Results of measurements of radon around of the Black Sea are shown. Radon stations in zones of active faults were placed. Simultaneous hourly measurements of soil radon in 2005 were carried out in ...the Sivrice Fault Zone that is a segment of East Anatolian Fault System, in the town of Tbilisi (Georgia) and in the South Russia. In 2008 simultaneously hourly measurements of soil radon were carried out in the Western Caucasus (Russia) and in the Mytilene Island (Greece). In 2013 radon in underground waters simultaneously in midday was measuring in Crete (Greece), in the Pamukkale geothermal region (Southwest Turkey) and in the Western Caucasus. Measurements of radon concentration in the points located around of the Black Sea have shown identical regularities in changes of the data. Influence of meteorological, tidal and solar factors on changes of water radon concentrations and soil radon concentrations was observed in all researches points. But this influence was insignificant. Seismological application of observed results also was considered. Various mathematical methods of definition of anomaly in the radon data during earthquakes were considered. During researches in the Black Sea region basically earthquakes with M from 2.0 up to 5.0 and in a depth about 10 km were occurred. For these earthquakes method of daily subtraction of the data of the next and previous day was used. This method has allowed solving a problem with a choice of average value. Probability up to 0.69 (number of earthquakes with radon anomalies/total number of earthquakes) of detection of radon anomalies before earthquakes was achieved applying this method. Changes of radon maps before regional earthquakes were also observed. The frequency analysis of variations of the radon data on the basis of the Wavelet analysis was carried out. Occurrence of the short periods (about 2 days) was observed during regional earthquakes.
•Simultaneous measurement of radon around of the Black sea was made.•Changes caused by meteorological and cosmic factors were investigated.•Observably data for seismological application were used.
Fire arms were manufactured in Georgia from 17th — 18th cc. Because of this the fire arms were widely spread among the population. The Georgians actively used guns in the 17th and especially 18th cc. ...Furthermore, the production from Tbilisi spread to the neighbouring countries. Flintlock guns consisted of three major details: barrel, flintlock mechanism, and stock. The sources confirm that the flintlock mechanisms and stocks were produced locally. As to the gun barrels, the situation was quite different. Imported gun barrels from Crimea were generally used to produce fire arms in Tbilisi and the rest of Georgia. It was because of Crimean gun barrels that the most commonly used term for a gun in Georgia was “Kirimi”/”Khirimi”. The Ethnology and Modern History Guns Fund of the Georgian National Museum (Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia) also hosts hundreds of guns with imported Crimean gun barrels produced in the 18th c. Tbilisi. The import of gun barrels was well documented in the Georgian customs tax tariff, which enables the scholars to establish guns’ prices in those times.
After the signing of the contract of the century in 1994, the itineraries for new routes to transport the energy resources of Azerbaijan, a country without direct access to the ocean, has been the ...subject of fierce debate against the backdrop of the geopolitical interests of the world’s major powers. While the construction of the Baku-Batumi oil pipeline in the early 20th century was a challenge of a technological nature, this time the main “gamble” was geopolitical. The article therefore considers choosing of alternatives of true transport routes and an impact of the USA thereupon. The BTC project is the first comprehensive project aimed at changing the status quo in the region; the latter being the only alternative route to export oil out of the region, the Russian route to Novorossiysk. Since 1993, Russia, which is still the most notable power in Central Asia and Caucasus, did its utmost to keep the region under its uncontested influence by utilizing every possible political, economic and military instrument within the framework of its popular “Near Abroad” doctrine. For the first time, Russia’s monopoly over oil export routes from the Caspian region has been broken. This article also analyses the course of events that led to the realization of the BTC pipeline where an American policy played an important role.
Everywhere coin facilitated exchange of goods. It was employed also for different propaganda. Georgians did the same as seen in the monetary groups and types as follows: municipal copper coins of ...Trapezus with the effigy of Mithras, Georgian-Sassanian drachms, Georgian-Byzantine coins, coins of Giorgi III — king with falcon on hand. So, at least some of monetary types issued in Georgia served for propaganda.
This article utilizes a Global Production Network (GPN) approach to explore how the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline in the Caspian Sea is shaping regional social, economic, political, and ...environmental development. The BTC pipeline now delivers more than one million barrels of oil per day from the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli fields in the Caspian Sea off the coast of Baku, Azerbaijan, through Georgia, to the port of Ceyhan on the Mediterranean Sea. The article explores the kind of social and environmental space the BTC pipeline helps create, the kind of regulatory mechanisms it gives rise to, and the sorts of conflicts that occur within the territories that the pipeline traverses. The article shows that the GPN associated with the BTC results in a “mixed” sort of development that brings with it a suite of different costs and benefits, and also that it reconfigures the very territoriality of the Caspian Sea region and alters the concept of energy security.
► This article explores the kind of social and environmental space created by the BTC pipeline. ► It investigates the regulatory mechanisms that the BTC pipeline gives rise to. ► It analyzes conflicts that occur related to the BTC project.
: Adopting a historical materialist position, this article looks at new methods deployed to expand processes of accumulation and the impact that this has at different scales. Focusing upon the ...Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline (traversing Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey), the article pays particular attention to the technocratic tools of “social neoliberalism” and corporate social responsibility, which variously incorporate environmental and social impact assessments, community investment programmes and voluntary codes of conduct. While such approaches seek to relegitimise the efforts of capital and its assistants and mitigate their risks, the assessment below details how these approaches actually assist in facilitating an increase in risk for many people. The article begins by looking at the accumulation drive pushing BTC and then provides an account of how new approaches to pipeline governance have both emerged and been incorporated into the project. The article then details what it is that these approaches have actually facilitated at four scales—the local, the national, the regional and the supra‐regional.
Tbilisi is fast becoming a regional hub for electronic dance music. This study describes the use of illicit psychoactive drugs by frequent nightclub visitors in a club setting. We conducted 16 ...qualitative in-depth interviews with young nightclubbers with a history of drug use in Tbilisi. The majority of respondents had experience with two or more drugs consumed in a club setting, with the most prevalent substances being MDMA/ecstasy, amphetamines, and synthetic cannabinoids. Most respondents had limited information regarding the drugs they consumed. Often this information was provided by dealers or friends and was limited to the name of the drug (but not the substance) and its expected effects. Receiving often unknown substances from unknown people was prevalent. The majority of respondents reported combining psychoactive substances with alcohol, or mixing the use of other substances. Participants by their own account indicated a lack of knowledge about the adverse effects of drugs, as well as an ignorance of overdose signs and response strategies. Study findings may guide future efforts to investigate the prevalence and context of club drug use in the country, to assess health risks associated with it, and to propose strategies to mitigate those risks.
In recent decades the public transport network in Tbilisi, Georgia has decayed, while the number of private automobiles has increased dramatically. This study seeks to expand our understanding of the ...Tbilisi population’s urban transport attitudes and behavior. It elaborates on the perceived strengths, weaknesses, and potentials of the public transport system, and seeks to understand the reasons for the increased use of private automobiles. A questionnaire survey was conducted among Tbilisi car drivers (
n=159) and public transport users (
n=163). The results show that most of the survey respondents preferred to use a private car and avoid using public transport. Particularly important factors include time issues such as schedules and frequency, plus comfort and safety issues. Tbilisi residents value their time and want to use it efficiently. Changing residents’ travel behavior will require making the public transport options competitive with the perceived advantages of the car. The study offers recommendations for more effective urban transport policy, including incentives to encourage greater use of public transport in Tbilisi.
PDF
