-renewable energy sources, would affect the deficient of energy. The production of renewable fuel such as bioethanol is a solution to overcome that deficiency. One of the substrates that are appropriate to be processed into bioethanol is Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) because of abundant and lignocellulosic biomass. Bioethanol can be produced through the fermentation process by Fed-Batch Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation method. Size reduction and delignification for pretreatment are recommended before the simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis process and fermentation. Using the fed-batch as a feeding method of High Total Solid Loading (HTSL) is recommended for feeding strategy in hydrolysis enzymatic process with high frequency that can produce a higher yield of ethanol.
•SSF strategies for ethanol production from CAB was investiagted.•A pre-saccharification step was conducted prior to SSF.•Fed-batch SSF process enabled the increase in final ethanol concentration ...from CAB.
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is a promising process for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, an efficient approach to reduce the capital costs for the production of bio-based products is the use of high glucan loading. Therefore, in this study, a comparison of SSF strategies were investigated aiming to enhance ethanol production from acidic-alkaline pretreated cashew apple bagasse (CAB-OH) by Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC36907 at high glucan loading. An ethanol concentration of 58g/L was achieved with 15% CAB-OH using batch SSF, resulting in an 81.2% overall ethanol yield. Prehydrolysis of 12h, prior to SSF, did not significantly increase the overall ethanol yield. Fed-batch SSF, using high loadings of solids, was also investigated. Ethanol concentrations of up to 67g/L could be produced from CAB-OH (20% w/v) by adding fresh substrate every 4h during the first 48h of SSF (10% initial and 2.5% of feeding), achieving an overall ethanol yield of 81%. In the fed-batch mode, the amount of enzyme was lower than used in batch and this process allowed higher ethanol concentrations and similar yield. No major differences in fed-batch performance, considering ethanol concentration and yield, were observed for the different feeding amounts, around 68g/L and 80.7%, respectively.
Carbon dots (CDs) find widespread attention due to their remarkable fluorescent and electronic properties. However, aggregation‐caused quenching currently limits the application of CDs in colored ...displays. The construction of CDs with color‐tunable solid‐state fluorescence (SSF) is rarely reported, since the preparation of SSF CDs is technically challenging. Herein, through surface ligand modulation, SSF CDs with an emission‐color span of almost 300 nm (from blue to deep red) were obtained. In‐depth structure‐property studies reveal that intra‐ and inter‐molecular hydrogen‐bonding inside SSF CDs provokes the emission properties in the aggregated state. Photodynamic characterizations demonstrate emission wavelengths can be switched smoothly by deliberately altering conjugation ability between substituent ligands and CDs core. Three‐dimensional printing patterning is used to create a range of emissive objects, demonstrating the commercial potential for use in optical lamps.
Solid‐state fluorescent (SSF) carbon dots (CDs) with an emission‐color span of almost 300 nm (from blue to deep red) were obtained through surface ligand modulation. The emission wavelengths can be switched smoothly by deliberately altering the conjugation ability between substituent ligands and carbon core. The developed SSF CDs showed great potential for widespread use in three‐dimensional printing and various types of optical displays.
Previous laboratory-scale studies to characterise the functional microbial ecology of slow sand filters have suffered from methodological limitations that could compromise their relevance to ...full-scale systems. Therefore, to ascertain if laboratory-scale slow sand filters (L-SSFs) can replicate the microbial community and water quality production of industrially operated full-scale slow sand filters (I-SSFs), eight cylindrical L-SSFs were constructed and were used to treat water from the same source as the I-SSFs. Half of the L-SSFs sand beds were composed of sterilized sand (sterile) from the industrial filters and the other half with sand taken directly from the same industrial filter (non-sterile). All filters were operated for 10 weeks, with the microbial community and water quality parameters sampled and analysed weekly. To characterize the microbial community phyla-specific qPCR assays and 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene were used in conjunction with an array of statistical techniques. The results demonstrate that it is possible to mimic both the water quality production and the structure of the microbial community of full-scale filters in the laboratory – at all levels of taxonomic classification except OTU – thus allowing comparison of LSSF experiments with full-scale units. Further, it was found that the sand type composing the filter bed (non-sterile or sterile), the water quality produced, the age of the filters and the depth of sand samples were all significant factors in explaining observed differences in the structure of the microbial consortia. This study is the first to the authors' knowledge that demonstrates that scaled-down slow sand filters can accurately reproduce the water quality and microbial consortia of full-scale slow sand filters.
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•Slow sand filter community very diverse and complex.•Performance of industrial slow sand filters is replicated in labscale filters.•Microbial community of industrial slow sand filters is mimicked in labscale filters.•Age, type and depth of samples explain differences in community.•Filter performance improves with age.
Increasing energy demands call for sustainable alternative sources. Solid state fermentation (SSF) of raw oil palm frond leaves (OPFL) as the substrate to produce extracellular cellulases and ...xylanase by a novel Rhizopus oryzae UC2 (GenBank accession no. MF767597) was optimized. Optimum SSF conditions (30 °C, 40% moisture content, 2.0 × 108 spores/g inoculum size) yielded the maximum carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) (94.68 U/g), filter paperase (FPase) (25.46 U/g), β-glucosidase (145.47 U/g) and xylanase (213.99 U/g) activities, showing a broad pH range of between 6.0 and 12.0. Proteome analysis of crude enzyme cocktail revealed three β-glucosidases, as well as one endo-β-1,4-glucanase, exoglanase and endo-β-1,4-xylanase each. Activities of the enzyme complex were maximal at an acidic pH and temperature that ranged between pH 3.0–5.0 and 50–60 °C, respectively. In situ hydrolysis of OPFL released various concentrations of sugars viz. glucose (26.74 mg/g), xylose (1.44 mg/g), fructose (50.8 mg/g) and cellobiose (58.31 mg/g). Moreover, CMCase, FPase, β-glucosidase and xylanase exhibited half-lives of 5.13, 1.48, 18.81, 9.23 h when incubated at 60 °C, respectively. Thus, the desirable qualities of R. oryzae UC2 seen here supported its prospective biocatalytic role for timely and safe production of digestible carbohydrates from agro-industrial biomass for the subsequent biotransformation into biofuel.
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•SSF parameters for production of fungal cellulase and xylanase were optimized.•The first report on fungal β-glucosidase showing the optimum activity at pH 3.•High hydrolysis efficiency (75.95%) of raw OPFL yielded high reducing sugars.•OPFL is a prospectively cheap substrate for SSF to produce cellulolytic enzymes.
Encapsulation of (A) aggregated Pt NPs in conventional KIT-6 and (B) well-dispersed Pt NPs in nanoconfined spaces of AK.
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•Solid-state fabrication method regulates size and dispersion ...of Pt NPs over KIT-6.•Template-containing KIT-6 bitterly disperse Pt NPs with smaller size than template free KIT-6.•Confinement spaces strongly avoided aggregation of Pt NPs.•Template and silanols of AK establish strong interaction of Pt NPs with KIT-6.•Pt/AK is highly catalytic active for P-NP to P-AP and MB to LMB.
Platinum-based catalysts are highly promising for versatile catalytic reduction reactions. However, the performance is severely dependent on the dispersion state of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs), while regulation of Pt NPs via an efficient strategy remained a pronounced challenge. In this contribution, solid-state fabrication (SSF) strategy was developed to make highly dispersive Pt NPs in the nanoconfined spaces of 3-dimentional (3D) mesoporous silica (MS) KIT-6 (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology-6). The Pt precursor was introduced directly into the nanoconfined spaces between the template and silica walls of as-made KIT-6 (AK). Subsequent calcination in air followed by H2 reduction allows template P123 removal and Pt precursor reduction to Pt0 in a single step instead of multiple ones reported earlier in conventional fabrication strategies. This results in formation of smaller size Pt NPs in AK making Pt containing catalysts highly active. Characterization results revealed that the confined spaces of AK can disperse 1.0 wt% of Pt well (PtAK-1.0) with particle size of 2.8 nm, while serious aggregation and/formation of larger Pt NPs take place on PtCK-1.0 synthesized by conventional method. We also demonstrated that PtAK-1.0 is highly active for p-nitrophenol (P-NP) catalytic reduction and degradation of Methylene blue (MB) with reaction rate constant of 0.2804 and 0.164 min−1, respectively, which is much better than that of PdCK-1.0 and other reported catalysts. Furthermore, catalytic activity of PtAK-1.0 after regeneration can be well recovered without major loss. Facile preparation, high catalytic activity and good reusability enable the present materials highly suitable as catalysts for waste water treatment.
The invasive macroalgae Rugulopteryx okamurae has been used as raw material for the production of hydrolytic enzymes and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), bioplastic precursors. The fungus Aspergillus ...oryzae, grown in solid state fermentation (SSF) on the macroalga biomass, produced several hydrolytic enzymes, mainly xylanase and alginate lyase. Also, SSF was used as biological pretreatment of the macroalga to enhance the release of fermentable sugars after enzyme hydrolysis for subsequent PHA production. To increase sugar concentration and reduce the total cost of the process, the enzyme hydrolysis was performed at a high solid load and stirring rate, reducing the enzyme cocktail dose used by 63.5 %. At these conditions, the hydrolysate contained 18.52 g/L of reducing sugars, which were fermented with Cupriavidus necator, reaching a maximum of 288.0 mg PHA/L at 24 h.
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•Rugulopteryx okamurae can be used as raw material to produce PHB.•Biological pretreatment with A. oryzae improves the enzyme hydrolysis of the algae.•Significant xylanase and alginate lyase activities are secreted during SSF.•Hydrolysates from pretreated biomass have a reducing sugar concentration of 18.5 g/L.•A maximum PHB production of 288.0 mg/L is measured in the hydrolysate fermentation.
In Bangladesh, about half a million women are suffering from stage III or IV pelvic organ prolapse (POP). With traditional surgical methods, there is a chance of recurrence, especially of apical ...prolapse. Sacrospinous fixation (SSF) along with MacCall Culdoplasty during vaginal hysterectomy can reduce this recurrence rate enormously. This study was designed to identify, manage as well as to prevent per-/post-operative complications during SSF. The study period was from August 2017 to December 2021 at Kumudini Women’s Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh. Total 335 stage III and IV utero-vaginal prolapse cases were included in this study. The surgeries performed were vaginal hysterectomy followed by modified McCall Culdoplasty and right-sided vaginal sacrospinous ligament fixation (SSF) along with anterior and posterior fascial closure and perineorrhaphy. A standard data collection sheet was used to record the information. Per-operatively, main complications were hemorrhage (3.57%) due to vessel injury and rectal injury (0.90%). The immediate early postoperative complication was buttock pain (24%). Of these, in 97.53% cases, pain subsided within 6 weeks with analgesic and counselling. Only one patient had recurrence of apical prolapse within 1st week of operation. It should be concluded that with proper knowledge of anatomy and careful surgical technique, most of the complications can be avoided.
Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2022; Vol. 37(2): 90-97
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