Droughts are second to hurricanes the world’s most costly weather events. Damage caused by droughts in certain countries is measured in tens of billions of dollars per year. Timely detection of ...drought and prediction of its occurrence has the potential to reduce costs and save a large number of people from its consequences. Numerous methods that serve this purpose exist in scientific research and practice. One group of drought monitoring methods belongs to the field of remote sensing, where it is possible to monitor drought indicators over large areas in almost real-time through satellite images. This paper is focused on the optical indices of remote sensing calculated by raster algebra. The intention was to reach conclusions about the quality of individual indices used for the Canton Sarajevo area in Bosnia and Herzegovina for each month of August in the period 2008–2021 through correlational and qualitative analysis and the use of meteorological indicators. Among the used indices, NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and NMI (normalized moisture index) proved to be the most reliable, and their mutual correlation was very strong (
r
= 0.99).
The area of Sarajevo at the beginning of April 1992 was violently divided. Units of the 4th Corps of the 2nd Military District of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), the armed forces that were gathered ...and supported the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) as well as many local and foreign volunteers and mercenaries occupied strategic positions in and around Sarajevo. Open armed aggression began after Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognized as an international independent state. After that, Sarajevo was blocked and put under siege for almost four years. After the partial withdrawal of the JNA from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the 2nd Military District of the JNA was transformed into a part of the Army of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (VSr RBiH), from August 1992 under the name of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS). Through the transformation, the 4th Corps of the JNA became the Sarajevo-Romanian Corps (SRK) VSr RBiH. In the period of the four-year siege of Sarajevo, in order to control Sarajevo, the said forces carried out a “coordinated systematic and long-term campaign of shelling and sniping” in order to “kill, maim, injure and terrorize the civilian population of Sarajevo”. In addition to artillery attacks, which were the most widespread way in which the inhabitants of Sarajevo were killed, another frequent way of killing was sniper attacks. The sniper clearly sees his victim and kills him with intent. Residents of Sarajevo were intentional victims of sniper attacks and were not safe anywhere. Without water, electricity, gas and other necessities of life, the residents fought a daily struggle for bare survival. It was a day and night fight for survival. Cruel individual and mass murders of civilians, including those of the youngest residents, followed by daily wounding, terrorizing, violations of psychological integrity, illegal actions and others, are part of the crimes committed against the inhabitants of Sarajevo in the period 1992-1995. years. Guided primarily by the verdicts and documents of the International Tribunal for War Crimes in The Hague, as well as other relevant archival documents and the statements and expertise of experts, the author shows in her work what the sniping campaign meant. A very important part is the display and description of the types of weapons that were used in such operations, as well as the description of localities and parts of the city from which snipers were most often used. Based on these data, it is very clear to see what the daily life of the inhabitants of the city under siege looked like. The organization of sniper training as well as the places where the training was conducted and in what way are also important parts of the work. The demand and delivery of sniper weapons and ammunition to the Sarajevo-Romania Corps, as well as the identities of the snipers, as well as hired mercenaries and volunteers from other countries, are parts of the work presented by the author. Based on the examples of the victims of sniping, primarily the killing of children, it is clear that the enemy's goal was to kill civilians with intent, directly and in a targeted manner. In this section, the investigated and identified minor victims of sniper attacks as well as the circumstances of the murder are presented in chronological order. As a clear indication that the sniper's intention was to kill them or seriously injure them with permanent consequences, the parts of the body that were hit, which are very often the head, the area around the heart, the stomach, and the lungs, are also shown. In the final part of the paper, the emphasis is on the prosecution and non-prosecution of persons responsible for crimes committed by snipers, before domestic and international courts. Although there is irrefutable evidence of sniper killings of Sarajevo residents, very few or no indictments are filed against those responsible. The direct perpetrators - snipers, who killed the inhabitants of Sarajevo with intent, have not yet been brought to justice and convicted of the crime.
Flow slides in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are common geoenvironmental issues in the urban environment and can pose a serious threat to the surrounding population and infrastructure. ...Prediction of the maximum run-out distance of flow slides in MSW landfills is therefore an essential part of hazard and risk assessment in engineering design. Based on the framework for simple analysis originally developed by Hungr (
1995
), we propose a simplified analytical model for calculating dam breaks in a plastic fluid along a single inclined base. In the proposed model, a quarter-elliptical shape is used to describe the approximate configuration of the flow slide. Following this step, the physical laws relating to the conservation of mass and energy are used to calculate the potential flow. Of additional note is a boundary condition in mathematics relating to this simplified analytical model, which is also reported in this study. Taking the obvious mobility characteristics of the MSW at point of failure into consideration, a three-phase simplified model along double inclined bases has been further developed for run-out prediction of the flow slide in MSW landfill. The proposed three-phase model is then applied to estimate the maximum run-out distance of two typical flow failures of landfills located in Sarajevo and Bandung, which demonstrate the capability of the proposed simplified analytical model for use in hazard assessments of landfills.
The paper describes two shellings of Sarajevo’s Markale market in 1994 and 1995. In both cases a large number of civilians were killed, and the forces of the Army of Republika Srpska were accused. ...The second incident was followed by NATO airstrikes on Serbian positions around Sarajevo. Based on the available material, the article critically reviews all the testimonies about these events and searches for an answer to the question of what exactly happened. However, neither the available documentation nor the “good intentions of a researcher” could allow an unequivocal conclusion about who was responsible for both shellings.
Inspired by militant research and personal experience, this article explores how bodies become political in an urban environment where space and time interact to form specific, socially and ...politically charged chronotopes. The political relationship between the chronotope of and the bodies on Tito Street in Sarajevo is narrated here through a series of photos of defining moments in the modern history of the city, from its liberation in 1945, through the socialist period, to its siege and recent protest movements. The author stresses that the corporeal performances and acts of citizens acquire their true social and political meaning only within a concrete chronotope that attaches emotions and values to their actions. These emotions and values constitute a certain political culture formed from the struggles of, in this case, progressive, emancipatory and left-wing forces. In the face of these struggles, the author claims that researchers and observers cannot remain neutral, and further elaborates his own personal and political engagement.
This paper is a diachronic sociolinguistic analysis of the multilingual repertoire of Sephardic Jews in Sarajevo used in out-group communication, especially among men. I reflect on the language ...repertoire of the Sephardim during Ottoman (ca. 1565–1878), Austro-Hungarian (1878–1918) and Yugoslav (1918–1941) rule and with respect to inter-Jewish contact with the Ashkenazim, who migrated to Sarajevo during the Austro-Hungarian occupation. The change from Ottoman to Austro-Hungarian and then to Yugoslav regimes resulted in an ideological upheaval and change to the language repertoire. The enduring and stable multilingualism in popular use during Ottoman rule was replaced by languages dominant in Austro-Hungarian Sarajevo, namely Serbo-Croatian and German. Later, in the new South Slavic state, the use of Serbo-Croatian prevailed in public life.
In 1927, Europe marked the centennial of the death of one of its greatest composers, Ludwig van Beet ho ven. At the same time, Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ...(later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) was building the foundations of its musical institutions and trying to follow up with the more advanced cultural centers of the new state, Zagreb, Ljubljana, and Belgrade. The main feature of Bosnian musical life of the time (1918–1941) pertains to the establishment of the new musical institutions such as the National Theater (Narodno pozorište) and the Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra (Sarajevska filharmonija), the fundamental institutions of musical culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina even today. This paper aims at providing an insight into the presence of Beethoven’s works in concert repertoires in Sarajevo (1918–1941), especially of the Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra but also to point out the special occasion of Beethoven’s anniversary in 1927. The Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra was the only musical institution of this kind, and the most important musical society for the development of musical culture of the time; consequently, the research is based on the analysis of the society’s concert repertoire and reviews from the daily newspapers.
The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the biographical, professional, and health-educational works of Dr. Isak Samakovlija, who was better known as a writer than a doctor in the country where ...he was born. He was born in 1889 in Goražde, the easternmost province in the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy, into a modest Jewish merchant family. He attended high school in Sarajevo and completed his studies in medicine in Vienna in 1917. During the First World War, he served twice in the Austro- Hungarian army. After the end of the First World War in 1918, he completed a medical internship at the National Hospital in Sarajevo. He began his service as a doctor, first in Goražde and then in Fojnica and Sarajevo. After the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia in May 1941, he was dismissed from his duties in the service without the right to pension or support, and without the right to appeal. In the Independent State of Croatia, he was twice mobilized into the Home Guard and was manager of the clinic in the Alipašin Most refugee camp. After World War II, he was the head of the Health Education Department of the Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. Together with a group of enthusiastic doctors, he founded and edited the first Bosnian medical journal Život i Zdravlje (Life and Health). In that journal, Dr. Samokovlija published 29 articles of health and educational content. In 1949, Dr. Samokovlija left the Ministry of Public Health and continued to edit the literature and art journal Brazda, but he still had a private practice until the end of his life. He died in Sarajevo on January 15, 1955. He was buried with the highest state honors at the Jewish cemetery in Sarajevo. CONCLUSION: Isak Samakovlija (1889-1955) was one of the first medical doctors born in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He made a significant contribution to the improvement of people's health after the First and Second World Wars in the places where he worked. His special contribution are his articles on health education.
There are a number of factors that can influence the increase in the probability of occurrence, development and manifestation of violent behavior, but also increase the vulnerability of young people ...to various negative impacts - risk factors, as there are a number of factors that can prevent the occurrence of violent behavior in risky situations and unfavorable conditions - protective factors. Their identification, analysis of the area, and intensity of action is a prerequisite for effective plans and prevention strategies, as well as treatment of already outbreaks of behavioral disorders. The authors of this paper emphasize, analyze and critically re-examine the safety of young people through the prism of the risk and protection factors involved in youth security issues. Measuring sources of vulnerability in the Sarajevo Canton educational institutions is a fundamental subject of research, while the development and implementation of mechanisms that would reduce violence among the high school population to the smallest extent possible is a complementary subject of research. The paper deals with the security issues of secondary school students in the Sarajevo Canton. In essence, continuous research into ways, procedures, and tools to raise the level of youth safety is the basis for successful building and maintaining a high quality of security management. The crucial issues that are analyzed in this paper are in the domain of timely identification and adequate response regarding, above all, the presence and frequency of violence among peers in secondary schools, forms of occurrence, the extent of violence that occurs in schools and the information that students have about this problem. but also the response of the system of protection in the school and society.
When a historical event is transposed into literary discourse, the most important questions are: How do writers shape the narrative? What do they point out? And, what do they insist on when ...developing the story? The focus of the novel written by Georges Perec, The Sarajevo Assassination, as well as the one written by Zlatko Topcic, June 28, 1914, is not history; they use history only as the basis and subject matter. The basis of these novels is, actually, the attitude to history, that is, the deconstruction of the “great story” of the assassination. Perec and Topcic embark on their own “exploration” of history and treat the official historical narrative critically and creatively. At the forefront is the connection between the historical and the literary discourse, the connection between faction, fiction and metafiction. In both novels historical documents are turned into literary documents. The text is shaped using postmodern writing techniques. In some parts, emphasized self-reference suspends the referential illusion. In general, exploring the issue of the connection between fiction and faction, the novels largely question (and shift) narrative strategies and structures.
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