This paper explores how citizens took part in educational opportunities in the Ottoman Empire with their endowments (waqfs). The focus is on the charity work for the benefit of maktabs in the City of ...Sarajevo in the Ottoman Era. The paper expounds on the contribution the citizens made to maktabs – the institutions which provided elementary education for the children and youth. The time period the paper examines is 18th and 19th centuries, and the occasion is the event that took place in 1697, when Sarajevo was devastated under the attack of the Austrian Army. The research is based on waqfs dating back to those centuries, the records of which, predominantly in the form of transcripts, may be found in the Archives of the Gazi Husrev-Bay's Library in Sarajevo. It is indicated that over the period of several decades of the recovery of Sarajevo from the suffering of 1697, maktabs were rebuilt and supported for the greater part from endowments made by the citizens of Sarajevo, who donated their own property. In addition to rebuilding those maktabs which had been built next to mosques in the previous centuries, the citizens of Sarajevo also set up independent maktabs, away from the complex of a mosque. The endowments reveal that a rather widespread form of educational support provided by the citizens benefactors, both men and womene, was to allocate the income from an endowment for the teacher salaries. In that way, income for teachers was supplied in situations when the fundamental waqf from which a maktab was supported had been depleted. Examples show that benefactors assigned appropriate duties to the teaching staff in their waqf, which secured them (muallims) additional income. Support to educational opportunities was also reflected in giving gifts to students. Some benefactors specified that a portion of the income from an endowment was to be used to buy clothes for underprivileged students. Most often, students of a maktab, as well as other poorer inhabitants of a street block (mahalla) received from a waqf free bread, particularly in the holy days. The paper reveals that some citizens of Sarajevo allocated in their last will a one-off aid to maktabs from their inheritance. It also presents examples of private maktabs which were set up by wealthy, learned citizens to educate young people. Charity in general, particularly the one which was donated through the institute of waqfs, represented an important aspect of the activities of citizens in the Ottoman period. With those actions for the benefit of maktabs they supported educational opportunities in their own social communities. It was that very form of charity work that the citizens of Sarajevo maintained in the decades that followed after the end of the Ottoman rule.
This article compares the development of two capital cities in Southeastern Europe, paying particular attention to the political context of this process. The two cities examined in this article are ...Sofia, the capital city of Bulgaria, established as an autonomous principality in 1878, and Sarajevo, the main city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was occupied by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the same year. The comparison of these two cases aims to reveal their transformations from towns in imperial borderlands into primary cities of the Balkans in the second half of the 19th century. This article focuses on key planning and architectural projects, instruments that represent ideas about nascent states, and the material legacy of Ottoman times in Sofia and Sarajevo to demonstrate how political conditions influenced the attitudes to heritage and urban development. This article aims to demonstrate that the creation of capital cities is a complex process that impacts the nation-building processes.
The paper discusses the withdrawal of the Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the spring of 1992 and the crime committed against its servicemen on May 2 and 3, 1992 in ...Sarajevo’s city center, especially in Dobrovoljačka Street. The emphasis is placed on the original material that became publicly available after it was included in the files of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991. The documents are available at the public court records database of the Hague Tribunal.
At the end of the Bosnian War in December 1995, an internal boundary was drawn within the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It came to be known as the Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL). Its ...implementation caused a profound alteration in regional and urban systems, dividing the new State into two entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) – Croat and Bosniak majority – and the Republika Srpska (RS) – Serb majority. In this paper, the consequences of this boundary on urban and regional development are analysed, focusing on the effects observed in Sarajevo. The emergence of the IEBL has transformed the city since its region has been divided into two halves analogously to the entities newly created. This division has not affected the main urban area, but has altered the eastern suburban zone due to the creation of East Sarajevo, a new city in the Republika Srpska. The new urban nucleus of East Sarajevo is being built adjacent to these eastern suburbs, causing spatial and social alterations on the border. This complex situation is analysed at different scales – from the scale of planning to that of ethnography – in order to evidence that although the IEBL neither divides the historic city nor is a physical frontier, contrasting processes of homogenisation do exist on each side which maintains a significant social and morphological differentiation.
•After the Bosnian War, the Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) was created forming two new entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina.•The entities newly created are the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Republika Srspka (RS).•The analysis of the plans drawn up by both entities demonstrates that the IEBL has affected regional and urban planning in Sarajevo's territory.•The IEBL has allowed the construction of East Sarajevo on the eastern side of the border, altering the regional and urban system.•Although the IEBL neither divides the historic city nor is it a physical frontier, contrasting processes of homogenisation are taking place on each side.
The article elaborates on the attempts of the editors of the Jewish weekly Jevrejski glas (published in Sarajevo in 1928–1941) to support fostering of the Sephardi tradition and Judeo-Spanish ...language during the period in which an inevitable process of language shift took place among the Sephardi citizens of Bosnia. The column Para noče de šabat, created with the help of the weekly’s readers, was one of the means serving that purpose. In the majority of the texts the main characters were Sephardi women, especially of the older generation, the women called tijas (aunts). For that reason, the paper presents how the authors showed female characters in the context of memory of “the true Sephardi spirit and tradition.” Additionally, we provide basic information on the gathered texts: linguistics and sociolinguistics of the language of the prose (its condition, lexis and local features), as well as the characteristics of narration.
Remote sensing plays a vital role in analyzing urban changes. In this regard, various datasets collected from satellites today serve as a foundation for decision-makers and urban planners. This study ...compares the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) as indicators for the creation of surface heat islands. Using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C2 L2 images, spatial correlations between land surface temperature (LST) were examined for August 2013, 2019 and 2023. Urban heat islands (UHI) are a contemporary phenomenon and increasingly common in large urban areas compared to surrounding, less populated areas. With the advancement in remote sensing, it is possible to adequately determine the spatial differentiation and prevalence of urban heat islands (UHI). The study is based on Landsat 8 satellite image sets for the Sarajevo basin in August 2013, 2019 and 2023, which were used to analyze LST, NDVI, and NDBI indices. This work indicates a relationship between LST and NDVI but varies depending on the analyzed year. Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) serves as a suitable indicator for surface UHI effects and can be used as an indicator to assess its spatial distribution within a larger urban environment.
During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1995, the special library of the Oriental Institute was destroyed. A significant contribution in the process of restoration and replenishment of the ...library fund in the post-war period was made by the Hamid Hadžibegić’s personal library, which arrived as a gift at the Oriental Institute in 2001. The library has over 1,000 publications that belonged to this established scientist and researcher of the past of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose basic research had a strong influence in the scientific universe of Ottoman history researchers. This paper presents the dedications of colleagues and friends in his books and journals as cultural reminders and documentary records that, with their structure, text, dating and signature, represent a source of significant information about the life and work of this scientist.
Advertising is an attractive promotional tool for marketers who can use it to strengthen communication with consumers and persuade them to purchasing certain product or service. Hence, there is ...necessity to analyse their general attitudes among various questions, while this research was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of Sarajevo consumers toward advertising through sport among the question how often they participate in sports activities. The sample included 358 respondents, divided into six subsample groups: consumers who do not participate in sport activities at all, then consumers who participate in sport activities less than ones a month, next 1–4 a month, 5–10 a month, 11–20 a month, as well as consumers participate in sport activities more than 20 times a month. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modelled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analysed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. Based on the statistical analyses it was found that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of p=.000. Hence, it is interesting to highlight that it was found there are significant differences showed up between the consumers who participate in various sports activities. These results are so important for the marketers, mostly due to the reason they can’t merge all the potential consumers who participate in various sports activities into one homogeneous group. This is the case in previous investigations and this observation presents relevant information.
Unlike other advertising mediums such as TV commercials or online advertising, people involuntarily receive sport advertisements; they prefer to watch the game for the sporting action than the ...regular advertisements. However, it is important to analyse their general attitudes among various questions, mostly due to the reason it varies from demographic group to demographic group. Hence, this research was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of Sarajevo consumers toward advertising through sport among the question how often consumers purchase sporting goods. The sample included 358 respondents, divided into six subsample groups: consumers who do not purchase sport goods at all, then consumers who purchase sport goods less than ones a month, next 1–3 a month, 4–6 a month, 7–9 a month, as well as consumers who purchase sport goods more than 10 times a month. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modelled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analysed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test.Based on the statistical analyses it was found that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of (p=.000).
It is proposed that potential consumers form attitudes based on advertising through sport can influence decisions to purchase a particular advertiser’s product. From this reason, it is important to ...analyse their general attitudes toward advertising through sport among various questions, and this investigation was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of Sarajevo consumers toward advertising through sport among. The sample included 358 respondents, divided into six subsample groups: consumers, who do not watch sports events at all, then consumers who watch sports events 1-30 minutes, next 31-60 minutes, 61-90 minutes, 91-120 minutes, as well as consumers who watch sports events more than 120 minutes during the typical day. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modelled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analysed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. Based on the statistical analyses it was found that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of p=.00. Hence, it is interesting to highlight that it was found there are significant differences showed up between the attitudes of consumers toward advertising through sport among the frequency of watching sports events. These results are so important for the marketers, mostly due to the reason they can’t merge all the potential consumers regarding the frequency they watch the sports events. On the other hand, this is the case in previous investigations and this observation presents relevant information.
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