Challenging the traditional narrative of an orderly establishment of law, sovereignty, and authority in the colony, Disputing New France reveals how negotiations and contestations among a range of ...actors actively shaped empire building, offering readers an intertwined history of French state formation and empire building in New France.
Grammatical Inference Carbonell, Jaime G; Siekmann, Jörg; Clark, Alexander
2008, 2014-07-31, Letnik:
5278
eBook, Conference Proceeding, Book
Recenzirano
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Colloquium on Grammatical Inference, ICGI 2008, held in Saint-Malo, France, in September 2008. The 21 revised full papers and 8 ...revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 36 submissions. The topics of the papers presented vary from theoretical results of learning algorithms to innovative applications of grammatical inference, and from learning several interesting classes of formal grammars to applications to natural language processing.
Here we report on an investigation of the three-dimensional excitation-emission-matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of unconcentrated water samples collected in 1996, 1998 and 1999 at a site ...particularly propitious for macro-algae development. The degradation of these macro-algae was studied to determine the influence of their exudates on natural water EEM fluorescence spectra. This work demonstrates that biological activity is one of the major factors involved in the formation of the blue-shifted fluorescence band observed in marine waters ( beta component Ex/Em=310-320 nm/380-410 nm); our study also shows that fluorescence can be used to evaluate the biological activity both quantitatively and to determine its different phases.
Hypertidal systems can be defined as areas where spring tides have ranges greater than 6m. These very high tidal ranges results in unique patterns of sedimentation within hypertidal estuaries. Such ...systems are not common but they do occur on a number of continents. This report will discuss six areas that have the highest tides in the world. North America hypertidal systems occur within Cook Inlet in Alaska, USA, Leaf Basin in Ungava Bay, Quebec Province, Canada, and the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, Canada. In South America, the Straits of Magellan and associated Atlantic coastal settings exhibit hypertidal conditions. European hypertidal systems include Bristol Channel and Severn estuary in southwest England and the Gulf of St. Malo in Normandy, France. These six areas have the highest tides in the world and spring tidal ranges that regularly exceed 10m. All the six areas can be divided into intertidal sedimentological zones. Zone 1 is the outermost zone and contains longitudinal bars. Zone 2 exhibits laterally extensive sand flats. Zone 3 includes the innermost extent of tides and estuarine point bars. Annual and neap–spring cycles have been documented in Zone 3 and are probably the most indicative features of hypertidal systems. The North American systems occur in high-latitude cold climates where winter ice can have a minor or major impact on the development of sedimentary facies. Conversely, the European and Patagonia systems have climates minimal ice formation.
► Hypertidal settings are defined as areas with a tidal range greater than 6m. ► Six hypertidal areas are described in North and South America and Europe. ► Sedimentological features are discussed and compared. ► Yearly and neap–spring tidal cycles characterize hypertidal settings.
In orogenic belts, the common spatial and temporal association of granites with crustal-scale shear-zone systems suggests melt transfer from source to upper crust was the result of a feedback ...relation. In this relation, the presence of melt in the crust profoundly affects the rheology, and induces localization of strain within shear-zone systems. Consequently, melt is moved out of the source preferentially along high-strain zones, which helps the system to accommodate strain. Because actively deforming orogenic belts are non-equilibrium systems, they may generate dissipative structure by self-organization; we interpret crustal-scale shear-zone systems and their associated granites as the manifestation of this self-organization. The architecture and permeability structure are controlled by the type of shear-zone system (transcurrent, normal, reverse or oblique); this is the primary control on melt transfer in orogenic belts. During active deformation, movement of melt is by percolative flow and melt essentially is pumped through the system parallel to the maximum principal finite elongation direction. If a build-up of melt pressure occurs, melt-enhanced embrittlement enables tensile and dilatant shear fracturing, and transfer of melt is by channelized flow.
We illustrate feedback relations between migmatites, crustal-scale shear-zone systems and granites using examples from the Cadomian belt of western France and the northern Appalachian orogen of the eastern U.S.A. In orogenic belts dominated by transcurrent shear, where the maximum principal finite elongation direction may have a shallow to subhorizontal plunge, granite arrested during ascent through the system commonly develops C-S fabrics. This suggests percolative flow is not effective in expelling melt from these systems; the resulting build-up of melt pressure enables fracturing and channelized transfer of melt, which crystallizes during persistent deformation (e.g. the St. Malo migmatite belt, Cadomian belt). In contrast, in contractional orogenic belts dominated by oblique-reverse displacement, where the maximum principal finite elongation direction may have a steep to subvertical plunge, granite arrested during ascent through the system generally does not develop C-S fabrics. This suggests percolative melt flow during active deformation was effective in avoiding a build-up of melt pressure, probably because buoyancy forces helped melt flow up the maximum principal finite elongation direction. During waning deformation in these systems, however, rates of percolative melt flow decline in response to decreasing strain accommodation, and a build-up of melt pressure results. This enables fracturing and channelized transfer of melt through the shear-zone system; granites are late syntectonic (e.g. the Central Maine belt, northern Appalachian orogen).
In this paper, we present a framework to model and to use knowledge provided by experts for remote sensing image interpretation of coastal area. The goal of this approach is to associate semantic to ...regions issued from the segmentation of an image. The idea is to start with a raw description of the knowledge given by the expert on the different thematic object classes present in the image. This knowledge is then decomposed and formalized to be usable during the classification process. A first interpretation of the image is computed through an ontology with spectral information about the classes. Then, a set of Knowledge Functions (KFs) are defined according to the description of the expert's knowledge. These KFs are then used to check the consistency of the spectral interpretation and to detect potentially mislabeled regions. The interpretation of these regions is revised in an iterative process to produce a more accurate final result. Experiments on remote sensing images of a coastal zone of Normandy, France are presented to show the relevance of the method.
► A new framework to use expert knowledge for remote sensing image interpretation. ► An ontology with spectral information about the thematic classes. ► Experiments on remote sensing images of a coastal zone.
ضمن فقرتنا الاسبوعية " أمنيات شخصية" سنلبي رغبة أحد المشاهدين في التعرف على إقليم بريتانيا الفرنسي. وقد اخترنا مدينة سانت - مالو الساحلية التي تتمتع بطبيعة خلابة ويعود تاريخها الى أكثر من ألف سنة.
In ...our weekly paragraph "Personal Wishes", we will meet the desire of one viewer to get to know the French territory of Britannia. We have chosen the picturesque coastal city of St. Malo dating back more than a thousand years.
Abstract
Petrological and geochemical variations are used to investigate the formation of granite magma from diatexite migmatites derived from metasedimentary rocks of pelitic to greywacke ...composition at St. Malo, France. Anatexis occurred at relatively low temperatures and pressures (<800°C, 4–7 kbar), principally through muscovite dehydration melting. Biotite remained stable and serves as a tracer for the solid fraction during melt segregation. The degree of partial melting, calculated from modal mineralogy and reaction stoichiometry, was <40 vol. %. There is a continuous variation in texture, mineralogy and chemical composition in the diatexite migmatites. Mesocratic diatexite formed when metasedimentary rocks melted sufficiently to undergo bulk flow or magma flow, but did not experience significant melt–residuum separation. Mesocratic diatexite that underwent melt segregation during flow generated (1) melanocratic diatexites at the places where the melt fraction was removed, leaving behind a biotite and plagioclase residuum (enriched in TiO2, FeOT, MgO, CaO, Sc, Ni, Cr, V, Zr, Hf, Th, U and REE), and (2) a complementary leucocratic diatexite (enriched in SiO2, K2O and Rb) where the melt fraction accumulated. Leucocratic diatexite still contained 5–15 vol. % residual biotite (mg-number 40–44) and 10–20 vol. % residual plagioclase (An22). Anatectic granite magma developed from the leucodiatexite, first by further melt–residuum separation, then through fractional crystallization. Most biotite in the anatectic granite is magmatic (mg-number 18–22).
Une mise au point délicate Bourdon, Jean-Paul
Histoire & sociétés rurales,
6/2013, Letnik:
39, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Fabriquer une herse pour recouvrir les semailles de froment dans le nord de la France n’est pas aussi facile qu’on peut l’imaginer. La construction et la mise au point de l’instrument nécessitent des ...matériaux très travaillés, assemblés avec une grande précision par le charpentier. Le maréchal-ferrant doit fabriquer les dents une à une, les implanter dans le bâti et, moment de vérité, équilibrer parfaitement la herse. Afin de montrer que cet instrument tiré par la force animale était arrivé au fil des siècles à un grand degré de sophistication, il est nécessaire de retracer dans le plus grand détail toutes les étapes de sa fabrication, d’après des témoignages recueillis à la fin des années 1970. Même dans une région de petite agriculture peu productive, les utilisateurs ne pouvaient se satisfaire d’une herse qui n’aurait pas fonctionné comme il le fallait. En effet, le mouvement de cet instrument est très particulier. Il ne suit pas passivement l’animal qui le traîne, mais se meut comme une couleuvre. Tout dépend du savoir-faire des artisans ruraux.
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