The environmental fragility of cities under advanced urbanization has motivated extensive efforts to promote the sustainability of urban ecosystems and physical infrastructures. Less attention has ...been devoted to neighborhood inequalities and fissures in the civic infrastructure that potentially challenge social sustainability and the capacity of cities to collectively address environmental challenges. This article draws on a program of research in three American cities—Boston, Chicago, and Los Angeles—to develop hypotheses and methodological strategies for assessing how the multidimensional and multilevel inequalities that characterize contemporary cities bear on sustainability. In addition to standard concerns with relative inequality in income, the article reviews evidence on compounded deprivation, racial cleavages, civic engagement, institutional cynicism, and segregated patterns of urban mobility and organizational ties that differentially connect neighborhood resources. Harnessing “ecometric” measurement tools and emerging sources of urban data with a theoretically guided framework on neighborhood inequality can enhance the pursuit of sustainable cities, both in the United States and globally.
The issue of urban renewal is complex and multifaceted. In this study, six specialists in the construction industry were invited to conduct audio interviews, which were compiled into verbatim text. ...The key phrases were extracted by Grounded theory, and three levels of coding were retrieved. The data were categorized into ten accelerating urban renewal factors in three constructs to establish an Analytic Hierarchy Process framework. Using institutional theory to construct outcomes based on grounded theory, transforming these into specific urban renewal relation issue elements.
113 AHP questionnaires were collected from five types of specialists, including practitioners, professionals, participants in urban renewal, academics, and government staff. The results show that relaxing the plot ratio control and incentives is ranked No. 1 by practitioners, participants in urban renewal, professionals, and academics, indicating that the factor is highly valued by specialists but neglected by government staff. Secondly, practitioners, academics, participants in urban renewal, and professionals identified incentives and rewards for urban renewal and enhancing the trust and credibility of urban renewal projects as crucial factors. However, the government staff showed a different weighting. This indicates that government staff is determined to accelerate urban renewal. Finally, the suggestion of this study is in line with the views of the specialists interviewed, who suggest that the government should hold public hearings regularly and seriously to listen to people and specialists. Only through public hearings can all parties reach a consensus. The government should consolidate the views of all parties to amend or enact a bill on urban renewal that is more in line with the changes of the times, including appropriately relaxing the control of building plot ratio and other accelerating factors, to promote urban renewal in Taiwan.
The gentrification that has transformed high-poverty neighbourhoods in US cities since the mid 1990s has been characterised by high levels of state reinvestment. Prominent among public-sector ...interventions has been the demolition of public housing and in some cases multimillion dollar redevelopment efforts. In this paper, the racial dimension of state-supported gentrification in large US cities is examined by looking at the direct and indirect displacement induced by public housing transformation. The data show a clear tendency towards the demolition of public housing projects with disproportionately high African American occupancy. The pattern of indirect displacement is more varied; public housing transformation has produced a number of paths of neighbourhood change. The most common, however, involve significant reductions in poverty, sometimes associated with Black to White racial turnover and sometimes not. The findings underscore the central importance of race in understanding the dynamics of gentrification in US cities.
During the economic crisis of the 1930s, the quality of housing in Montreal decreased rapidly. In this context, the municipal government was pressed to address the question of sanitary housing and ...find solutions to improve the living conditions of its citizens. The Commission on Sanitary Housing was formed especially to study Montreal's slums and to propose plans for urban renewal. That commission started to research best practices in housing control in other North American and European cities. Through study trips, reviews of local newspaper columns, and discussion between city officials, Montreal became part of a broad network of knowledge and know-how exchange. In this decade, the competition between Montreal and its rivals was high and this fact affected the ongoing relations between cities and the way the municipal government saw and acted on the "slum problem."
Squatting as a housing strategy and as a tool of urban social movements accompanies the development of capitalist cities worldwide. We argue that the dynamics of squatter movements are directly ...connected to strategies of urban renewal in that movement conjunctures occur when urban regimes are in crisis. An analysis of the history of Berlin squatter movements, their political context and their effects on urban policies since the 1970s, clearly shows how massive mobilizations at the beginning of the 1980s and in the early 1990s developed in a context of transition in regimes of urban renewal. The crisis of Fordist city planning at the end of the 1970s provoked a movement of ‘rehab squatting’ (Instandbesetzung), which contributed to the institutionalization of ‘cautious urban renewal’ (behutsame Stadterneuerung) in an important way. The second rupture in Berlin's urban renewal became apparent in 1989 and 1990, when the necessity of restoring whole inner‐city districts constituted a new, budget‐straining challenge for urban policymaking. Whilst in the 1980s the squatter movement became a central condition for and a political factor of the transition to ‘cautious urban renewal’, in the 1990s large‐scale squatting — mainly in the eastern parts of the city — is better understood as an alien element in times of neoliberal urban restructuring.
Résumé
Le squattage comme stratégie de logement et levier de mouvements sociaux urbains accompagne l'évolution des villes capitalistes dans le monde entier. Les dynamiques des mouvements de squatters sont directement liées aux stratégies de rénovation urbaine dans la mesure où ceux‐ci cadrent avec des régimes urbains en crise. L'analyse des mouvements de squatters à Berlin, avec leur histoire, leur contexte politique et leurs effets sur les politiques urbaines depuis les années 1970, montre comment les mobilisations massives du début des années 1980 puis 1990 se sont créées pendant une phase de transition des régimes de rénovation urbaine. La crise de la ville fordiste de la fin des années 1970 a suscité un mouvement d'‘occupation avec remise en état’ (Instandbesetzung) qui a fortement contribuéà l'instauration d'une ‘rénovation urbaine douce’ (behutsame Stadterneuerung). La seconde rupture dans la rénovation urbaine berlinoise est apparue en 1989–1990, lorsque la nécessité de restaurer l'ensemble des quartiers du centre‐ville s'est traduit par un défi budgétaire nouveau pour les décideurs des politiques urbaines. Alors que dans les années 1980, le mouvement des squatters devenait une condition essentielle et une composante politique de la transition vers une ‘rénovation urbaine douce’, dans les années1990, le squattage à grande échelle (surtout dans les quartiers Est de la ville) se comprend mieux comme un élément extérieur à une époque de restructuration urbaine néolibérale.
In a little town in South Tyrol, a space comparable to four football fields summarizes the European history of the twentieth century. A large barracks was built by the fascist regime after the end of ...the First World War and the displacement of the Italian border to Brenner, during the years of forced Italianization of the German-speaking South Tyrolean population. Occupied by Nazi troops on the night of September 8, 1943, after the end of the Second World War the barracks joined the NATO defensive system against invasions by the USSR and the Warsaw Pact armies. After the breaking down of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the entire military settlement was abandoned. The barracks is now at the centre of an important urban redevelopment and regeneration project. The operation plan initially involved a total demolition, but in the wake of an intense public debate, it has been decided to keep a building and transform it into a centre for social innovation and creative activities. Thus, a building loaded with the memory and the complex legacy of a negative and divisive past becomes something completely different also in symbolic terms, open to the future and the interaction among cultures, in a path involving the whole community. Keywords: border; war; minority; urban redevelopment; symbolic regeneration. Nello spazio eguivalente a guattro campi di calcio, in una cittadina dell'Alto Adige/Sudtirol, e riassunta la storia europea del Novecento. Una grande caserma fu costruita dal regime fascista dopo la fine della prima guerra mondiale e lo spostamento del confine al Brennero, negli anni dell'italianizzazione forzata della popolazione sudtirolese di lingua tedesca. Occupata dalle truppe naziste nella notte fra l'8 e il 9 Settembre 1943, dopo la fine del secondo conflitto mondiale la caserma e entrata nel sistema difensivo Nato contro possibili invasioni delle armate dell'URSS e del Patto di Varsavia. A seguito della caduta del muro di Berlino e del dissolvimento dell'Unione sovietica l'intero insediamento militare e stato abbandonato. La caserma e ora al centro di un importante progetto di riqualificazione e rigenerazione urbana. La pianificazione dell'intervento prevedeva inizialmente la totale demolizione, ma a seguito di un intenso dibattito pubblico si e deciso di conservare una palazzina e di trasformarla in un centro per l'innovazione sociale e le attivita creative. Un edificio su cui pesano la memoria e l'eredita complessa di passato negativo e divisivo in un territorio di confine si trasforma cosi in qualcosa di completamente diverso anche dal punto di vista simbolico, di apertura al futuro e all'interazione fra culture, in un percorso che coinvolge l'intera comunita. Parole-chiave: confine; guerra; minoranza; riqualificazione urbana; rigenerazione simbolica. 1
Urban regeneration is a key focus for public policy throughout Europe. This book examines social sustainability and analyses its meaning and significance – an area of research which has, until now, ...been comparatively neglected. The authors offer a comprehensive European perspective to identify best practice in sustainable urban regeneration in five major cities in Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, and the UK.Urban Regeneration Social Sustainability: best practice from European citiesexamines the extent to which social sustainability is incorporated within urban regeneration projects in the EU, but also investigates how local authorities, developers, investors and other key stakeholders approach sustainability. The book covers the recent economic recession and the growth of responsible investment (RI) and corporate responsibility (CR) agendas of investors and developers. It also provides a thorough analysis of the current metrics and tools used by the public, private and NGO sectors to implement, measure and monitor social sustainability. A range of urban regeneration models and vehicles are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on public private partnerships (PPPs) and EU structural funds, and a new framework for assessing social sustainability is described.City-specific case studies examine regeneration projects in which institutional arrangements, financial products and tools, monitoring and measurement systems for social sustainability and stakeholders’ participation in PPPs have delivered successful urban regeneration.This comprehensive, systematic and authoritative overview of both the scholarly literature and current best practice across Europe makes the book essential reading for researchers and post-graduate students in sustainable development, real estate, geography, urban studies and urban planning, as well as consultants and policy advisors in urban regeneration and the built environment.Provides a comprehensive European perspective, comparing case studies across five cities and identifying best practice in sustainable urban regeneration by focusing on social sustainability Defines and shows how social sustainability (a key aspect in sustainable development) can be assessed, measured and monitored within urban regeneration projects Takes a real estate ‘institutional’ focus by examining the role of key stakeholders within the property development industry and the public sector Examines detailed studies of urban regeneration projects in Spain (Sant Adria de Besos), Italy (Turin), Netherlands (Rotterdam), Germany (Leipzig), and the UK (Cardiff) Sets the research in the context of the recent economic recession and the growth of responsible investment (RI) and corporate responsibility (CR) agendas of investors and developers Is based on a major three year independent, funded programme of research through the European Investment Bank’s EIBURS programme. 'Regeneration is a difficult task with multiple ambitions and multiple problems. This book manages successfully to draw lessons from a series of case studies to bring out lessons for the slippery concept of social sustainability which will help guide practitioners both in setting up programmes and in monitoring their success.' —Bridget Roswell, Chief Economic Adviser, Greater London Authority'The social sustainability agenda is complex and will be instrumental in shaping the future development of our cities and towns over the coming decades. This book, in drawing together the knowledge base on the subject through generic considerations and best practice examples is a major contribution in raising the level of debate on the understanding and interpretation of social sustainability.' —Stanley McGreal, Director of the Built Environment Research Institute, University of Ulster; Plus Bill Boler, Steve Rayner, Bridget Rosewell, Michael Parkinson and Pooran Desai.Urban regeneration is a key focus for public policy throughout Europe. This book examines social sustainability and analyses its meaning and significance – an area of research which has, until now, been comparatively neglected. The authors offer a comprehensive European perspective to identify best practice in sustainable urban regeneration in five major cities in Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, and the UK.Urban Regeneration Social Sustainability: best practice from European citiesexamines the extent to which social sustainability is incorporated within urban regeneration projects in the EU, but also investigates how local authorities, developers, investors and other key stakeholders approach sustainability. The book covers the recent economic recession and the growth of responsible investment (RI) and corporate responsibility (CR) agendas of investors and developers. It also provides a thorough analysis of the current metrics and tools used by the public, private and NGO sectors to implement, measure and monitor social sustainability. A range of urban regeneration models and vehicles are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on public private partnerships (PPPs) and EU structural funds, and a new framework for assessing social sustainability is described.City-specific case studies examine regeneration projects in which institutional arrangements, financial products and tools, monitoring and measurement systems for social sustainability and stakeholders' participation in PPPs have delivered successful urban regeneration.This comprehensive, systematic and authoritative overview of both the scholarly literature and current best practice across Europe, makes the book essential reading for researchers and post-graduate students in sustainable development, real estate, geography, urban studies and urban planning, as well as consultants and policy advisors in urban regeneration and the built environment.
This research measures the influence of transit-oriented development (TOD) on the San Diego, CA, condominium market. Many view TOD as a key element in creating a less auto dependent and more ...sustainable transport system. Price premiums indicate a potential for a market-driven expansion of TOD inventory. A hedonic price model is estimated to isolate statistically the effect of TOD. This includes interaction terms between station distance and various measures of pedestrian orientation. The resulting model shows that station proximity has a significantly stronger impact when coupled with a pedestrian-oriented environment. Conversely, station area condominiums in more auto-oriented environments may sell at a discount. This indicates that TOD has a synergistic value greater than the sum of its parts. It also implies a healthy demand for more TOD housing in San Diego.
Paul Stronski tells the fascinating story of Tashkent, an ethnically diverse, primarily Muslim city that became the prototype for the Soviet-era reimagining of urban centers in Central Asia. Based on ...extensive research in Russian and Uzbek archives, Stronski shows us how Soviet officials, planners, and architects strived to integrate local ethnic traditions and socialist ideology into a newly constructed urban space and propaganda showcase.
The Soviets planned to transform Tashkent from a "feudal city" of the tsarist era into a "flourishing garden," replete with fountains, a lakeside resort, modern roadways, schools, hospitals, apartment buildings, and of course, factories. The city was intended to be a shining example to the world of the successful assimilation of a distinctly non-Russian city and its citizens through the catalyst of socialism. As Stronski reveals, the physical building of this Soviet city was not an end in itself, but rather a means to change the people and their society.
Stronski analyzes how the local population of Tashkent reacted to, resisted, and eventually acquiesced to the city's socialist transformation. He records their experiences of the Great Terror, World War II, Stalin's death, and the developments of the Krushchev and Brezhnev eras up until the earthquake of 1966, which leveled large parts of the city. Stronski finds that the Soviets established a legitimacy that transformed Tashkent and its people into one of the more stalwart supporters of the regime through years of political and cultural changes and finally during the upheavals of glasnost.
Shanghai Pudong Chen, Y
2007, 2007-06-07, 20070101, Letnik:
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eBook
This publication concerns large-scale urban area development in general, and in particular with gaining an understanding of the role played by global-local interaction in shaping the area development ...strategies in one particularly explosive urban project, the development of Shanghai's Pudong New Area. The Pudong development provides an extreme example of a situation in which interaction between global and local forces took place in a location whose boundaries had been closed to the outside world for almost forty years and in a period when doors and windows were beginning to open. The research led to a concrete interpretation of the tensions developing at district level and provided an example capable of representing the complexity and dynamics of current area developments. The practical question addressed by the research was: What were the main factors responsible for the speed achieved by the Pudong development? The associated theoretical question was To what extent did the development of the Pudong New Area reflect the characteristics of a developmental state?.
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