A teoria kantiana do génio, tal como formulada na Crítica da Faculdade do Juízo, apresenta uma análise parcimoniosa de exemplos artísticos e uma ausência demasiado eloquente – Shakespeare. Cutrofello ...(2007) e Zammito (1992) debruçaram-se sobre o silêncio de Kant a respeito de Shakespeare na Terceira Crítica, sustentando que tal postura kantiana constituiria uma rejeição da filosofia de Herder e das posições estéticas do Sturm und Drang. Este artigo pretende desmontar tais leituras, mostrando que a cisão entre Aufklärung e Sturm und Drang não poderá ser devidamente invocada para pensar a ausência de Shakespeare na Terceira Crítica: neste sentido, analisaremos as teorizações do Aufklärer Lessing acerca de Shakespeare, posições iniciadoras do movimento Geniezeit no contexto germânico; e comentaremos, ainda, uma passagem de Kant sobre Shakespeare retirada de Vorlesungen über Anthropologie, salientando que as afinidades entre Kant e o Sturm und Drang acerca de Shakespeare deverão ser meticulosamente tomadas em conta.
In Zeiten der Debatten um »toxische Männlichkeit« scheint das Thema »verweigerte Männlichkeit« auf den ersten Blick randständig zu sein. Umso mehr erstaunt, dass es in der Literatur zahlreiche ...Figuren gibt, die den klassischen Heldendiskurs nicht bedienen und als Sonderlinge, Außenseiter oder Träumer von ihren Autoren konzipiert sind. Zwischen Rebellion und Melancholie schwankend entziehen sich die Männerfiguren den herrschenden Geschlechterdiskursen - oft um den Preis der eigenen Auslöschung. Anhand von Fallbeispielen vom Sturm und Drang bis zur Neuen Sachlichkeit stellt Inge Stephan abweichende, abtrünnige und alternative Typen von Männlichkeit vor und hinterfragt sie dabei kritisch auf ihr Widerstandspotential für die Gegenwart.
Handbuch Sturm und Drang Luserke-Jaqui, Matthias; Geuen, Vanessa; Wille, Lisa
2017, 2017-02-06
eBook
Bis heute fehlt eine Gesamtschau über die Literaturgeschichte Sturm und Drang.Mit diesem Handbuch liegt erstmals eine umfassende Übersicht über das Themengebiet Sturm und Drang vor.Die Autorartikel ...berücksichtigen neben den bekannten Größen wie Goethe, Lenz oder Klinger auch die kleineren, nahezu vergessenen Autoren wie Wagner, Carbonnières, Füssli.Systematische Artikel u.a. zu den Themen Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Ästhetik- und Philosophiegeschichte, Musikgeschichte, Kunstgeschichte, Religionsgeschichte, Lyrikgeschichte etc. des Sturm und Drang erlauben eine kontextuelle Bedeutungssetzung. In zahlreichen und umfassenden Beiträgen werden die einzelnen Texte des Sturm und Drang vorgestellt und eine Neubewertung sorgfältig diskutiert. Die Artikel sind so aufgebaut, dass Forschungsdiskussion, literatur- und kulturgeschichtlicher Kontext und die Bedeutung für den Sturm und Drang klar zu erkennen sind. Drei umfassende Register bieten die Möglichkeit, gezielt auch kleinteilige Fragestellungen zu bearbeiten. Die Beiträgerinnen und Beiträger sind ausgewiesene Expertinnen und Experten auf ihrem Fachgebiet. Der Herausgeber ist einer der führenden Forscher des Sturm und Drang.
Far from being a forerunner of Weimar Classicism or an addendum to the Enlightenment, the Sturm und Drang is best seen as part of an autonomous culture of impatience—as literature in which Germans, ...frustrated with their fragmented land, simulated a sense of power and effectiveness that political realities did not afford. This impatience drove not only authors and the characters they created; it also drew in German audiences and readers ready to partake vicariously in national sentiments that they otherwise could not have experienced.
Alan Leidner sees Lavater's work as a model for dealing with a limiting culture, Goethe's Werther as a subtly arrogant figure, the drama of the Kraftmensch as a literature legitimizing the violence of its protagonists, the famous split in the Urfaust as the result of Goethe's resistance to the impatience that led many writers to fabricate a German nation that did not exist, and Schiller's Die Räuber as a liberating ritual that allowed German audiences to enjoy temporary feelings of national community. He concludes his study with an analysis of J. M. R. Lenz, whose texts recoil unequivocally in the face of the impatient muse.
Die in absolutistisch regierten Staaten geübte Zensur sollte gewährleisten, dass in Texten und auf den Bühnen Tugend belohnt und das Laster bestraft wird, auch das 'regelmäßige' Drama versuchte Moral ...und gute Sitten zu fördern. Die Sturm und Drang-Dramatik schwankte zwischen Übereinstimmung und Bruch mit den sozialen und moralischen Normen: Der Hofmeister in J. M. R. Lenz' gleichnamigem Stück scheitert mit seinem Widerstand gegen soziale Zwänge und erscheint in ironischem Licht; H. L. Wagner klagt in seiner Kindermörderin die Gesellschaft wegen der ungerechten Verurteilung der Hauptfigur an, das Stück schließt aber mit einer versöhnlichen Wendung; F. Schillers Räuber führen die Übertretung so gut wie aller moralischen Gebote vor, aber am Ende läutert sich Karl Moor. Der Zensurdruck und der Geschmack des Publikums bewirkten Selbstzensur, drei zentrale Stücke des meist mit Aufbegehren gegen gesellschaftliche Normen verbundenen Sturms und Drangs erweisen sich als kompatibel mit dem 'Drama des Gehorsams': Ironie und happy endings entziehen der Kritik zumindest teilweise den Boden.
J.M.R. Lenz's comedy Die Soldaten (1776) depicts characters who are unfree and, to varying degrees, obedient to eighteenth-century authorities such as the family, religion, the government, and the ...class system. Despite this, Lenz prized the concept of freedom and his theoretical works suggest that the greatest force over individuals is their natural drives to perfection and happiness. This paper looks at these two sides of his writings and their implications for Die Soldaten. The analysis centres on the protagonist, Marie, as the figure of freedom stifled, demonstrating her story as an example of the moral fallout that results from obedience to opposing external authorities. It juxtaposes this depiction with the soldiers in the play, who are shown as having far less personal autonomy. This paper argues that Lenz's depiction of freedom and obedience in Die Soldaten exposes gaps in his own thinking about the relationship between morality and class.
Sydney Harbour is subjected to persistent stress associated with anthropogenic activity and global climate change, but is particularly subjected to pulse stress events associated with stormwater ...input during episodic periods of high rainfall. Photosynthetic microbes underpin metazoan diversity within estuarine systems and are therefore important bioindicators of ecosystem health; yet how stormwater input affects their occurrence and distribution in Sydney Harbour remains poorly understood. We utilised molecular tools (16S/18S rRNA and petB genes) to examine how the phytoplankton community structure (both prokaryotes and eukaryotes) within Sydney Harbour varies between high and low rainfall periods. The relative proportion of phytoplankton sequences was more abundant during the high rainfall period, comprising mainly of diatoms, an important functional group supporting increased productivity within estuarine systems, together with cyanobacteria. Increased spatial variability in the phytoplankton community composition was observed, potentially driven by the steepened physico-chemical gradients associated with stormwater inflow. Conversely, during a low rainfall period, the proportion of planktonic photosynthetic microbes was significantly lower and the persistent phytoplankton were predominantly represented by chlorophyte and dinoflagellate sequences, with lower overall diversity. Differences in phytoplankton composition between the high and low rainfall periods were correlated with temperature, salinity, total nitrogen and silicate. These results suggest that increased frequency of high-rainfall events may change the composition, productivity and health of the estuary. Our study begins to populate the knowledge gap in the phytoplankton community structure and substantial changes associated with transient environmental perturbations, an essential step towards unravelling the dynamics of primary production in a highly urbanised estuarine ecosystem in response to climate change and other anthropogenic stressors.
The Enlightenment Bible Sheehan, Jonathan
2013., 20130409, 2013, 2005, 2007, c2005., 2005-01-01
eBook
How did the Bible survive the Enlightenment? In this book, Jonathan Sheehan shows how Protestant translators and scholars in the eighteenth century transformed the Bible from a book justified by ...theology to one justified by culture. In doing so, the Bible was made into the cornerstone of Western heritage and invested with meaning, authority, and significance even for a secular age.
The Enlightenment Bibleoffers a new history of the Bible in the century of its greatest crisis and, in turn, a new vision of this century and its effects on religion. Although the Enlightenment has long symbolized the corrosive effects of modernity on religion, Sheehan shows how the Bible survived, and even thrived in this cradle of ostensible secularization. Indeed, in eighteenth-century Protestant Europe, biblical scholarship and translation became more vigorous and culturally significant than at any time since the Reformation. From across the theological spectrum, European scholars--especially German and English--exerted tremendous energies to rejuvenate the Bible, reinterpret its meaning, and reinvest it with new authority.
Poets, pedagogues, philosophers, literary critics, philologists, and historians together built a post-theological Bible, a monument for a new religious era. These literati forged the Bible into a cultural text, transforming the theological core of the Judeo-Christian tradition. In the end, the Enlightenment gave the Bible the power to endure the corrosive effects of modernity, not as a theological text but as the foundation of Western culture.
Abstract
To what extent do comedies place the blame for vicious behaviour on the individuals who fail to comply with the norms of their society, or on the structures of society in which individuals ...act? The traditional understanding is that the moral-philosophical critique of individual behaviour in older comedy was supplanted by social criticism in newer comedy. This article revisits the history of comedy to emphasize the very gradual nature of this development and to shed light on the nuances in the distinction between the critique of individuals and the critique of social structures. The argument is developed through an exemplary analysis of four German-language plays from the eighteenth century: the comedies Die ungleiche Heirath (1743) by Luise Gottsched, Der geschäfftige Müssiggänger (1743) by Johann Elias Schlegel, and Die Soldaten (1776) by J. M. R. Lenz, as well as the farce Voltaire am Abend seiner Apotheose (1778) by Heinrich Leopold Wagner.
PDF
