The article considers stages of becoming of Soviet nephrology as independent scientific educational clinical discipline. The role of M. I. Vikhert in becoming of nephrology as independent clinical ...direction within the framework of the clinic of internal diseases is demonstrated. Also the role of E. M. Tareev as the founder of nephrology in the USSR as institutionalized clinical discipline is revealed.
The first English-language book to document the men who emerged from the gulags to become Russia's much-feared crime class: the vory v zakone Mark Galeotti is the go-to expert on organized crime in ...Russia, consulted by governments and police around the world. Now, Western readers can explore the fascinating history of the vory v zakone, a group that has survived and thrived amid the changes brought on by Stalinism, the Cold War, the Afghan War, and the end of the Soviet experiment. The vory-as the Russian mafia is also known-was born early in the twentieth century, largely in the Gulags and criminal camps, where they developed their unique culture. Identified by their signature tattoos, members abided by the thieves' code, a strict system that forbade all paid employment and cooperation with law enforcement and the state. Based on two decades of on-the-ground research, Galeotti's captivating study details the vory's journey to power from their early days to their adaptation to modern-day Russia's free-wheeling oligarchy and global opportunities beyond.
Image of the USSR: The Results of Contemporary Education Shults, Eduard E.
Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta družby narodov. Seriâ: Gosudarstvennoe i municipalʹnoe upravlenie (Online),
09/2023, Letnik:
10, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Changes in the ideas of Russian society about the USSR are of significant interest. These changes are due to transformations of the external and internal environment, changes in the educational and ...media environment. The problem of the formation of modern images of the USSR in Russian society acquires high relevance in the context of the so-called “wars of memory”. Shifts in favor of a positive assessment of the Soviet period and a negative about the collapse of the country are obvious in Russian society. Moreover, this approach is also characteristic of the youngest age groups, despite differences in ideas with older generations.
This is the first detailed study of the standard of living of ordinary Russians following World War II. It examines urban living conditions under the Stalinist regime with a focus on the key issues ...of sanitation, access to safe water supplies, personal hygiene and anti-epidemic controls, diet and nutrition, and infant mortality. Comparing five key industrial regions, it shows that living conditions lagged some fifty years behind Western European norms. The book reveals that, despite this, the years preceding Stalin's death saw dramatic improvements in mortality rates thanks to the application of rigorous public health controls and Western medical innovations. While tracing these changes, the book also analyzes the impact that the absence of an adequate urban infrastructure had on people's daily lives and on the relationship between the Stalinist regime and the Russian people, and, finally, how the Soviet experience compared to that of earlier industrializing societies.
The subject of this study is the rural settlements of the Tyumen district in the first quarter of the 20th century. It is noted that during this period, the Tyumen district was situated at the heart ...of the Tyumen region, ranking first in terms of population size (44,545 people) and the area of territory covered (5.4 thousand square kilometers). The paper examines changes in the number and typology of settlements within the Tyumen district through the lens of its rural localities. It has been established that the district’s settlement network consisted of 177 localities, falling into 11 types, with villages making up a significant proportion — over 50%. This fact indicates that in long-settled regions, settlement networks have existed in virtually unchanged forms despite various external and internal factors. Fifteen villages were identified as creating the framework of the Tyumen district’s settlement network, demonstrating resilience and successfully adapting to new conditions. For instance, data from 1912 and 1926 show that population numbers in these localities were growing, especially in those settlements occupying advantageous (central) positions within the existing network. Many villages in the Tyumen district attained this status during the Soviet period, even though at the beginning of the 20th century they were mere villages. Successful new connections between settlements were facilitated by transportation factors (the presence of railways, tract roads, and a navigable water artery — the Tura River).
Cet article étudie la reconfiguration institutionnelle et juridique de l’Union soviétique consécutive à la crise majeure qu’a représentée la collectivisation des campagnes du début des années 1930. ...Il s’intéresse plus particulièrement au décret punissant le vol de la propriété publique d’août 1932. Émise sous l’ordre direct de Staline dans un contexte de terrible famine, notamment en Ukraine, ce décret public fut appliqué aussi bien par les tribunaux ordinaires, les tribunaux du peuple que par les troiki , tribunaux d’exception de la police politique. Ce dualisme, ou encore cet État double, normatif et prérogatif, si l’on reprend la formule d’Ernst Fraenkel, se reconfigura au cours de cette campagne punitive qui vit se succéder terreur dans les campagnes, assouplissement des peines par un retour au code pénal et opérations d’amnistie. Cette évolution chaotique aboutit à un changement dans la législation : la protection de la propriété socialiste devint un devoir du citoyen soviétique. Le démantèlement progressif des tribunaux d’exception, les troiki , marqua aussi une étape en transférant les affaires dites politiques aux tribunaux ordinaires. Mais cette normalisation est trompeuse, car des cours spéciales contrôlées par la police politique furent mises en place au sein des tribunaux du peuple.
Objective
: to evaluate the work “Cognitive structures and political economy of socialism in the USSR”, ed. by P.A. Orekhovsky (St. Petersburg: Aleteya, 2022).
Methods
: textual analysis, ...methodological criticism.
Results
: the paper reviews a collective monograph by the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences devoted to the history of Soviet economic thought in the 1950s – first half of the 1980s. The novelty of the reviewed work consists in the methodological approach. It involves analyzing the peculiarities of speech practices and assumes that their result was the formation of a special cognitive structure, which development cycle had a decisive influence on political processes. Not being a tutorial, the work can be used as auxiliary educational material on the history of Soviet economy and economic thought. At the same time, the work contains a number of controversial points. In general, it presents an important contribution to a potential discussion of the past and present of the Russian economic science and the nature of late-Soviet and post-Soviet economic and social changes.
Scientific novelty
: the innovation of the work consists in the consistent application of the approach to the history of Soviet economic science, which implies blurring of a clear boundary between the subject and object of economic research. The originality of the methodological approach consists in the fact that it applies Western “postmodernism” to analyze such a unique object as the Soviet economic science.
Practical significance
: the work can be recommended to a wide range of specialists interested in the problems under consideration.
The article examines the dynamics of machine tool production in the countries of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and post-Soviet states from the standpoint of statistical science. In ...the course of the work a data was obtained, the tabular and graphical presentation of which made it possible to identify certain periods of time in the machine tool industry of the USSR and the Commonwealth of Independent States (including the Baltic states), characterized by different dynamics and production structure in individual states. The initial stage of development fell on the territory of modern Russia, but during the years of the existence of the USSR, a number of machine-tool industries were opened in the Union Republics. This gave impetus to industrial development on the periphery of the Soviet state, and by the time the domestic machine tool industry flourished in the late 1970s, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic accounted for less than half of the all-Union output. However, after 1978 there was a significant decline in the dynamics of production in the industry. And after the collapse of the country there is almost complete destruction of the machine-tool industry on the territory of the countries of the former USSR. The results obtained in the course of the study can be useful in scientific and practical activities in assessing the current situation, as well as prospects for the production and consumption of machine tools in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, including Ukraine and the Baltic states.
Central Asia comprises a large fraction of the world's drylands, known to be vulnerable to climate change. We analyzed the inter-annual trends and the impact of climate variability in the vegetation ...greenness for Central Asia from 1982 to 2011 using GIMMS3g normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. In our study, most areas showed an increasing trend during 1982-1991, but experienced a significantly decreasing trend for 1992-2011. Vegetation changes were closely coupled to climate variables (precipitation and temperature) during 1982-1991 and 1992-2011, but the response trajectories differed between these two periods. The warming trend in Central Asia initially enhanced the vegetation greenness before 1991, but the continued warming trend subsequently became a suppressant of further gains in greenness afterwards. Precipitation expanded its influence on larger vegetated areas in 1992-2011 when compared to 1982-1991. Moreover, the time-lag response of plants to rainfall tended to increase after 1992 compared to the pre-1992 period, indicating that plants might have experienced functional transformations to adapt the climate change during the study period. The impact of climate on vegetation was significantly different for the different sub-regions before and after 1992, coinciding with the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). It was suggested that these spatio-temporal patterns in greenness change and their relationship with climate change for some regions could be explained by the changes in the socio-economic structure resulted from the USSR collapse in late 1991. Our results clearly illustrate the combined influence of climatic/anthropogenic contributions on vegetation growth in Central Asian drylands. Due to the USSR collapse, this region represents a unique case study of the vegetation response to climate changes under different climatic and socio-economic conditions.
The article analyzes the role of Leningrad in the structure of scientific and technical cooperation between the USSR and SRV in 1976– 1983 on the basis of archival data. The author comes to a ...conclusion about high quality results of Leningrad institutions collaborating with SRV, successes of Leningrad leadership in cooperation with regions of Vietnam, involvement of most large industrial enterprises, leading higher educational institutions, design and research organizations of the city in scientific and technical cooperation between the USSR and SRV.
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