This book goes beyond the methods usually covered in introductory textbooks on quantitative methods in tourism. It considers key issues in data selection, approaches to factor and cluster analysis ...and regression and covers advanced topics including structural equation modelling, maximum likelihood estimation, simulation and agent-based modelling.
Due to the ongoing increase in daily mobility, reductions in border controls, and new trends in tourism, it is important to find new ways to record comprehensively the growing number of tourists. ...This paper describes a method of extracting cross-border statistics on tourism from roaming call activities found within passive mobile positioning data. Eesti Pank (the central bank of Estonia) has been using these data and methodology since 2008 to calculate the national balance of payments and publish tourism statistics. Statistics obtained from mobile positioning data are herein compared with statistics on accommodation. Results indicate that positioning data enables the generation of detailed statistics on tourism, and for inbound visits, there is a strong correlation with official statistics on accommodation.
•Mobile positioning data allow the generation of statistics on tourism.•Inbound, outbound, same-day, multi-day visits can be identified from mobile data.•Monthly and yearly visitor statistics by country of origin can be calculated.•Mobile data correlate strongly with Estonian inbound statistics on accommodation.•Mobile positioning data are continuous, timeliness, and granular in time and space.
The article investigates the economic contribution of tourism to the GDP. We review background methodologies, systematically collect data for EU countries, and develop a sound and ready-to-use ...procedure for computing indirect and total economic impacts. The routine is then applied to selected destinations for which a minimum standard in the quality of data from Tourism Satellite Accounts and Input–Output tables is met. Methodologically, the article provides a tool for estimating the total contribution of tourism to output, gross value added, and employment. Empirically, the comparison of results across EU economies shows a high degree of heterogeneity in the tourism share to GDP, which is critically discussed. Our procedure delivers a key tool to researchers, industry leaders, and policy makers willing to investigate income and employment consequences of scenarios differing in the evolution of tourism demand, something of high relevance in the COVID-19 era.
With China's sustained economic development and constant increase in national income, Chinese nationals' tourism consumption rate increases. As a major Chinese economic development engine, the ...domestic tourism industry has entered a transition period operation pattern featured by diversified products. Among them, as a new hot spot of the tourism industry in China, ecological tourism has enjoyed rapid development, with great potential. Thus, the ecological value evaluation of forest ecological tourism demonstration areas is very important to the domestic tourism industry. In this paper, we propose some Dombi Heronian mean operators with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs). Then, two MADM (multiple attribute decision making) methods are proposed based on IVIFWDHM (interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted Dombi Heronian mean) and IVIFWDGHM (interval-valued intuitionistic weighted Dombi geometric Heronian mean) operators. Finally, we gave an experimental case for evaluating the ecological value of forest ecological tourism demonstration area to show the proposed decision methods.
The purpose of this paper is a discussion of some major concepts and operational definitions involved in tourism statistics within Regulation 692/2011, with a cross-country comparison and an in-depth ...look at the Italian case. Data and information are derived from main documents of major international and national institutions and Eurostat metadata. Both demand-side and supply-side data sources on tourism are discussed. The work highlights the main differences in the data production processes of different EU countries, although they follow the same regulation. The main critical points are: the definition of usual environment and survey design for the demand-side data, as well as the statistical unit for the supply-side data, which does not coincide with that used in structural business statistics. The analysis is limited to those EU countries with complete available Eurostat metadata. Moreover, only household surveys relating to trips and vacations are considered for demand-side data (border surveys are not treated). The main contribution is concerned with the description of the current situation in the production of tourism statistics, by looking and their comparability for cross-country analyses and at the possibility of their integration and reconciliation in the perspective of building a system of tourism statistics.
To systematically review the literature on women's experiences traveling for abortion and assess how this concept has been explored and operationalized, with a focus on travel distance, cost, delays, ...and other barriers to receiving services.
Increasing limitations on abortion providers and access to care have increased the necessity of travel for abortion services around the world. No systematic examination of women's experiences traveling for abortion has been conducted; this mixed-methods review provides a summary of the qualitative and quantitative literature on this topic.
A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Popline, and Google Scholar in July 2016 and updated in March 2017 (PROSPERO registration # CRD42016046007). We included original research studies that described women's experiences traveling for abortion. Two reviewers independently performed article screening, data extraction and determination of final inclusion for analysis. Critical appraisal was conducted using CASP, STROBE, and MMAT checklists.
We included 59 publications: 46 quantitative studies, 12 qualitative studies, and 1 mixed-methods study. Most studies were published in the last five years, relied on data from the US, and discussed travel as a secondary outcome of interest. In quantitative studies, travel was primarily conceptualized and measured as road or straight-line distance to abortion provider, though some studies also incorporated measures of burdens related to travel, such as financial cost, childcare needs, and unwanted disclosure of their abortion status to others. Qualitative studies explored regional disparities in access to abortion care, with a focus on the burdens related to travel, the impact of travel on abortion method choice, and women's reasons for travel. Studies generally were of high quality, though many studies lacked information on participant recruitment or consideration of potential biases.
Standardized measurements of travel, including burdens associated with travel and more nuanced considerations of travel costs, should be implemented in order to facilitate comparison across studies. More research is needed to explore and accurately capture different dimensions of the burden of travel for abortion services on women's lives.
BACKGROUND The quantity and the reasons for seeking cross border reproductive care are unknown. The present article provides a picture of this activity in six selected European countries receiving ...patients. METHODS Data were collected from 46 ART centres, participating voluntarily in six European countries receiving cross border patients. All treated patients treated in these centres during one calendar month filled out an individual questionnaire containing their major socio-demographic characteristics, the treatment sought and their reasons for seeking treatment outside their country of residence. RESULTS In total, 1230 forms were obtained from the six countries: 29.7% from Belgium, 20.5% from Czech Republic, 12.5% from Denmark, 5.3% from Slovenia, 15.7% from Spain and 16.3% from Switzerland. Patients originated from 49 different countries. Among the cross border patients participating, almost two-thirds came from four countries: Italy (31.8%), Germany (14.4%), The Netherlands (12.1%) and France (8.7%). The mean age of the participants was 37.3 years for all countries (range 21–51 years), 69.9% were married and 90% were heterosexual. Their reasons for crossing international borders for treatment varied by countries of origin: legal reasons were predominant for patients travelling from Italy (70.6%), Germany (80.2%), France (64.5%), Norway (71.6%) and Sweden (56.6%). Better access to treatment than in country of origin was more often noted for UK patients (34.0%) than for other nationalities. Quality was an important factor for patients from most countries. CONCLUSIONS The cross border phenomenon is now well entrenched. The data show that many patients travel to evade restrictive legislation in their own country, and that support from their home health providers is variable. There may be a need for professional societies to establish standards for cross border reproductive care.
Summary In this paper, we address the issues of shortage and maldistribution of health personnel in southeast Asia in the context of the international trade in health services. Although there is no ...shortage of health workers in the region overall, when analysed separately, five low-income countries have some deficit. All countries in southeast Asia face problems of maldistribution of health workers, and rural areas are often understaffed. Despite a high capacity for medical and nursing training in both public and private facilities, there is weak coordination between production of health workers and capacity for employment. Regional experiences and policy responses to address these challenges can be used to inform future policy in the region and elsewhere. A distinctive feature of southeast Asia is its engagement in international trade in health services. Singapore and Malaysia import health workers to meet domestic demand and to provide services to international patients. Thailand attracts many foreign patients for health services. This situation has resulted in the so-called brain drain of highly specialised staff from public medical schools to the private hospitals. The Philippines and Indonesia are the main exporters of doctors and nurses in the region. Agreements about mutual recognition of professional qualifications for three groups of health workers under the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Framework Agreement on Services could result in increased movement within the region in the future. To ensure that vital human resources for health are available to meet the needs of the populations that they serve, migration management and retention strategies need to be integrated into ongoing efforts to strengthen health systems in southeast Asia. There is also a need for improved dialogue between the health and trade sectors on how to balance economic opportunities associated with trade in health services with domestic health needs and equity issues.
Tourist overnight stays are difficult to estimate properly due to the substantial gaps in the official data and the multiple types of accommodation. This trend has been accentuated with the emergence ...of new forms of accommodation resulting from the development of information and communication technologies and collaborative economies. Several studies have highlighted the importance of quantifying these accommodations because of their social, economic and environmental consequences for tourism destinations. This article explores the use of mobile data analysis as a complementary approach to official statistics to quantify the tourist overnight stays in the Walloon region. The mobile data highlight several aspects of tourism that are ignored by official statistics and raise questions about the underestimation and the current definition of a tourist. However, important limitations to this approach have been identified and are discussed.
•Official statistics greatly underestimate tourist overnight stays.•The traditional definition of a tourist is no longer adapted to new forms of tourism.•Mobile data analysis provides a complementary approach for measuring tourism activity.•The paper proposes a methodology for locating visitors' overnight stays using mobile data analysis.•Knowledge of the local context is necessary for monitoring tourism activity with mobile positioning data.
Objectives
Little is known about the experiences of women who travel within Europe for abortion care from countries with relatively liberal laws. This paper aims to assess the primary reasons for ...travel among a sample of women who travelled from European countries with relatively liberal abortion laws to obtain abortion care mainly in the UK and the Netherlands.
Design
Multi‐country, 5‐year mixed methods study on barriers to legal abortion and travel for abortion.
Setting
UK, the Netherlands and Spain.
Population or Sample
We present quantitative data from 204 surveys, and qualitative data from 30 in‐depth interviews with pregnant people who travelled to the UK, the Netherlands and Spain from countries where abortion is legal on broad grounds within specific gestational age (GA) limits.
Methods
Mixed‐methods.
Main outcome measures
GA when presenting at abortion clinic, primary reason for abortion‐related travel.
Results
Study participants overwhelmingly reported travelling for abortion because they had exceeded GA limits in their country of residence. Participants also reported numerous delays and barriers to receiving care.
Conclusions
Our findings highlight the need for policies that support access to abortion throughout pregnancy and illustrate that early access to it is necessary but not sufficient to meet people’s reproductive health needs.
Funding
This study is funded by the European Research Council (ERC).
Tweetable
This study shows that GA limits drive women from EU countries where abortion is legal to seek abortions abroad.
Tweetable
This study shows that GA limits drive women from EU countries where abortion is legal to seek abortions abroad.
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