Three very small Alpine glaciers in the Julian Alps are presented: the Eastern and the Western Canin glaciers in Italy and the Triglav glacier in Slovenia. The history of measurements using a ...measuring tape and via geodetic means on Canin glaciers is presented in brief; the majority of the paper deals with the acquisition of glacier boundaries from archive non-metrical images. The acquisition is based on interactive orientation method (mono-plotting) using lidar DTM. Seven archive non-metrical images of Mount Canin from 1893 to the mid-1970s and two aero-photogrametric images from periodic aerial photogrammetric surveys of Slovenia from 2000 and 2011 were used to determine the glaciers’ areas. In addition, a map of Canin glaciers from 1908 was geo-referenced. Five archive non-metrical images of Triglav glacier from 1897 to 1962 were used to determine the glacier area. Problems with obstructed areas are presented, and possible solutions are also given for deriving areas behind the obstructions. The usefulness of archival imagery for long-time monitoring of glaciers is presented, and the importance of old mountaineering publications as a source of such images is emphasized.
We measured accumulation rates of organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) and stable carbon (δ13Corg) and nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) in the sediments of two mountain lakes (Lake Ledvica and Lake ...Planina, northwest Slovenia). Marked variations of these parameters were observed in both sediments. OC accumulation rates ranged from 4 to$23 g m^{-2} yr^{-1}$in Lake Ledvica, whereas in Lake Planina they were one order of magnitude higher and increased substantially in the upper sediments. δ13Corgand δ15N decreased upward in Lake Ledvica, from$-25.5\textperthousand$to$-28.4\textperthousand$, and from$+2.1\textperthousand$to$-3.4\textperthousand$, respectively. In contrast, substantial variations in the δ13Corgprofile, ranging from$-30.9\textperthousand$to$-37.4\textperthousand$, but a quite uniform δ15N profile of approximately$+1.8\textperthousand$, was observed in Lake Planina. Elemental and isotopic changes of bulk sedimentary organic matter in the lakes were related to changes in the past trophic state of the lakes and their watersheds, inferred by natural development of the lake ecosystems, anthropogenic activities, as well as earthquakes and forest fires. Observed changes and differences in the δ13Corgand δ15N records could be attributed to global changes in isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2and nitrate in atmospheric deposition, as well as to differences in organic matter, dissolved inorganic carbon, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen sources at various altitudes. Although Lakes Ledvica and Planina are remote mountain lakes, the sediment records showed severe eutrophication in Lake Planina, whereas in Lake Ledvica eutrophication is still moderate, thus reflecting a high sensitivity of these ecosystems to any external inputs.
Wet-only precipitation was collected in Rateče, a remote village in the outskirts of the Julian Alps (Nort-West Slovenia) during 2003-2011, in order to characterise atmospheric deposition chemistry. ...The samples were collected on a daily basis and combined into weekly samples that were analysed for pH, conductivity and major anions and cations. Ammonium, nitrate and sulphate were the most abundant ions, exhibiting volume-weighted mean values (2003-2011) of 22, 17 and 17 µeq L–1, respectively. Furthermore, the trends of the major parameters in the precipitation were assessed using a simple linear regression. A significant downward trend of both nitrate and sulphate was observed, explained by evident reductions in NOx and SOx emissions in the region. The decline of nitrate and sulphate was also reflected in a significant and downward trend of conductivity. While the trend of ammonium could also be downward, the trends of other major ions were not significant. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition, representing inorganic forms of nitrogen (i.e., ammonium and nitrate), was calculated to examine potential threats that the deposition of nitrogen may cause on lake ecosystems. Nitrogen deposition in Rateče ranged from 5.5 to 9.5 kg N ha–1 yr–1. Although this was below the critical threshold that might cause an impact on surface waters, nitrogen deposition in the nearby Julian Alps, where sensitive mountain lakes are situated, might be higher and its impact on the ecosystem greater. In fact, several studies performed on water chemistry, sedimentary organic matter and stable isotopes in Slovenian mountain lakes have shown progressive changes in their water columns and sediments that can be attributed to nitrogen deposition.
This volume analyzes the relief of the Triglav Lakes Valley and evaluates the landforms in terms of nature protection. The central part of the study consists of two parts: a relief analysis and ...landform evaluation. Due to the fragmentation of relief forms, their different sizes and greater nature protection importance of areas with high density and diversity of forms, the relief is assessed according to 17 unified geomorphological units. The assessment employed the Swiss method, which comprises central (scientific) assessment criteria (rareness, representativeness, integrity and paleogeographical value) and is supplemented by additional criteria (ecological, aesthetic, cultural and economic value). The result of the relief analysis and the evaluation of geomorphological units is the cartographic, tabular, pictorial, and descriptive presentation of geomorphosites in the Triglav Lakes Valley. In addition, proposals are presented for conferring the status of natural value and protection.
This article explores the nature of West Slavic deity Triglav, postulating he was primary a god of the underworld. Parallels that connect Triglav with chthonic beings from Slavic folklore are ...highlighted, notably dragons and serpents, and with three-headed characters of more ancient Indo-European myths.
A panoramic, non‐metric, Horizont camera has been used for regular, monthly, close‐range photography of the rapidly retreating Triglav glacier in Slovenia since 1976. The unfavourable geometry of the ...convergent images taken from the two camera stations has made any direct stereoscopic observation and recording impossible. The aim of this research was to define the most useful method for acquiring 3D data from these panoramic, convergent images. The Horizont camera was calibrated and three methods were then tested: the generation of pseudo‐orthophotographs, the application of 2D clinometry and the interactive orientation of a detailed digital elevation model (DEM) on the images. The third turned out to be the only method suitable for determining the boundary of the Triglav glacier.
The interactive orientation of a detailed DEM on the Horizont images is described in detail. The 3D glacier boundary can be acquired from individual Horizont images (camera stations A and B) enabling the computation of the glacier’s area and theoretical volume. By repeating the glacier boundary acquisition for different orientation parameters, the standard deviations of the glacier area and theoretical volume were computed. Because of the more precise average area and volume measurements achieved with the camera station B images, only these were chosen for the glacier disappearance study. Every third year between 1976 and 2005 the Horizont images were used to compute the changes in the area and volume of the glacier. The glacier area was found to have reduced to 8% of its earlier size, from 15 ha in 1976 to 1·2 ha in 2000. However, owing to harsher than average winters since then the decline in the glacier area was found to have slowed in the past decade (2000 to 2009). The glacier’s theoretical volume decreased roughly exponentially from 1976 to 2005.
Résumé
Une caméra Horizont panoramique et non métrique est utilisée depuis 1976 pour la photographie rapprochée périodique, à une cadence mensuelle, du glacier Triglav (Slovénie) caractérisé par son recul rapide. Des images convergentes sont acquises depuis deux stations dans la direction du glacier, géométrie défavorable qui rend impossible l’observation stéréoscopique. Le but de cette recherche était de définir la méthode la plus efficace pour obtenir des données 3D à partir de ces images panoramiques convergentes. La caméra Horizont a étéétalonnée et trois méthodes ont été testées: la production de pseudo‐orthophotos, la mise en œuvre d’une clinométrie 2D, et l’orientation interactive d’un MNT détaillé sur les images. Cette troisième méthode s’est avérée être la seule viable pour déterminer la limite du glacier Triglav.
L’orientation interactive d’un MNT détaillé sur les images Horizont est décrite en détail. Les limites 3D du glacier peuvent être obtenues à partir d’images Horizont individuelles (stations A et B), ce qui permet le calcul de l’aire du glacier et de son volume théorique. En renouvelant la détermination des limites du glacier pour différents paramètres d’orientation, les écarts‐types de l’aire et du volume théorique du glacier ont été calculés. Les images de la station B ayant conduit à des mesures d’aire et de volume plus précises, seules ces images ont été utilisées pour étudier la disparition du glacier. Tous les trois ans de 1976 à 2005, les images Horizont ont été utilisées pour calculer les changements de surface et de volume du glacier. Il a ainsi pu être observé que l’aire du glacier avait diminué jusqu’à 8% de sa taille d’origine, de 15 ha en 1976 à 1·2 ha en 2000. Toutefois, les hivers ayant ensuite été plus rigoureux que la moyenne, le recul du glacier a ralenti dans la dernière (2000–2009). Quant au volume théorique du glacier, il a diminué d’une manière à peu près exponentielle de 1976 à 2005.
Zusammenfassung
Eine nicht‐metrische Horizont Panoramakamera wurde für die regelmäßige, monatliche photographische Aufnahme des stark schmelzenden Triglav Gletschers in Slowenien seit dem Jahr 1976 eingesetzt. Die konvergenten Aufnahmen werden von zwei Kamerastationen in Richtung des Gletschers aufgenommen, was eine stereoskopische Beobachtung und Auswertung unmöglich macht. Es sollte die geeignetste Methode ermittelt werden, die es dennoch erlaubt, 3D Daten aus diesen konvergenten Panoramaaufnahmen abzuleiten. Dazu wurde die Horizont Panoramakamera kalibriert und mit drei Methoden getestet: Diese sind: Generierung von Pseudo‐Orthophotos, die Anwendung von 2D Neigungsmessungen und die interaktive Orientierung eines detailreichen Digitalen Höhenmodells auf die Bilder. Diese dritte Methode hat sich als die geeignetste erwiesen, um den Umriss des Triglav Gletschers zu bestimmen und wird im Detail beschrieben. Der dreidimensionale Umriss des Gletschers kann aus einzelnen Horizont Bildern (Kamerastandpunkte A und B) bestimmt werden, wodurch die Fläche und das theoretische Volumen des Gletschers berechnet werden können. Durch Wiederholung der Bestimmung des Gletscherumrisses für verschiedene Orientierungsparameter, wurden die Standardabweichungen für die Fläche und das theoretische Volumen ermittelt. Durch die präziseren Messungen für Fläche und Volumen mit den Bildern von Kamerastandpunkt B wurden nur diese für die Studien zum Schmelzen des Gletschers verwendet. Jedes dritte Jahr zw. 1976 und 2005 wurden die Horizont Bilder verwendet, um die Änderungen der Fläche und des Volumens des Gletschers zu bestimmen. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Fläche des Gletschers auf 8% der ursprünglichen Fläche reduziert war, d.h. von 15 ha im Jahr 1976 auf 1·2 ha im Jahr 2000. Durch strengere Winter wurde jedoch in der letzten Dekade von (2000–2009) das Abschmelzen des Gletschers verlangsamt. Das theoretische Volumen des Gletschers nahm von 1976 bis 2005 näherungsweise exponentiell ab.
Resumen
Se ha utilizado una cámara panorámica no métrica Horizont para tomar mensualmente desde 1976 fotografías de objeto cercano del glaciar Triglav, en Eslovenia, que está retrocediendo rápidamente. La desfavorable geometría de las imágenes convergentes obtenidas desde las dos estaciones de cámara dificulta cualquier medida y análisis estereoscópico. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar el método más adecuado para obtener datos tridimensionales a partir de estas imágenes panorámicas convergentes. Se calibró la cámara Horizont y se probaron tres métodos: obtención de pseudoortofotografías, aplicación de clinometría bidimensional y la orientación interactiva de un MDE sobre las imágenes. El tercer método demostró ser el único viable para identificar el borde del glaciar Triglav.
La orientación interactiva del MDE sobre las imágenes Horizont se describe con detalle en el artículo. El borde tridimensional del glaciar se puede obtener a partir de imágenes Horizont (estaciones de cámara A y B), lo que permite calcular la superficie y volumen teórico del glaciar. Repitiendo el cálculo del borde del glaciar utilizando diferentes parámetros de orientación, se calcularon las desviaciones típicas del área y el volumen teórico del glaciar. Dado que se han obtenido resultados más precisos de área y volumen con las imágenes obtenidas por la cámara en la estación B, solamente se han utilizado éstas para estudiar la regresión del glaciar. Cada tercer año entre 1976 y 2005 se utilizaron las imágenes Horizont para calcular los cambios de extensión y volumen del glaciar. Se determinó que el área se ha reducido a un 8% de la extensión anterior, pasando de 15 ha en 1976 a 1,2 ha en 2000. Sin embargo, debido a la severidad de los inviernos desde esa fecha el proceso de disminución del área del glaciar se ha reducido en la década pasada (2000–2009). El volumen teórico del glaciar ha disminuido aproximadamente de forma exponencial desde 1976 a 2005.
The paper focuses on the interdependence between the development of demographically endangered settlements and the frequency of mountain accidents in the Triglav National Park in the Slovenian Alps. ...Using statistical data analyses of the Mountain Rescue Association of Slovenia, field surveys and spatial information of the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia, conclusions were reached, which redefined the existing settlement pattern of alpine shelters and mountain pastures, to encourage safe mountaineering and the development of tourism. The upgraded network of Alpine posts is designed as an upgrade of the existing system of providing safety for the visitors to the high mountain regions of the Triglav National Park. At the same time, it offers a new format of tourist services as an opportunity to develop local economies in demographically endangered environments. The dual function (rescue services and tourism) reduces investment and maintenance costs and increases the efficiency in the exploitation of the network of paths and Alpine posts, hence it is feasible also in demographically endangered areas. It is one of the operational tools for stopping further decline in population.
V prispevku je predstavljena soodvisnost med razvojem demografsko ogroženih naselij in pogostnostjo nesreč v gorah v Triglavskem narodnem parku v slovenskih Alpah. S pomočjo analiz statističnih podatkov Gorske reševalne zveze Slovenije, ogledov terena in prostorskih podatkov Geodetske uprave Republike Slovenije so bile izpeljane sintezne ugotovitve, ki ponovno definirajo obstoječi poselitveni vzorec gorskih zavetišč in pastirskih planin z namenom spodbujanja razvoja varnega visokogorskega pohodništva in tudi turizma. Dopolnjena mreža planinskih postojank je zasnovana kot nadgradnja obstoječega sistema zagotavljanja varnosti obiskovalcem visokogorja v TNP. Je hkrati nova oblika turističnih storitev kot priložnost za razvoj lokalnih ekonomij v demografsko ogroženih okoljih. Dvojnost funkcije (reševalna služba in turistična ponudba) znižuje investicijske in vzdrževalne stroške ter povečuje učinkovitost izrabe omrežja poti in postojank, zato je izvedljiva tudi v demografsko ogroženih območjih. Je eno izmed operativnih orodij za ustavitev nadaljnjega upadanja prebivalstva.
We present a study on the impact of litho-structural setting and neotectonic activity on meso- and macro-scale relief production in Alpine areas. The topography of the high alpine Triglav Lakes ...Valley, NW Slovenia, was studied by means of detailed mapping and stratigraphic study of the valley. The Triglav Lakes Valley is characterised by a generally asymmetric transverse (E–W) profile: a very steep eastern slope, a relatively flat valley and a relatively gentle western slope. On the transverse profile the valley floor is essentially flat, gently dipping towards the east. In the longitudinal cross-section, however, the valley floor is marked by sharply-defined fault blocks extending in a W–E to NW–SE direction. Additionally, the highest block (elevations ∼
2100 m) is in the northern part of the valley, the lowest (elevations ∼
1600 m) in the southern part of the valley. Our research shows that the Triglav Lakes Valley directly represents the topographic expression of Paleogene–Neogene thrusting and faulting, having recorded the following geomorphologic evolutionary stages: 1. an Oligocene to early Miocene W-vergent thrusting phase, with steep W-facing slopes of the eastern part of the valley directly representing the thrusting front; and 2. a Neogene-to-present strike–slip faulting in NNE–SSW direction with two bifurcating right-lateral strike–slip systems. We show that the Triglav Lakes Valley almost perfectly mimics the wedge-shaped damage zone located between these faults.
V prispevku je predstavljena soodvisnost med razvojem demografsko ogroženih naselij in pogostnostjo nesreč v gorah v Triglavskem narodnem parku v slovenskih Alpah. S pomočjo analiz statističnih ...podatkov Gorske reševalne zveze Slovenije, ogledov terena in prostorskih podatkov Geodetske uprave Republike Slovenije so bile izpeljane sintezne ugotovitve, ki ponovno definirajo obstoječi poselitveni vzorec gorskih zavetišč in pastirskih planin z namenom spodbujanja razvoja varnega visokogorskega pohodništva in tudi turizma. Dopolnjena mreža planinskih postojank je zasnovana kot nadgradnja obstoječega sistema zagotavljanja varnosti obiskovalcem visokogorja v TNP. Je hkrati nova oblika turističnih storitev kot priložnost za razvoj lokalnih ekonomij v demografsko ogroženih okoljih. Dvojnost funkcije (reševalna služba in turistična ponudba) znižuje investicijske in vzdrževalne stroške ter povečuje učinkovitost izrabe omrežja poti in postojank, zato je izvedljiva tudi v demografsko ogroženih območjih. Je eno izmed operativnih orodij za ustavitev nadaljnjega upadanja prebivalstva.
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