V prispevku predstavljamo rezultate arheoloških raziskav, ki so v letih 2016, 2017 in 2020 potekale na najdišču Sovič nad Postojno, že znano prazgodovinsko in rimsko naselbino. Pri tem so bili ...odkriti naselbinski ostanki iz bronaste in starejše železne dobe, poznega latena, rimskega obdobja in novega veka. Prispevek se osredotoča na najdbe iz bronaste in starejše železne dobe. najstarejše najdbe segajo v čas srednje bronaste dobe, najmlajše pa na konec starejše železne dobe. Lončenina kaže na povezave s severovzhodno Italijo, zahodno Slovenijo in Istro, pa tudi z Ljubljansko kotlino.
Prispevek prinaša nova spoznanja o poselitvi Komenskega Krasa v starejši železni dobi. Podrobneje so obravnavana tri v arheološki literaturi že znana najdišča, to so Tomaj, Štanjel in Zagrajec, kjer ...so bile v zadnjih desetletjih izvedene arheološke raziskave v povezavi z gradbenimi in kmetijskimi posegi na najdišču. Članek podaja preliminarne ugotovitve teh raziskav in izbor železnodobnega gradiva iz sočasnih gradišč na Komenskem Krasu: z Gradine pri Brestovici in z Debele griže pri Volčjem Gradu.
A paleoecological and sedimentological study was carried out on shallow-water carbonates of the Kras Plateau (SW Slovenia) with the goal of reconstructing paleoenvironmental conditions and evolution ...of foraminiferal communities on the northwestern Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP) during the Late Paleocene–earliest Eocene. Three facies have been recognized and summarized in a carbonate ramp model. Within these facies, six foraminiferal assemblages, representing different ramp sub-environments, have been defined: during the Late Paleocene sedimentation took place in a protected innermost ramp with (1) smaller miliolids- and (2) small benthic foraminifera-dominated assemblages thriving on partly vegetated, soft substrates. In the Uppermost Paleocene, sedimentation primarily occurred along a mid ramp. The upper mid-ramp was sporadically influenced by storms/currents and occupied by (3)
Assilina
-dominated assemblage occurring on a soft sandy substrate. The deeper mid-ramp was characterized by (4) ‘bioconstructors’- and (5) orthophragminids-dominated assemblages, colonizing biotopes with substrates of different nature. During the earliest Eocene, deposition occurred in an inner-ramp setting with (6) alveolinids-nummulitids assemblage thriving on muddy and sandy substrate, partly covered or close to seagrass beds. The Late Paleocene–earliest Eocene environmental conditions, coupled with the long-term evolution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF), seem to have favored this low-light dependent group as common sediment contributors. By comparing the evolution of the shallow-water biota from the Adriatic area with data from the Pyrenees and Egypt, a general latitudinal trend can be recognized. However, on a smaller geographical scale, local conditions are likely to have played a pivotal role in promoting the evolution of biota characterized by suites of unique features.
The state of river channels and their riparian zones in terms of geomorphology and vegetation has a significant effect on water and sediment transport in headwater catchments. High roughness in ...natural rivers due to vegetation and geomorphological attributes generate drag on flowing water. This drag will slow water discharge, which in turn influences the sediment dynamics of the flow. The impacts of changes in the management of rivers and their riparian zone (either by catchment managers or river restoration plans) impacts both up- as well as downstream reaches, and should be assessed holistically prior to the implementation of these plans. To assess the river's current state as well as any possible changes in geomorphology and vegetation in and around the river, effective approaches to characterise the river are needed. In this paper, we present a practical approach for making detailed surveys of relevant river attributes. This methodology has the benefit of being both detailed - describing river depth, width, channel morphology, erosive features and vegetation types - but also being practical in terms of time management. This is accomplished by identifying and describing characteristic benchmark reaches (typical sites) in detail against which the remainder of the river course can be rated. Using this method, a large river stretch can be assessed in a relatively short period while still retrieving high quality data for the total river course. In this way, models with high data requirements for assessing the condition of a river course, can be parameterised without major investments on field surveys. In a small headwater catchment (23 km(2)) in southwestern Poland, this field methodology was used to retrieve data to run an existing model (HEC-GeoRAS) which can assess the impact of changes in the riparian and channel vegetation and channel management on sedimentation processes and stream flow velocity. This model determines the impact of channel morphology and in-channel and riparian vegetation on stream flow and sediment transport. Using four return periods of flooding (2, 10, 20 and 100 years), two opposing channel management / morphology scenarios were run; a natural channel and a fully regulated channel. The modelling results show an increase in the effect of riparian vegetation / geomorphology with an increase in return period of the modeled peak discharge. More natural channel form and increased roughness reduces the stream flow velocity due to increasing drag from flow obstructions (vegetation and channel morphological features). The higher the flood water stage, the greater the drag due to vegetation on the floodplains of natural river reaches compared to channelised sections. Slower flow rates have an impact on sediment mobilisation and transport in the river.
In the present study, we compared the species richness and the floristic and functional composition of two types of extensively managed, species rich dry grasslands (class Festuco-Brometea) from the ...North Adriatic Karst: karst pastures (alliance Satureion subspicatae) and karst meadows (alliance Scorzonerion villose). Karst pastures are characterized by shallow rocky soils, high pH, and dry, warm conditions, whereas karst meadows have developed on deeper soil, with more humus and moisture and neutral to alkaline pH. The data set included a table with 100 phytosociological relevés of the studied grasslands and a matrix with 15 functional traits determined for 180 plant species. we found high species richness in these grasslands but no statistically significant differences in species richness between karst pastures and meadows. Differences in floristic composition were analysed with Detrended Correspondence Analysis, which supported a clear division between the two vegetation types and indicated that species composition could best be explained in terms of soil humidity and nutrient availability. We also detected several differences in plant functional traits between meadows and pastures. Some of the traits indicate greater resource availability on karst meadows (in particular, high SLA, low LDMC). In contrast, karst pastures have more slow-growing species with a combination of traits that can be interpreted as an avoidance strategy in relation to disturbance (e.g., grazing) in low productive habitats (e.g., low SLA, high LDMC, early flowering species and plants with rosette). A lower relative proportion of competitors (C) and ruderals (R), and a higher relative proportion of stress-tolerators (S) in karst pastures also suggested that these grasslands generally experience higher intensities of stress when compared to karst meadows, presumably owing to lower resource availability on stony, shallow soil. we could conclude that karst meadows and pastures differ significantly in both floristic composition and functional trait means, owing to their distinctive land-use (disturbance) and environmental conditions.
Cretaceous shallow-marine carbonate rocks of SW Slovenia were deposited in the northern part of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform. A 560-m-thick continuous Upper Cenomanian to Santonian carbonate ...succession has been studied near Hrušica Village in Matarsko Podolje. With regard to lithological, sedimentological, and stratigraphical characteristics, the succession has been divided into nine lithostratigraphic units, mainly reflecting regressive and transgressive intervals of larger scale. During the latest Cenomanian and Early Turonian, hemipelagic limestones were deposited on top of shallow-marine lagoon and peritidal Upper Cenomanian deposits indicating relative sea-level rise. Subsequently, the deeper marine depositional setting was gradually filled by clinoform bioclastic sand bodies overlain by peritidal and shallow-marine low-energy mainly lagoonal lithofacies. Similar lithofacies of predominately inner ramp/shelf depositional settings prevail over the upper part (i.e., Coniacian to Santonian) of the succession. In the area, the Upper Cetaceous carbonate rocks are separated from the overlying Lower Eocene (Upper Paleocene?) carbonate sequence by regional unconformity denoted by distinct paleokarstic features. On the Adriatic Carbonate Platform the deeper marine carbonate setting, developed at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary, is usually correlated with OAE2 and related eustatic sea-level rise. Similarly, subsequent reestablished shallow-marine conditions are related to Late Turonian long- and short-term sea-level fall. However, we are suggesting that deeper marine deposits were deposited in a tectonically induced intraplatform basin formed simultaneously with the uplift of the northern and northeastern marginal parts of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform.
In this paper, we present a methodology to construct a sediment budget for meso-scale catchments. We combine extensive field surveys and expert knowledge of the catchment with a sediment delivery ...model. The meso-scale Mediterranean drainage basin of the Dragonja (91 km2), southwest Slovenia, was chosen as case study area. During the field surveys, sheet wash was observed on sloping agricultural fields during numerous rainfall events, which was found to be the main source of sediment. With the sediment yield model WATEM/SEDEM the estimated net erosion on the hillslopes 4·1 t ha-1 y-1 (91% of inputs). The second source, bank erosion (4·2%; 0·25 t ha-1 y-1) was monitored during several years with erosion pins and photogrammetric techniques. The last source, channel incision, was derived from geomorphological mapping and lichenomery and provided 3·8% (0·17 t ha-1 y-1) of the sediment input. The river transports its suspended sediment mainly during high-flow events (sampled with automated water samplers). About 27% (1·2 t ha-1 y-1) of the sediment delivered to the channel is deposited on floodplains and low terraces downstream (estimated with geomorphological mapping, coring and cesium-137 measurements). The sediment transported as bedload disintegrates during transport to the outlet due to the softness of the bedrock material. As a result, the river carries no bedload when it reaches the sea. The results imply a build-up of sediment in the valleys catchment. However, extreme flood events may flush large amounts of sediment stored in the lower parts of the system. Geomorphological evidence exists in the catchment that such high magnitude, low frequency events have happened in the past
Opis gnezditvenega ciklusa kačarja Circaetus gallicus na dveh lokacijah v JZ Sloveniji v letih 2010 in 2011
The Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus is a rare and endangered species in Slovenia, with ...its breeding population estimated at 9-20 pairs in 2011. Owing to the modest data on its confirmed breeding in Slovenia, the author of the present article decided to search for nests of this raptor as well as to gather as much information as possible on its breeding cycle at two sites in SW Slovenia. In 2010 and 2011 he thus carried out, in the vicinity of Griško polje (UTM VL16) and on the southern margins of the Vipava Valley (UTM VL17), several field visits, arranged according to different parts of the day and of the Short-toed Eagle's breeding season (with a total of 83 observation hours in 2010 and 49 hours in 2011). At both sites, he found one Short-toed Eagle's active nest in each season, in both cases built inside a forest, on a steep slope, at the very top of a flat Austrian Pine Pinus nigra canopy, 10 to 14 m above the ground. At the first site, the Short-toed Eagle pair built a new nest in 2011 in the immediate vicinity of the nest from the previous season, while at the second breeding site a pair used the same nest in 2010 and 2011. The distance between the two active nests, where no other Short-toed Eagle bred with certainty, was 7.7 km, which is comparable with the values on the northern boundary of the species' current continuous distribution in Europe. In 2010, no young were hatched in one nest, while in the other the young was hatched in the last week of June and took wing for the first time between 6 and 9 Sep. In 2011, the young were hatched in the first week of June; they were seen flying for the first time, one between 10 and 14 Aug, and the other between 12 and 16 Aug. In 2010, the Short-toed Eagle's breeding activities took place 2 to 4 weeks later than average in Mediterranean countries, while in 2011 they were comparable to the activities in these particular countries. Possible reasons for this were the warmer spring with distinctly above-average air temperatures in April 2011, smaller amounts of precipitation, and more sunshine. In 2010, the Short-toed Eagles left their nesting area between 3 and 9 Oct, whereas in the ensuing year they left before 25 Sep. Between their first flight and departure from their nesting area in the autumn, the young kept close to the nest and in its vicinity, at a distance of up to 1.5 km. In 2010, the author recorded a total of nine events of the young being fed, the only determined prey species being the Western Whip Snake Hierophis viridiflavus.
A regional unconformity separates the Cretaceous passive margin shallow-marine carbonate sequence of Adriatic Carbonate Platform from the Upper Cretaceous and/or Paleogene shallow-marine sequences of ...synorogenic carbonate platform in southwestern Slovenia and Istria (a part of southwestern Slovenia and northwestern Croatia). The unconformity is expressed by irregular paleokarstic surface, locally marked by bauxite deposits. Distinctive subsurface paleokarstic features occur below the surface (e.g. filled phreatic caves, spongework horizons…). The age of the limestones that immediately underlie the unconformity and the extent of the chronostratigraphic gap in southwestern Slovenia and Istria systematically increase from northeast towards southwest, while the age of the overlying limestones decreases in this direction. Similarly, the deposits of synorogenic carbonate platform, pelagic marls and flysch (i.e. underfilled trinity), deposits typical of underfilled peripheral foreland basin, are also diachronous over the area and had been advancing from northeast towards southwest from Campanian to Eocene. Systematic trends of isochrones of the carbonate rocks that immediately under- and overlie the paleokarstic surface, and consequently, of the extent of the chronostratigraphic gap can be explained mainly by the evolution and topography of peripheral foreland bulge (the forebulge). The advancing flexural foreland profile was the result of vertical loading of the foreland lithospheric plate (Adria microplate) by the evolving orogenic wedge. Because of syn- and post-orogenic tectonic processes, and time discrepancy between adjacent foreland basin deposits and tectonic (“orogenic”) phases it is difficult to define the exact tectonic phase responsible for the evolution of the foreland complex. According to position and migration of the subaerially exposed forebulge, distribution of the foreland related macrofacies and orientation of tectonic structures, especially of Dinaric nappes, and Dinaric mountain chain I suggest that the foreland basin complex in western Slovenia and Istria was formed during mesoalpine (“Dinaric”) tectonic phase due to oblique collision between Austroalpine terrane/Tisia microplate and Adria microplate when probably also a segmentation of the foreland plate (Adria microplate) occurred.
The role of the unsaturated zone in the karst aquifer hydraulic behaviour was brought into focus in these studies of the catchment of the Hubelj spring (SW Slovenia). The variations of natural ...tracers in precipitation and in groundwater during a summer storm event made it possible to trace local flow and solute transport in the observed aquifer. The results produced data on the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on mechanisms that affected them, which reflects a karst groundwater dynamics also at a regional scale. They point out the significance of effects of the fast preferential flow--epiflow that is the main factor controlling solute/contaminant transport towards the aquifer saturated zone. Numerous arguments indicate that the karst aquifer flow and solute transport mechanisms depend on the hydraulic behaviour of the epikarst zone.
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