•Hybrid approach to model demand at bikeshare stations.•Hybrid approach combines cluster analysis and multilevel mixed-effects regression models.•Promising approach in terms of modeling monthly ...station usage.•Improves understanding of impact of nearby stations on station usage.•Uncovers household type (family, couple, single) as determinant of station usage.
This paper proposes a hybrid approach to model usage at public bikeshare system (PBS) stations. The proposed Cluster Stations and Regress (CSR) modeling approach involves first clustering PBS stations based on the types of trips they attract using k-means or fuzzy c-means clustering techniques. After obtaining station-cluster membership values for each station, we estimate multilevel mixed-effect regression models with interactions between the station-cluster membership variables and determinants of PBS station usage. Determinants considered in the empirical models include the socio-demographic and commute characteristics of the residents in each PBS station’s census tract, weather variables, temporal variables, and PBS station proximity to restaurants, jobs, transit stops, rail stations, the CBD, bicycle infrastructure, and other PBS stations. The model results clearly indicate that determinants of PBS station usage vary across station-clusters and including station-cluster interaction terms significantly improves model fit. Additionally, the results of cross-validation tests indicate that the CSR approach is a promising method to model monthly PBS station usage. The empirical results also clear up conflicting findings in the literature in terms of the impact of nearby PBS stations on station usage. We find that station usage increases with the number of other PBS stations within 1–5 km for member trips. However, after controlling for this effect, station usage decreases as the number of other PBS stations within 0.8 km increases.
•Propose a procedure for forecasting OD cargo demand matrix for a shipping network.•Develop a model for jointly designing domestic hubs and international gateways.•Compare efficiency of an HS network ...with fully and sequentially connected hub ports.
This paper investigates the design issues of a shipping network when cargo demand increases rapidly. A gravity-type model for origin-destination (OD) demand estimation is first presented and calibrated based on the current cargo volumes of the Indonesian maritime market. A model for maximizing total social welfare is then proposed to design the shipping network with cargo demand levels forecasted for future years. The results show that for the Indonesian maritime market, a hub-and-spoke network with fully connected hub ports is better than a network with sequentially connected hub ports in terms of total social welfare. The optimal choices for the international gateway and domestic hub ports vary as cargo demand increases over time. The results suggest that a progressive policy can be promising for infrastructure investments in developing countries: government planning and regulations may be introduced in early years to enhance infrastructure utilization and economic return. With increased demand the market may be liberalized to promote healthy competition.
•Unifies mobility services into one framework wherein the congestion effects arising from the interactions of multiple mobility services can be modeled and evaluated.•Introduces a super extended ...network representation to model complex interactions among travel entities and a balance between travel demands and supplies; establishes a mixed link-node and path-based framework to capture the distinct characteristics of RS and TNC services.•Helps transportation planners or policy-makers understand the impact of TNCs on traffic congestion so that appropriate actions can be taken to regulate TNC services.
Modeling congestion effects arising from multiple travel modes, shared mobility modes in particular, is non-trivial because of the complex interactions among diverse agents and distinct traffic flow compositions. This research aims to provide a theoretical framework of generic traffic network equilibria to unify these services and hopefully become a step stone to modeling shared mobility services in congested road network. In the proposed framework, we mainly focus on three modes: driving solo, ridesharing, and e-hailing service. The four types of traffic flows are: personal vehicle drivers, e-hailing drivers, ridesharing riders, and e-hailing passengers. The first two flows contribute to traffic congestion while the latter two do not. To capture their interactions, a super extended network is created with four copied networks each of whom represents one type of traffic flow. The equilibrium of new mobility systems can then be reformulated as a quasi-variational inequality and solution existence is discussed. The numerical results are tested in both Braess network and Sioux Falls network to illustrate the impact of different parameters on equilibrium outcomes, including modal cost, system travel time and deadhead miles. The results of this model will help assist transportation planners in making policy and regulation decisions regarding shared mobility services.
The Chinese airline industry has grown rapidly in the last 30years, with China’s air travel market becoming the second largest in the world since 2005. However, the fast development of China’s ...high-speed rail (HSR) is challenging the airline industry’s growth. Using quarterly route level panel data of air passenger demand from 2010 to 2013, this paper analyzes the effects of HSR on China’s Big Three airlines. We find that the entry of HSR has a strong negative impact on the air transport demand, and the air demand becomes much more elastic after the introduction of parallel HSR service. Moreover, we find that while the impact of HSR on airlines is severe in thin markets, it is insignificant in thick markets. We also find that the price difference between airfare and HSR fare plays an important role when passengers choose between HSR and air transport. In terms of service levels, HSR travel time has much stronger effect on the air transport demand than HSR service frequency.
The route choice of pedestrians during evacuation under conditions of both good and zero visibility is investigated using a group of experiments conducted in a classroom, and a microscopic pedestrian ...model with discrete space representation. Observation of the video recordings made during the experiments reveals several typical forms of behavior related to preference for destination, effect of capacity, interaction between pedestrians, following behavior and evacuation efficiency. Based on these forms of behavior, a microscopic pedestrian model with discrete space representation is developed. In the model, two algorithms are proposed to describe the movement of pedestrians to a destination under conditions of both good and zero visibility, respectively. Through numerical simulations, the ability of the model to reproduce the behavior observed in the experiments is verified. The study is helpful for devising evacuation schemes and in the design of internal layouts and exit arrangements in buildings that are similar to the classroom.
In the recent decade, electric vehicles (EVs), as a clean and cost-effective transport means, are paving the way to replace conventional gasoline vehicles. To facilitate wider adoption of EVs, ...corresponding charging infrastructures have to be established first. In this paper, we propose a four-step method to deploy normal and fast charging stations that can satisfy the charging demand of private EVs, 1-shift and 2-shift EV taxis in a mature city. The proposed four-step method provides an easy-to-implement procedure for charging demand estimation and distribution. First, we derive the charging frequency and type of charging facilities for each type of EVs based on their technical specifications and operational characteristics. Then, total demand for normal and fast charging facilities can be generated by using up-to-date transport statistics, and these demand is allocated to various charging sites (car parks or petrol stations) based on spatial distribution of EVs. Given the average daily engaged working hours of a charger, service capacity at each charging station is thus determined. A case study of Singapore is put forward in the end and a scenario analysis is conducted to demonstrate the impact of driving range.
•External costs (ExternE) for health and climate change were analyzed.•Electric vehicles (EV) cause less air pollution in countries with clean energy fuel mix.•Countries with carbon intensive energy ...fuel mix may not profit from EV introduction.•Time of charging EV has minor impact compared to not-driving classic car.
Introduction of electric vehicles (EV) can help to reduce CO2-emissions and the dependence on petroleum products. However, sometimes relatively larger air pollutant emissions from certain power plants can offset the benefits of replacing internal combustion engine (ICE) cars with EV. The goal of this study was to compare the societal impact (climate change & health effects) of EV introduction in the EU-27 under different scenarios for electricity production. The analysis shows that countries that rely on low air pollutant emitting fuel mixes may gain millions of Euro/annum in terms of avoided external costs. Benefits extend across the EU, especially for emissions in small countries. Transport pollution affects the local scale, while electricity pollution has a regional reach. Other European countries, that depend on more polluting fuel mixes, may not benefit at all from introducing EV. Data on the present fuel mix were available for Belgium, France, Portugal, Denmark and the UK on a detailed time scale (5–30′ basis) and show that the time dependent variation of external cost for charging EV is dwarfed compared to the overall gain for introducing EV. The largest benefit is found in not driving an ICE car and avoiding local combustion related emissions. Data on the present fuel mix were also available for Romania on a detailed time scale (10′) and show that the variation in external costs is relatively larger than for the other countries and at some moments it may be worth the effort, at least in theory, to reschedule EV loading schemes taking into account social impact analysis.
Transport data is crucial for transport planning and operations. Collecting high-quality data has long been challenging due to the difficulty of achieving adequate spatiotemporal coverage within a ...representative sample. The increasingly integrated use of Information and Communication technologies in transport systems offers an opportunity to collect data using non-traditional methods. Crowdsourcing applications are an example where a community of users shares information about their travel experience. However, crowdsourcing applications depend on a critical mass of users providing feedback. We conducted a large-scale field experiment to examine the effect of economic incentives (a lottery for free trips) and cooperation messages (asking users to help the community) to encourage users to share reports about bus stop conditions using a crowdsourcing app. We found that offering an economic incentive increased the participation rate almost three times compared to a control group, which did not receive any message. This positive effect lasted for several weeks but decreased over time, especially for users who had not made reports prior to the experiment. This incentive also increased the number of reports shared by users. Using a cooperation message, with or without the economic incentive, also increased the participation rate compared to the control group, but adding a cooperation message decreased the effect of a standalone economic incentive.
With the popularization of Internet technologies and shared mobility services, online ridesharing has developed rapidly in numerous cities worldwide. However, perhaps owing to the lack of empirical ...data, there is a lack of comprehensive and comparative studies on the two major online ridesharing modes, namely, ridesplitting and carpooling, vis-à-vis operational performance discrepancies. Thus, we conduct an empirical study using the massive amount of actual operating data provided by DiDi Chuxing. Based on an analysis of the operating characteristics of ridesplitting and carpooling, this study proposes an approach to estimate ridesharing fuel-saving and distance-saving performance by combining the vehicle operating information and fuel economy indicators of various transportation modes. Furthermore, the operational performance discrepancies between the two major ridesharing modes are compared through an analysis of the user characteristics and interactive effects between ridesharing and subway systems. The results show that the average fuel-saving and distance-saving ratios of ridesplitting are lower than those of carpooling. From the perspective of the transportation system’s fuel economy, ridesharing is not considered to be fuel-saving, and its scale should be reasonably regulated. According to driver classification, carpooling is more suitable for commuting and intercity transportation. In addition, ridesplitting and carpooling can be employed as feeders into subway networks in suburban areas. These findings are believed likely to be beneficial for facilitating the sustainable and standardized development of these two ridesharing modes.
This book examines how the 19th century's transport legacy of bicycles, trains, ocean-going steamers, trucks, trams, buses and cars arose, creating numerous new technologies and markets. Nothing like ...this range of transport changes had occurred before, and the 20th century changes were incremental compared with those of the 19th century. The book explores where the key transport features came from, and why there were so many inventions, innovations, and inconsistencies. The Industrial Revolution was a key part of the process as it had strong links with transport developments. This text adopts a broad, global perspective, but has a strong British orientation, as the Industrial Revolution was a process predominantly initiated and implemented in Britain. Nevertheless, when the Revolution lost momentum, Britain began to lose its leadership. By century's end, France and south-western Germany were dominant change-makers and the USA was appearing on the horizon. The book also highlights the many individual inventors and entrepreneurs who caused the dramatic transport changes, and notes that they did this predominantly through individual initiatives to satisfy personal, rather than corporate or national, goals and that they were often hindered, rather than aided, by officialdom.
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