The well-publicized disinformation campaigns surrounding recent elections, pandemic vaccination adoption, as well as supply-chain disruptions and shortages have made historical problems of ...disinformation more apparent. When disinformation targets transportation infrastructure, supply chains can be disrupted, resulting in commodities shortages such as food and fuel, consequently jeopardizing the health and safety of communities. This research proposes an integrated epidemiological-optimization model that quantifies the impacts of weaponized disinformation on infrastructure networks that transport multiple commodities. The model aims to minimize the overall weighted shortage of commodities caused by different disinformation spread rates. Results show that disinformation weaponized against transportation infrastructure, potentially targeting a particular geographical region or a particular commodity, can have wide-ranging impacts across different commodities. The proposed model is applied to the multi-commodity Swedish railway network carrying 14 different categories of commodities over 1360 supply and demand nodes.
Genuine engagement about how best to achieve liveable urban futures should be part of planning's raison-d'etre but it has a chequered history of delivery. Exhibitions harnessing the communicative ...power of mixed media and linked to a progressive and responsive programme of focused discussion and debate remain relevant to community consultation and civic engagement. Terry Farrell's concept of the 'urban room' to involve citizens in engaging with the past, present, and future of towns and cities offers a contemporary refreshment of the approach propounded by Patrick Geddes from the early 1900s. The possibilities of creating novel and compelling opportunities for civic discourse in this guise are explored in this review article though the Newcastle City Futures pop-up exhibition and events held in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK in 2014. This event carries lessons for imagining how planners, developers, governments, and community groups may come together to critically and creatively forge future propositions for the urban condition.
We simulate a spatial behavioral model of the diffusion of an infection to understand the role of geographic characteristics: the number and distribution of outbreaks, population size, density, and ...agents’ movements. We show that several invariance properties of the SIR model concerning these variables do not hold when agents interact with neighbors in a (two dimensional) geographical space. Indeed, the spatial model’s local interactions generate matching frictions and local herd immunity effects, which play a fundamental role in the infection dynamics. We also show that geographical factors change how behavioral responses affect the epidemic. We derive relevant implications for estimating the effects of the epidemic and policy interventions that use panel data from several geographical units.
•We build a new model of spatial vaccination games combined with SIR model.•Our model considers a noise-perturbing intermediate defense measure as third strategy.•Time-varying noise brings no ...difference from the default 2-strategy games.•Frozen noise at initial stage enhances total social payoff.
Recently, a new vaccination game model was proposed, where an intermediate defense measure besides two fundamental strategies; committing vaccination that leads to a perfect immunity and not committing vaccination, was introduced as third strategy. We explore what happens if both effectiveness and cost of an intermediate defense measure stochastically perturbing on the viewpoint of whether or not the third strategy helping to improve total social payoff. We found that unlike resonance effect by adding noise to payoff matrix in case of spatial prisoner's dilemma (SPD) games, adding time-varying noise on both effectiveness and cost does not make difference from the default setting without perturbation to the third strategy. However, if the noise initially given to each agent is frozen, we found the third strategy becoming robust to survive. In particular, if the strategy updating rule allows a more advantageous third strategy can be more commonly shared among agents through copying, the total social payoff is significantly improved.
Considering that network community might have a profound effect on the cascading failure of R&D network, we generate the weighted scale-free R&D network and quantify the network community through ...network modularity Q. Afterwards, we propose the cascading failure model of R&D network based on SIR-CA model, and analyze the special effects on the cascading failure of R&D network through numerical simulation. The simulation results show that network modularity Q has a U-shaped effect on the robustness of R&D network, there is a negative correlation between the delay effect and the robustness of R&D network. Additionally, we verify that overlapping firms have more significant influence than those firms with the same degree and K-shell on the robustness of R&D network. This paper reveals the law of cascading failure of R&D network considering the network community, which is of practical significance to enhance the robustness of R&D network, and enrich the theory of dynamics of the network community.
•The cascading failure model of R&D network based on the SIR-CA model.•The impact of community structure on the cascading failure of R&D network.•The effect of the delay effect on the cascading failure of R&D network.•The effect of overlapping firms on the cascading failure of R&D network.
Medieval people were fascinated with the tales that consist of supernatural elements. There are accounts of supernatural events and characters in various medieval works such as ballads, dream-vision ...poems, hagiographies, and romances. However, among all, ghost stories become prominent with their wide range of supernatural instances and characters. In these stories, the image of the ghost varies from a grotesque or scary one to a desperate or innocent one, presenting the ghost either as a menace or a victim. Although there was not a specific genre of ghost story in the Middle Ages, such stories developed and permitted the exploration of various issues related to death, revenge, punishment, apart from becoming a warning for the living. Medieval ghost stories were adapted to romance literature with the motif of a fairy lady pursuing a knight, or taking the form of an apparition either to help him or to warn him, and her subsequent punishment of the knight if he disregards her. Hence, through the fairy lady motif, medieval romance gained a moralising tone and caught the attention of the noble audience not only as an entertaining story but as a noteworthy warning against the presence of such beings who contact with the living and create unease. Indeed, instead of arousing fear, romances intended to entertain their audience; therefore, the fairy lady motif inspired from ghost stories evokes wonder more than dread. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to explore how the ghostly lady figure in ghost stories, particularly in “The Wife of Edric Wilde”, is corresponded to romance literature as the fairy lady motif, and used as a literary device with references to The Romance of Partenay and Sir Launfal, and argue that both romances, by focusing on the encounters of the knights with the fairy ladies, can be read as ghost stories, blurring the border between ghost story and romance.
In this paper, an SIR model with birth and death on complex networks is analyzed, where infected individuals are divided into m groups according to their infection and contact between human is ...treated as a scale-free social network. We obtain the basic reproduction number R0 as well as the effects of various immunization schemes. The results indicate that the disease-free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically stable in some conditions, otherwise disease-free equilibrium is unstable and exists an unique endemic equilibrium that is globally asymptotically stable. Our theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulations and a promising way for infectious diseases control is suggested.
•The basic reproduction number R0 for the SIR model on complex networks is obtained.•The equilibria are locally and globally asymptotically stable in some conditions.•The theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulations.•The effects of various immunization schemes are discussed.•The promising way for infectious diseases control is suggested.
This paper proposes a dual-band eight-antenna array for multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) applications in 5G mobile terminals. The designed MIMO antenna array comprises eight L-shaped slot ...antennas based on stepped impedance resonators (SIRs). The required dual-resonance can be obtained by adjusting the impedance ratio of the SIR, and good impedance matching can be ensured for each antenna element by tuning the position of the microstrip feed line. The experimental results show that a measured return loss of higher than 10 dB and a measured inter-element isolation of greater than 11.2 dB have been obtained for each antenna element with a simulated total efficiency of larger than 51% across the long term evolution (LTE) band 42 (3400-3600 MHz) and LTE band 46 (5150-5925 MHz). In addition, the measured envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is lower than 0.1 between arbitrary two antenna elements, and the proposed MIMO antenna array realizes a simulated channel capacity of higher than 36.9 bps/Hz within both operation bands. Furthermore, the MIMO antenna array can maintain acceptable radiation and MIMO performance in the presence of specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) head and human hands.
Ranking nodes in complex networks have become an important task in many application domains. In a complex network, influential nodes are those that have the most spreading ability. Thus, identifying ...influential nodes based on their spreading ability is a fundamental task in different applications such as viral marketing. One of the most important centrality measures to ranking nodes is closeness centrality which is efficient but suffers from high computational complexity O(n3). This paper tries to improve closeness centrality by utilizing the local structure of nodes and presents a new ranking algorithm, called BridgeRank centrality. The proposed method computes local centrality value for each node. For this purpose, at first, communities are detected and the relationship between communities is completely ignored. Then, by applying a centrality in each community, only one best critical node from each community is extracted. Finally, the nodes are ranked based on computing the sum of the shortest path length of nodes to obtained critical nodes. We have also modified the proposed method by weighting the original BridgeRank and selecting several nodes from each community based on the density of that community. Our method can find the best nodes with high spread ability and low time complexity, which make it applicable to large-scale networks. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we use the SIR diffusion model. Finally, experiments on real and artificial networks show that our method is able to identify influential nodes so efficiently, and achieves better performance compared to other recent methods.
•We propose a new ranking method (BridgeRank) based on the local structure of the nodes to improve closeness centrality.•The nodes are ranked by utilizing the bridging role of them.•Proposed method can identify the important nodes more effectively with less computational complexity.•Taking advantage of parallelism, the speed of the computation is improved due to the special property of our proposed algorithm which splits the graph into different independent parts.
To explore the influence of cross-platform and spread sources on emotional information spreading, in this paper, a novel two-layer emotion-based susceptible–infected–recovered network (2E-SIR) is ...proposed and the state equations for emotional information spreading are constructed. Then, to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the 2E-SIR network and the state equations, taking the negative and positive events on Sina Weibo and TikTok as examples and using two spread sources which are official media (OM) and key opinion leaders (KOL), we have the following conclusions. (1) Users are more willing to spread emotional information similar to the original events’, especially those posted by KOL. (2) The cumulative posting quantities simulated of all the emotional information almost always are consistent with their real data. (3) The outburst rate of positive emotional information, especially posted by OM, is faster than the negative’s. (4) Negative emotional information is more likely to trigger the emotional chaos. Further, parameter sensitivity analysis shows that the cumulative posting quantity on each platform is mainly affected by its own internal parameters. The more initially susceptible people, the more serious the chaos generated by the original information. In addition, increasing the average user circulation probability on the 2E-SIR network will slow down the outbreak rate of emotional information, and enhance the degree of emotion chaos.
•A two-layer emotion-based susceptible–infected–recovered network is proposed.•Some state equations for emotional spreading on the proposed network are constructed.•Cross-social-platform spreading of emotional information is investigated.•The influence of different spreading sources is discussed.•Parameter sensitivity analysis in the two-layer network is carried out.
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