The cities of Bosnia and Herzegovina that were in the period 1992-1995. were under siege or surrounded by Serbian forces, were exposed to continuous mortar and artillery attacks from positions ...controlled by the VRS. Locations that were regarded as mass gathering places for people, such as markets, squares, schools, kindergartens, children's parks, hospitals, city transport vehicles were very often the targets of sudden shelling, which resulted in mass killings of civilians. Exactly the same methods were applied by the Serbian forces in all the cities that were declared safe zones by the United Nations. In this paper, applying a historical approach, the massacre at the Tuzla Gate was analyzed on May 25, 1995, which was one of the saddest days in the history of the city of Tuzla, when 71 civilians were killed and 173 civilians were wounded by shrapnel from a grenade fired from the direction of Ozren. , which represents the largest number of victims and the most massive crime from a single shell during the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to the indispensable interpretation of the political and military context at the time of the crime at the Tuzla Gate, and the then-current NATO attacks on the positions of the VRS, the work also deals with the analysis of the minutes of the investigation of the Prosecutor's Office and the Security Service Center of the MUP of RBiH, the investigative actions of the United Nations carried out on the ground the places immediately after the crime, the daily reports of UNPROFOR, as well as the reactions that followed this crime. Immediately after the massacre, representatives of investigative bodies, the Municipality of Tuzla, archival institutions, journalists, intellectuals and citizens of Tuzla made a significant contribution in documenting the facts of the crime committed. On the first anniversary of the massacre, 5/25/1996. In the book The Dawn Murder, photographs and short biographical data with a lot of emotional content about each victim, their occupation, an exact description of the circumstances of the crime, as well as the exact place where they were at the time of the crime were published. The smiles in the photos full of liveliness are forever stopped in their interrupted youth, but through the mentioned book, as well as through the permanent exhibition of the Kapija Memorial Center, they continue to live permanently in the memories of their fellow citizens of Tuzla, Bosnians and Herzegovina, with a message to future generations: You don't just live here to live, one does not live here only to die, one dies here to live. Respecting everything that the people of Tuzla have done in terms of memorialization of crimes, collective memory and memory, the mentioned activities can certainly serve as an example to other cities, where civilians were killed in the same or similar way. The Archives of the Tuzla Canton have important materials about the massacre, such as the “Tuzlanska Kapija” Collection of documents, and I am extremely grateful to the management and collaborators of the Archives for allowing me access to the said documentation. The judgment in the Đukić case (2009, 2010 and 2014) also offered very significant answers to crucial questions regarding the direction of the shelling, as well as the responsibility of Novak Đukić and TG Ozren for the aforementioned criminal offense, in which the aforementioned issues are discussed in an argumentative manner, with plenty of evidence. . Without major ambitions to enter into a discussion about the complexity of the mentioned case in relation to the question of how Đukić, even without having served his prison sentence, found himself free, we note that there was a lot of discussion about the incorrect application of the law (CZ BiH 2003-CZ SFRY 1976) regarding the height punishments, while the facts established in the Judgment were not called into question. The documentation that was used in the Đukić case was also available to me for research. It was extremely important to analyze the aforementioned material from the point of view of historians, and I am also very grateful to the associates of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina for providing it. A special research focus in this paper relates to the contextualization of the mentioned crime, the clarification of what preceded the massacre itself, as well as the reactions that followed. The paper is structured into five chapters, which deal with the circumstances that preceded the massacre at the Tuzla Gate, the killing of youth on Youth Day, investigations after the massacre, reactions and military intervention, while the final chapter discusses the revision of historical facts and the denial of the court verdict in the case. Novak Djukic.
The paper describes two shellings of Sarajevo’s Markale market in 1994 and 1995. In both cases a large number of civilians were killed, and the forces of the Army of Republika Srpska were accused. ...The second incident was followed by NATO airstrikes on Serbian positions around Sarajevo. Based on the available material, the article critically reviews all the testimonies about these events and searches for an answer to the question of what exactly happened. However, neither the available documentation nor the “good intentions of a researcher” could allow an unequivocal conclusion about who was responsible for both shellings.
This article interrogates how the shift to a more robust mandate in Bosnia was made intelligible to the Swedish TV audience. The turn to peace-enforcement and NATO command in December 1995 ...represented a clear break with Swedish tradition and identity, and essentially signified a turning point in Sweden’s policy on the use of force. The analysis reveals how four characterizations of the Swedish UN soldiers served to make sense of recent events and ultimately paved way for future policy changes; throughout the six-month period under scrutiny, the depictions, very broadly, moved from weak soldiers and failed warriors, to honourable peacekeepers and unique combat soldiers. The Swedish peacekeeper figure is thus reconstructed, essentially accommodating an increased involvement in activities of peace-enforcement and war-like operations.
Jednym z największych wyzwań dla społeczności międzynarodowej na początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. była kwestia rozpadu Socjalistycznej Federacyjnej Republiki Jugosławii. W czerwcu 1991 r. ...Słowenia i Chorwacja ogłosiły niepodległość, a federacja jugosłowiańska faktycznie upadła. W Chorwacji wybuchła krwawa wojna, a w lutym 1992 r. Rada Bezpieczeństwa ONZ przyjęła rezolucję o wysłaniu Sił Ochronnych Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych (UNPROFOR) do tego kraju.Wkrótce jednak pojawił się nowy problem dla Europy i Ameryki – napięcia w Bośni i Hercegowinie. Bośnia była najbardziej zróżnicowaną etnicznie republiką w Jugosławii. W marcu 1992 r. kwatera główna UNPROFOR powstała w stolicy Bośni – Sarajewie, które zostało wybrane jako neutralna lokalizacja. Jednak w kwietniu 1992 r. napięcie w tym państwie przerodziło się w konflikt zbrojny. Zadaniem „błękitnych hełmów” była np. ochrona portu lotniczego w Sarajewie, konwojów z pomocą humanitarną oraz sześciu „stref bezpieczeństwa”, w tym Srebrenicy i Sarajewa. Podczas wojny w Bośni UNPROFOR poniósł wiele porażek, takich jak upadek Srebrenicy i użycie żołnierzy jako zakładników do ochrony Serbów przed atakami NATO z powietrza. Ostatecznie, dzięki aktywnej roli amerykańskiej dyplomacji oraz sukcesom koalicji chorwacko-muzułmańskiej, okazało się możliwe zmuszenie wszystkie stron konfliktu do wynegocjowania zakończenia wojny w listopadzie 1995 r.
This paper analyzes the journalistic production of the Spanish newspaper ABC, regarding one of the most
important missions carried out by the Spanish Armed Forces in its recent history: its ...deployment as a member of
UNPROFOR.
The investigation focuses on the review of the informative treatment carried out by ABC, as a tool to understand the basis
of the public image of the Spanish Armed Forces in the current international context. ABC's work experienced a
progression directly related to the evolution of the military operations on Bosnian and Croatian soil.
The aforementioned newspaper developed a remarkable coverage of the events whose examination allows to evaluate
the media reflection of a compendium of events which are key to understand the role of the Spanish Armed Forces in its
National Defence and the international projection of said institution in today's world
El presente documento contiene el estudio de la producción periodística del diario ABC, respecto a una
de las misiones más relevantes llevadas a cabo por las Fuerzas Armadas de España en su historia reciente: el despliegue
como miembro de UNPROFOR.
Este trabajo se centra en el análisis del tratamiento informativo llevado a cabo por ABC, como herramienta para
comprender la base de la imagen pública de las Fuerzas Armadas en el contexto actual. En este marco, la obra de ABC
experimentó una progresión directamente relacionada con la evolución de las operaciones militares en suelo bosnio y
croata. El citado periódico desarrolló una reseñable cobertura de los acontecimientos cuyo examen permite evaluar el reflejo
mediático de un compendio de acontecimientos clave para entender el rol de las Fuerzas Armadas en la defensa nacional
y la proyección internacional de dicha institución en el mundo actual
Artiklen beskriver og analyserer en dansk FN-styrkes erfaringer med fredsbevarende operationer i forbindelse med Kroatiens løsrivelse fra det tidligere Jugoslavien. Den følger de næste års konflikt ...med de etniske serbere, som i perioden 1992-1995 forsøgte at opbygge og fastholde deres egen stat i Kroatien. Artiklen viser hvordan bataljonen dagligt kom i klemme mellem på den ene side FN’s Sikkerhedsråds mange resolutioner og på den anden side en lokal virkelighed, der gjorde den fredsbevarende indsats særdeles vanskelig. Artiklen konkluderer, at serbernes forsøg på at opretholde deres ikke anerkendte stat Republika Sprska Krajina var af afgørende betydning for bataljonens opfattelse og udførelse af sin opgave.
The history of war and peacekeeping has little to say about languages or the people who work with them, yet a closer inspection shows that contacts between different languages and the presence of an ...interpreter were a routine experience during the peacekeeping and peace-building operations conducted by the UN and NATO in Bosnia-Herzegovina. This paper shows how political, strategic, tactical, and economic pressures affected the working lives of local civilians employed as interpreters/translators/linguists and the soldiers from the multinational force who served as military interpreters. In so doing, it argues that the history of interlingual communication deserves to be included in the history of conflict.
In self-image, Canada is a peaceful country that rejects realpolitic projections and kept exclusively humanitarian principles. Such self- imagination of Canada partly rests on the peacekeeping myth ...by which Canadians are honest and well-meaning peacemakers in a world in which are these characteristics are rare. Significantly and actively participation of Canadian troops in the UN peacekeeping mission in Croatia 1992-1995 has largely been characterized by self- imagination, including the controversies that have arisen in the decade after the end of the mission. Based on a critical approach to the Canadian national self- imagination and peacekeeping myth this paper discusses Canadian participation in UNPROFOR.
Autor je češki predavač na katedri vojne akademije sveučilišta u Brnu i ovim je prilogom želio ukazati tamošnjem stanovništvu na prilike koje su vladale u jednom dijelu Hrvatske u razdoblju od 1991. ...do 1995. godine. On smatra da tamošnja javnost još do danas nije dovoljno informirana o svim ratnim zbivanja koje su proživljavali pripadnici češke nacionalne manjine koja živi na području današnje Bjelovarske i jednim dijelom Požeške županije. U takvim okvirima velik dio Čeha našao se privremeno u sastavu „ SAO zapadna Slavonija“, iako ta područja većim dijelom nisu bila okupirana. Autor ovog teksta dobro poznaje prilike na ovim prostorima jer je nedavno objavio i knjigu o sudjelovanju Čeha i Slovaka u Drugom svjetskom ratu pri čemu je obradio borbeni put I. Čehoslovačke brigade „ Jan Žižka z Trocnova“. Za njega je pisanje o Domovinskom ratu bilo zahtjevnije, iako mu je ta problematika bliža jer je bio jedno vrijeme i u sastavu češkog bataljuna UNPROFOR-a smještenog u Hrvatskoj. Činjenica da dio češke manjine danas živi i u Srbiji(Vojvodina), okolnosti o položaju jednih od drugih iz tog vremena se razlikuju. Autor je htio izbjeći sve dileme pa se zadržao na opisu o ratnim prilikama na daruvarskom području. Daruvarska područja bila su uvijek stavljana kao primjer dobrog suživota ljudi raznih nacionalnosti jedne sredine. Taj suživot je od Čeha bio prihvaćen i stoga su jednako bili iznenađeni kada su bili napadnuti od dojučerašnjih prijatelja i poznanika. Nisu željeli rat, on mi je bio nametnut, nisu mogli napustiti svoja seoska domaćinstva, jer nisu imali kamo otići. Izlaz je bio da mlađi stupe u hrvatsku vojsku, dok su stariji, uglavnom goloruki, čuvali ono što su njihovi preci generacijama priskrbili. Autor nije zaboravio spomenuti da je od rujna 1991. Češka prihvatila iz Hrvatske više od tisuću djece od predškolske do srednjoškolske dobi te majke s malom djecom. Za njih je tamo bila tijekom prvog polugodišta organizirana nastava, a među učenicima nisu bili samo pripadnici češke, nego i hrvatske, srpske i drugih nacionalnosti. Rat je odnio i oko 50 života pripadnika češke nacionalnosti što je u ukupnom njihovom udjelu stanovnika veliki postotak. Nisu to bili heroji, nego obični ljudi i žrtve rata.
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