The book is a text-critical edition of Brixen urbaria for the diocesan estates in Upper Carniola (Bled seigniory) with a comprehensive scholarly commentary and concise presentation of the historical ...development of the Bled seigniory throughout the Middle Ages. The published sources, offering a rich insight into the property, economic and social conditions of the Middle Ages, belong to the earliest accounts relating to agrarian economy and land property in the Slovenian territory and have, as such, long attracted the interest of the historian profession. This publication, having already been planned decades ago by renown Slovenian historians such as Milko Kos and Pavle Blaznik, naturally completes a series of publications of urbaria for the complexes of ecclesiastical (diocesan) land estates in the territory of Slovenia.
The present edition denotes a continuation of the collection of documents, which the historians Franc Kos and later Milko Kos began publishing in 1902 within the frame of the Leonova družba (Leon’s ...Society) in Ljubljana. Five books were issued under the title “Gradivo za zgodovino Slovencev v srednjem veku” (Materials for the history of Slovenes in the Middle Ages) (1902, 1906, 1911, 1915, 1928). The present edition is based on different starting-points, as modern researches into history can no longer refer to regestum (abstracts of documents) only but they must derive from sources themselves, published on the basis of entire originals, and equipped with appropriate critical apparatus. The book was written on the grounds of the material the historian Božo Otorepec of the Historical Institute collected. Included in the edition are documents of a ten-year period – that is from 1246 (with that year the fifth volume of Kos’s publishing of the Gradivo za zgodovino Slovencev v srednjem veku concludes) to 1255. The first volume (6/1) does not include a name index and a table of contents, which will be published in the second volume (6/2).
Članek obravnava srednjeveško samostrelno puščično ost, ki je bila najdena na grajskem vrtu. Ost, ki najverjetneje izhaja iz Loškega gradu v Škofji Loki, predstavlja le majhen drobec iz zalog orožja, ...ki so ga v srednjem veku freisinški škofje hra-nili na Loškem gradu, a se do danes ni ohranilo. O njegovem obstoju govorijo le ohranjeni popisi premičnega inventarja z začetka 14. stoletja.V nadaljevanju prispevka so predstavljene puščične osti za lok in samostrel, ter problematika razlikovanja med enimi in drugimi, saj je vsako od orožij zahtevalo svoj tip izstrelka. Puščične osti z gradu Zgornji stolp na Kranclju, ki so prišle na dan pri izkopavanjih v letih 1954-1955, so na podlagi obli-kovanosti nasadila tipološko razvrščene v dva osnovna tipa: tip I - s trnastim nasadilom in tip II - s tulastim nasadilom. Ob upoštevanju oblike lista je vsak tip še dalje razdeljen na podtipe.Ker za material z Zgornjega stolpa na Kranclju ni stratigraf-skih podatkov, so puščične osti lahko le okvirno datirane v čas od 12. do začetka 16. stoletja, ob pomoči spremnega gradiva in časa, v katerem je bil grad v uporabi. Po letu 1511 so stolp na Kranclju opustili.
Avtor v prispevku analizira pravopisne značilnosti Prizrenskega prepisa Dušanovega zakonika (začetek 16. stoletja), ki spada med srbske spomenike "resavske" redakcije. Srbski cirilski pravopis ..."resavskega" tipa naj bi bil posledica jezikovno-normativne dejavnosti Konstantina Kostenečkega. Avtor, izhajajoč pri obravnavi zapisovanja posameznih znakov iz pravopisnih načel Kostenečkega, opozarja na razlike med pravopisom Prizrenskega prepisa Dušanovega zakonika in "resavskih" spomenikov na eni ter pravopisnimi načeli Kostenečkega na drugi strani.
Before France became France its territories included Occitania, roughly the present-day province of Languedoc. The city of Narbonne was a center of Occitanian commerce and culture during the eleventh ...and twelfth centuries. For most of the second half of the twelfth century, that city and its environs were ruled by a remarkable woman, Ermengard, who negotiated her city's way through a maze of everchanging dynastic alliances. Fredric L. Cheyette's masterful and beautifully illustrated book is a biography of an extraordinary warrior woman and of a unique, vulnerable, doomed society. Throughout her long reign, viscountess Ermengard roamed Occitania receiving oaths of fidelity, negotiating treaties, settling disputes among the lords of her lands, and camping with her armies before the walls of besieged cities. She was born into a world of politics and warfare, but from the Mediterranean to the North Sea her name echoed in songs that treated the arts of love. The land between the Rhone and the Pyrenees was a delicately balanced world in which honor, dispute, and the fragile communities of loyalty and family held a stateless society together. In Cheyette's prose there rises before us a world we had not imagined, in which women were powerful lords, moving back and forth across what we now call Spain, France, and Italy to play the harsh political games essential to the preservation of their realms. But the region was also fertile ground for religious practices deemed heretical by the Church. The attempt to eradicate them would spawn the Albigensian Crusade, which destroyed the cosmopolitan world of Ermengard and the troubadours—the world that lives again in this book.
Požar je bil ena ključnih nevarnosti, ki je zavirala razvoj srednjeveških mest. Pogosti požari so ne glede na to, ali so nastali zaradi nepazljivosti, slabih gorilnih naprav ali vojaškega nasilja, ...prizadeli zlasti tista mesta in stavbe, ki so bile zgrajene iz gorljivih materialov, predvsem lesa in slame. Takšna pa so bila na začetku skoraj vsa srednjeveška mesta, razen priobalnih. Meščani so želeli zmanjšati možnost nastanka požara ter njegove posledice. Tako so z zamenjavo gorljivih gradiv, naprav in izboljšanim vzdrževanjem kurišč in dimnikov ter drugimi preventivnimi ukrepi vplivali tudi na razvoj mesta ter spreminjali arhitekturno podobo mest.
Market-places are a special type of settlements characterized by a reinforced exchange of merchandise and non-agrarian economy. The noun trg (market-place) stems from general Slavic term whose ...original meaning was merchandise. Out of this meaning other ones were developed: place where merchandise exchange was carried out, places in the centre of settlement where roads were being crossed and population being gathered, and, in the end, a special type of settlement. Out of the basic meaning, other ones were developed: trade as a process and subject, market-place, market-hall, places where trade is carried out, and merchant. The characteristic of all deduced nouns is the process which unifies them, and it is the exchange of merchandise. The first market-places in the medieval Serbian countries appeared in rural settlements. Later on, by renewal of the old towns and development of economy, first of all trade and mining, market-places were established in urban settlements. In medieval Serbia three zones and three basic types of urban settlements (towns) are differentiated: coastal, southern and central. This paper dealt with central zone in which Serbs had had the highest impact on the appearance and development of market-places, as a special type of urban settlements. Towns are the holders of civilization, and Serbian medieval market-places represent factors and reflection of the development of Serbian medieval state. According to the appearance, the following types of market-places are differentiated: monastic, mining, market-places at the places of caravan’s stations, and the ones in old towns, at the crossroads and foots of the fortifications. Urbanization is a process characterized by the natural or mechanical increase of population in the settlements of non-agrarian type. The process is taking hold of the whole society, not only urban settlements in which the changes are to be evident and the most visible, and they occur in settlements not belonging to the urban ones. The urbanization process in medieval Serbia from the middle of the 13th century was running in an accelerated manner, and lived to see its culmination in the first half of the 15th century. A great contribution was given to it by Dubrovčani and Sasi, holders of trade and mining. Unfavourable political circumstances of the 15th century could not interrupt this process – it was being gone out step by step with the arrival of the Turks, whom had not put the most important centres in the occupied areas in market-places as the most developed settlements, but in the fortifications. So the urbanization process, by the influence of oriental elements and war-like orientation of economy, is getting different forms.
Trgovi su poseban tip naselja koje karakteriše pojačana robna razmena i neagrarna privreda. Imenica trg potiče od opšteslovenskog termina čije je prvobitno značenje bilo roba. Iz ovog značenja razvila su se druga: mesto gde se vršila robna razmena, mesto u centru naselja gde su se ukrštali putevi i okupljalo stanovništvo, i, na kraju, poseban tip naselja. Iz osnovnog razvila su se i druga značenja: trgovina kao proces i kao objekat, tržište, tržnica, trgovište, trgovac. Karakteristika svih izvedenih imenice jeste proces koji ih objedinjava, a to je robna razmena. Prvi trgovi u srednjovekovnim srpskim zemljama javljaju u seoskim naseljima. Kasnije, obnovom starih gradova i razvojem privrede, pre svega trgovine i rudarstva, trgovi su se ustalili u urbanim naseljima. U srednjovekovnoj Srbiji razlikujemo tri zone i tri osnovna tipa urbanih naselja – gradova: primorski, južni i centralni. U radu je obrađena centralna zona u kojoj su Srbi dali najveći uticaj na nastanak i razvoj trgova, kao posebnog tipa urbanih naselja. Gradovi su nosioci civilizacije, a srpski srednjovekovni trgovi predstavljaju činioce i ogledalo razvoja srpske srednjovekovne države. Na osnovu nastanka razlikujemo sledeće tipove trgova: manastirski, rudnički, trgovi na mestu karavanskih stanica i trgovi u starim gradovima, na raskršću puteva i podnožju utvrđenja. Urbanizacija je proces koji karakteriše prirodni ili mehanički priraštaj stanovništva u naseljima neagrarnog tipa. Proces zahvata čitavo društvo, a ne samo gradska naselja u kojima su promene očigledne i najvidljivije, dešavaju se i u naseljima koja ne pripadaju urbanim. Proces urbanizacije u srednjovekovnoj Srbiji tekao je ubrzano od sredine XIII, a vrhunac je doživeo u prvoj polovini XV veka. Značajan doprinos dali su mu Dubrovčani i Sasi, nosioci trgovine i rudarstva. Nepovoljne političke prilike XV veka nisu mogle da prekinu ovaj proces – on se postepeno gasio tek sa dolaskom Turaka, koji najznačajnije centre u okupiranim oblastima nisu smestili u trgove kao najrazvijenija naselja, već u utvrđenja. Time proces urbanizacije, uz upliv orijentalnih elemenata i ratnu orjentaciju privrede, poprima drugačije oblike.
Gregorius Turonensis, od leta 573 škof v Toursu, je postal znan zlasti po svojem obsežnem, deset knjig obsegajočem delu z naslovom Historiae ali Historia Francorum. Kot mojster opisa in pripovedi nam ...je prislikal podobo Galije petega in šestega stoletja, območja, kjer so se spajali elementi galsko-rimske omike z novimi navadami, ki so jih v času velikih selitev s seboj prinašala germanska ljudstva, in kjer sta poganstvo ter heretično arijanstvo izgubila bitko s krščanstvom, ki je prisegalo vernost svete Trojice.
Relations between Stephen Dusan and Ragusa in the research, the results of
which have been exposed here, are observed in their totality, which implies
individual political, social and economic ...moments, all of them observed in
their interdependence. Listed factors include real reciprocity and impact
directly on development of interrelations. Political segment is active and in
many cases decisive, but not an isolate factor in those relationships.
Together with others it participates actively in shaping of those
relationships, for realizing their common interest which is basically
significant and easily noticeable economic factor. Only in such a way and
following that kind of approach it was possible to perceive how medieval
society, both Serbian and Ragusan, was permeated and shaped under the
influence of these factors. The research is clearly chronologically defined
and thematically profiled. Although the dignity of the Young King assigned to
Stephen Dusan as far back as 1322, his first contacts with Ragusa came not
until more than four year later and from that point could be traced
continuously up to two weeks before he died. In these terms, the focus of the
research is on the period from the spring of 1326, to the end of autumn 1355.
In geographic terms, the research framework is leaving territory of Serbia
and Ragusa, following their mutual relations, primarily in the direction of
Venice, the supremacy of which Ragusa did recognize at the time, but only
within the limits of how far these mutual relations could be recognized and
tracked. During the research attention has not been focused only on the
direct relations between the Serbian ruler and the Municipality of Ragusa, so
that the title might be implying. Such an approach would have left aside the
very important process that had taken place between Ragusa and hinterland, or
coastal areas of the Serbian state, having in mind firstly the Trebinje area,
on which leaned largely the territory of Municipality of Ragusa named
Astarea, and the Land of Hum also, and, to a lesser extent, Zeta, primarily
because of geographical distance. It should be noted that in this respect the
emphasis was placed primarily on political relations, because the deeper
discussion on various aspects of economic and social issues would have
distracted attention from the focus of research, producing an imbalance in
commitment to such issues in this area than in other areas of the Serbian
state, for which the source material does not allow such action in the
approach. In the long period of thirty years, which has been the subject of
this research, three most important events are clearly emphasized and they
mark, in every sense of the word, overall relations between Stephen Dusan and
Dubrovnik. The first one happened at the beginning of the royal period of
government in 1333, when Stonski rat (now Peljesac) was given to Ragusa, and
for that the Municipality gained significant opportunities for further
economic and social development. The Chrysobull (golden bull) which the
Emperor Stephen Dusan released to Ragusa in 1349, eclipsed with its
versatility all previous charters by the Municipality received from the
Serbian rulers, and it became a model and a standard for all subsequent
Serbian rulers and feudal moguls every time they regulated their relations
with Ragusa. The third event, the Emperor's visit to Ragusa, which was a year
later (1350), left a significant impression on contemporaries, and especially
of the later generations, remaining in fairly vivid memories of Ragusa even
several centuries later.
Odnosi Stefana Dušana i Dubrovnika u istraživanju čiji rezultati su ovde
izloženi posmatrani su u njihovoj sveobuhvatnosti, pod kojom se podrazumevaju
pojedinačni momenti, politički, društveni i privredni, posmatrani u svojoj
međuzavisnosti. Navedeni činioci jesu u stvarnoj uzajamnosti i neposredno
utiču na razvoj međusobnih odnosa. Politički segment je aktivan, u mnogim
slučajevima presudan, ali ne izolovan činilac tih odnosa. Zajedno sa ostalima
aktivno učestvuje u njihovom oblikovanju u zajedničkom interesu, u čijoj
osnovi je veoma značajan i lako uočljiv privredni činilac. Samo na takav
način i sa takvim pristupom se moglo sagledati koliko je srednjovekovno
društvo, srpsko i dubrovačko bilo prožeto i oblikovano pod uticajima ovih
činilaca. Istraživanje je jasno hronološki određeno i tematski profilisano.
Iako je Stefan Dušan još od samog početka 1322. godine poneo dostojanstvo
mladog kralja, prvi njegovi kontakti sa Dubrovnikom došli su tek nakon nešto
više od četiri godine, i od tada se mogu kontinuirano pratiti sve do dve
nedelje pred njegovu smrt. U tom smislu, težište istraživanja je stavljeno na
period od proleća 1326. do kraja jeseni 1355. godine. U geografskom smislu
istraživanje je napuštalo okvire Srbije i Dubrovnika, prateći njihove
međusobne odnose, pre svega u pravcu Venecije, čiju vrhovnu vlast Dubrovnik u
ovo vreme priznaje, ali samo u granicama dokle se ti zajednički odnosi mogu
prepoznavati i pratiti. Tokom istraživanja pažnja nije bila samo usredsređena
na neposredne odnose srpskog vladara i Opštine dubrovačke, kako bi se to
možda moglo iz naslova naslutiti. Takav pristup ostavio bi po strani veoma
značajne procese koji su se odvijali između Dubrovnika i zaleđa, odnosno
primorskih krajeva srpske države, pre svega imajući na umu Trebinjsku oblast,
na koju se najvećim delom naslanjala teritorija dubrovačke Astareje, zatim
Humsku zemlju i u znatno manjoj meri Zetu, pre svega zbog geografske
udaljenosti. Pri tom, treba naglasiti da je u tom pravcu pažnja usmerena pre
svega na političke odnose, jer bi dublje upuštanje u razmatranje različitih
aspekata privredne i društvene problematike pažnju odvlačilo sa težišta
istraživanja, proizvodeći nesrazmeru u posvećenosti takvim pitanjima na tom
području u odnosu na druge krajeve srpske države, za koje izvorna građa ne
dopušta takav zahvat u pristupu. U periodu dugom tri decenije koji je bio
predmet istraživanja jasno se ističu tri najznačajnija događaja koja su u
punom smislu reči obeležila celokupne odnose Stefana Dušana i Dubrovnika.
Prvi se zbio na početku kraljevskog perioda njegove vlade, kada je Dubrovniku
1333. godine bio ustupljen Stonski rat (danas Pelješac), čime je Opština
stekla značajne mogućnosti za dalji privredni i društveni razvitak.
Hrisovulja koju je car Stefan Dušan izdao Dubrovčanima 1349. godine svojom
sveobuhvatnošću zasenila je sve prethodne povelje koje je Opština dobijala od
srpskih vladara, i postala je model i uzor za sve kasnije srpske vladare i
feudalne moćnike svakog puta kada su uređivali svoje odnose sa Dubrovnikom.
Treći događaj, careva poseta Dubrovniku koja je ostvarena godinu dana kasnije
(1350) ostavila je značajan utisak na savremenike, a naročito na potonje
generacije, ostajući u prilično živom dubrovačkom sećanju i više vekova
kasnije.
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