Die
Periphrase (tP) ist im Standarddeutschen stigmatisiert, kommt aber in Dialekten wie in extraterritorialen Varietäten des Deutschen teilweise sehr häufig vor. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung ...deutscher Varietäten in Texas, Australien, Siebenbürgen und Namibia ergab, dass die tP in diesen Gebieten unterschiedlich häufig auftrat. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die möglichen Gründe für diese Frequenzunterschiede. Neben Ursprungsdialekten und Sprachkontakt werden auch außersprachliche Einflüsse und eine natürliche Entwicklung (im Givón’schen Sinne einer pragmatischen Verwendung) in den Blick genommen, für die Salienz der sprachlichen Form und die kommunikativen Rahmenbedingungen einer Sprache zentral sind.
New insights into survival strategies of tardigrades Møbjerg, Nadja; Neves, Ricardo Cardoso
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology,
April 2021, 2021-Apr, 2021-04-00, Letnik:
254
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Life is set within a narrow frame of physicochemical factors, yet, some species have adapted to conditions far beyond these constraints. Nature appears to have evolved two principal strategies for ...living organisms to cope with hostile conditions. One way is to remain active, retaining metabolism through adaptations that enable the organism to match the physiological requirements of environmental change. The other is to enter a state of dormancy with metabolic suppression. One form of metabolic suppression, known as cryptobiosis, is a widespread state across life kingdoms, in which metabolism comes to a reversible standstill. Among animals, nematodes, rotifers and tardigrades, comprise species that have the ability to enter cryptobiosis at all stages of their life cycle. Tardigrades are microscopic cosmopolitan metazoans found in permanent and temporal aquatic environments. They are renowned for their ability to tolerate extreme stress and are particularly resistant after having entered a cryptobiotic state known as a “tun”. As new molecular tools allow for a more detailed investigation into their enigmatic adaptations, tardigrades are gaining increasing attention. In this graphical review, we provide an outline of survival strategies found among tardigrades and we summarize current knowledge of the adaptive mechanisms that underlie their unique tolerance to extreme or changing environments
Abstract
To thrive in harsh environments, tardigrades have evolved the ability to enter the quiescent state of cryptobiosis, often characterized by transition into a so-called ‘tun’. Here, we ...investigate osmobiosis, a substate of cryptobiosis induced by rising osmolyte concentrations. We follow the behaviour and morphology of Ramazzottius varieornatus during transfer from freshwater conditions into 3 Osmol/kg sucrose solution. The tardigrades easily survive the extreme change in external osmolality. During gradual exposure, they initiate tun formation at 0.2 Osmol/kg, with most specimens fully contracted into a tun at 0.5 Osmol/kg. The first transcriptomic profiling of osmobiotic tuns in comparison to active tardigrades reveals a modest shift, with 16% of the 3322 differentially expressed transcripts having a |log2 fold change| > 1. A gene ontology enrichment analysis shows enrichment within protein homeostasis and neurohormonal signalling, with a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and neurotransmitter receptor transcripts being down- and upregulated, respectively. A putative Hsp70 is upregulated, whereas transcripts related to eutardigrade-specific proteins, antioxidant defence and DNA repair show minor fold changes. Among putative membrane transporters, a monocarboxylate and two amino acid transporters are downregulated. Our findings are in agreement with previous studies in Ramazzottius indicating that cryptobiosis and tun formation involve no change or modest change in transcription.
Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to enter the extremotolerant state of latent life known as cryptobiosis. While it is widely accepted that cryptobiosis can be induced by freezing ...(cryobiosis) and by desiccation (anhydrobiosis), the latter involving formation of a so-called tun, the exact mechanisms underlying the state—as well as the significance of other cryptobiosis inducing factors—remain ambiguous. Here, we focus on osmotic and chemical stress tolerance in the marine tidal tardigrade
Echiniscoides sigismundi
. We show that
E. sigismundi
enters the tun state following exposure to saturated seawater and upon exposure to locality seawater containing the mitochondrial uncoupler DNP. The latter experiments provide evidence of osmobiosis and chemobiosis, i.e., cryptobiosis induced by high levels of osmolytes and toxicants, respectively. A small decrease in survival was observed following simultaneous exposure to DNP and saturated seawater indicating that the tardigrades may not be entirely ametabolic while in the osmobiotic tun. The tardigrades easily handle exposure to ultrapure water, but hypo-osmotic shock impairs tun formation and when exposed to ultrapure water the tardigrades do not tolerate DNP, indicating that tolerance towards dilute solutions involves energy-consuming processes. We discuss our data in relation to earlier and more contemporary studies on cryptobiosis and we argue that osmobiosis should be defined as a state of cryptobiosis induced by high external osmotic pressure. Our investigation supports the hypothesis that the mechanisms underlying osmobiosis and anhydrobiosis are overlapping and that osmobiosis likely represents the evolutionary forerunner of cryptobiosis forms that involve body water deprivation.
Abstract : Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indoneisa No.36/M-Dag/Per/9/2007 concerning the Issuance of Trading Business License (SIUP), regulates every company, cooperative, ...partnership or individual company which conducts trade business must have SIUP issued by permit agency. SIUP serves as a proof of trade business and aims to provide business legality. According to Law No.5 of 1986 on the State Administrative Court (TUN Judiciary), SIUP is categorized by TUN's concrete, individual and final decisions. SIUP is binding and has legal force. Here is the proof method, if the SIUP is sued for its legal validity, then the principle of presumption of rechtmatige applies. The aim is to prove that SIUP as a TUN decision can tested and decided by the TUN court in accordance with article 48 of Law No.5 of 1986, where court will resolve the TUN dispute if all administrative efforts concerned have been used. As long as there is no decision of TUN court in the form of inkracht, which declares null and void on the decision of TUN, and then SIUP shall remain valid (rechtmatige). So the position of the presumption principle of rechtmatige can be a determinant of whether there is an element action against the law. Abstrak : Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan RI No : 36/M-Dag/Per/9/2007 Tentang Penerbitan Surat Izin Usaha Perdagangan (SIUP), mengatur setiap perusahaan, koperasi, persekutuan maupun perusahaan perseorangan yang melakukan usaha perdagang-an wajib memiliki SIUP yang diterbitkan oleh Badan Perizinan. SIUP berfungsi sebagai alat bukti usaha perdagangan dan bertujuan memberikan legalitas usaha. Menurut UU No. 5 Tahun 1986 tentang Peradilan TUN, SIUP dikategorikan sebagai Keputusan TUN yang bersifat konkrit, individual dan final. Sehingga SIUP bersifat mengikat dan memiliki kekuatan hukum. Disinilah dengan metode pembuktian, jika SIUP digugat keabsahan hukumnya, maka berlaku adanya asas praduga rechtmatige,. Tujuannya, untuk membuktikan SIUP sebagai keputusan TUN bisa diuji dan diputuskan oleh Pengadilan TUN sesuai Pasal 48 UU No. 5 Tahun 1986, bahwa pengadilan akan menyelesaikan sengketa TUN jika seluruh upaya administratif telah digunakan. Selama belum ada putusan pengadilan TUN yang bersifat inkracht, yang menyatakan batal atau tidak sah atas keputusan TUN, maka SIUP dinyatakan tetap berlaku (rechtmatige). Jadi kedudukan asas praduga rechtmatige ini bisa menjadi penentu apakah ada unsur perbuatan melawan hukum.
During lautering, a filtration process in beer production, an inhomogeneous filter cake composed of different horizontal layers is formed. Fine particles settle slower than coarse particles and form ...a layer on top of the cake. Due to its low permeability, the fine layer acts as a stamp on the compressible bottom layer, thus resulting in cake compression and reduced flow rate (stamp effect). A method to prove the stamp effect and investigate its impact on the filtration was developed. The structure of the cake was preserved by freezing, which enabled sampling from different layers at different filtration times. An optical porosity determination (surface roughness) was established to study the compression. A predominant impact of the stamp effect compared with a less pronounced skin effect was shown. To avoid the stamp effect during filtration, a filtration technique was developed, which includes the removal of fines from the filter cake.
•Fine particles form a layer on top of the cake during filtration in the lauter tun.•Optical measurement of the cake porosity via the surface roughness was established.•The top layer acts as a stamp (stamp effect) and compresses the bottom layer.•A filtration technique to remove the fine particles before filtration was developed.
Climate change had caused occurrence of more frequent big El Nino and La Nino phenomenon that led to drought and flood disasters onto coastal communities and affecting their quality of life. This ...study aims to ascertain the perceptions of the coastal community of Kampung Mempakad Laut, Pitas, Sabah, Malaysia which is in the boundary of Tun Mustapha Park on climate change. Data is collected through in-depth interviews with the Bagang community and the data was analysed by descriptive methods. The Bagang community members have knowledge and is aware of the changes in the climate conditions through the happenings of extreme event orchestrated by mother nature that relates to the change in climate phenomena despite not knowing or not familiar with the well-used terms ‘climate change’. Examples of those extreme events are major floods, changes in dry and wet seasons, as well as long unpredictable dry season. They perceive those events as pressure that ultimately threatens their safety and affects Bagang activities. However, they have come up with their own strategies in adapting to the phenomena including precautionary and preparatory measures for enduring natural disasters, modifications of dwelling houses, attempts to increase understanding and cognisance of the changes in environmental surroundings enabling them to come up with better predictions. The experience and resilience of Bagang community that had endured extreme events related to climate change had provided further insights in understanding human’s adaptations to climate change and could become useful guidelines to other coastline communities at large.
When NB-IoT is used to monitor UAVs, developers need to access a UAV via SSH (Secure Shell). However, NB-IoT services are sometimes behind symmetric NAT, and NB-IoT modules can only be controlled by ...specific AT commands, rendering existing NAT traversal software not applicable. This letter proposes NB-SSH, which provides remote SSH service to UAVs that are behind symmetric NAT. NB-SSH has two variants, in one of which the client side does not need to install any software, and in the other the UAV appears to the client as a neighbor. We implement both variants and evaluate them in a real-world environment.
Terrorisme global kini merupakan satu isu hangat di serata dunia. Kepentingannya telah menarik perhatian ramai pihak tennasuk para pemimpin dunia dalam menyuarakan pendapat mereka mengenai perlunya ...satu kaedah yang paling berkesan dalam membanteras ancamannya daripada merebak dan menjejaskan keselamatan dunia sejagat. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan pemikiran Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, mantan perdana menteri Malaysia, mengenai isu terrorisme global. Walaupun pemikiran beliau mengenai terrorisme ini boleh dianggap bukanlah sesuatu yang barn, namun keberanian beliau untuk menyata dan melaksanakan apa yang beliau rasa sebagai betul dalam konteks memerangi terrorisme merupakan sesuatu yang menarik dan harns diberi perhatian yang sewajamya. Demi kebaikan rakyat dan negara, beliau sanggup melakukan dan melaksanakan apa sahaja dasar kerajaan termasuk membanteras terrorisme walaupun ianya mungkin akan menyebabkan beliau menjadi kurang popular. Ini kerana apa yang lebih penting bagi beliau ialah keamanan dan keselamatan negara terjamin.
The book explores the world of Chinese manuscripts from ninth-tenth century Dunhuang, an oasis city along the Silk Roads. It centres around four groups of manuscripts and argues for the existence of ...a unique local culture combining Chinese and Central Asian elements. The book makes a contribution to the study of cultural and linguistic interaction along the Silk Roads at the end of the first millennium CE.
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