We present a cross-layer modeling and design approach for multigigabit indoor wireless personal area networks (WPANs) utilizing the unlicensed millimeter (mm) wave spectrum in the 60 GHz band. Our ...approach accounts for the following two characteristics that sharply distinguish mm wave networking from that at lower carrier frequencies. First, mm wave links are inherently directional: directivity is required to overcome the higher path loss at smaller wavelengths, and it is feasible with compact, low-cost circuit board antenna arrays. Second, indoor mm wave links are highly susceptible to blockage because of the limited ability to diffract around obstacles such as the human body and furniture. We develop a diffraction-based model to determine network link connectivity as a function of the locations of stationary and moving obstacles. For a centralized WPAN controlled by an access point, it is shown that multihop communication, with the introduction of a small number of relay nodes, is effective in maintaining network connectivity in scenarios where single-hop communication would suffer unacceptable outages. The proposed multihop MAC protocol accounts for the fact that every link in the WPAN is highly directional, and is shown, using packet level simulations, to maintain high network utilization with low overhead.
This paper presents the design, low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) fabrication, and full experimental verification of novel dielectric flat lens antennas for future high data rate 5G wireless ...communication systems in the 60 GHz band. We introduce and practically completely evaluate and compare the performance of three different inhomogeneous gradient-index dielectric lenses with the effective parameters circularly and cylindrically distributed. These lenses, despite their planar profile antenna configuration, allow full 2-D beam scanning of high-gain radiation beams. A time-domain spectroscopy system is used to practically evaluate the permittivity profile achieved with the LTCC manufacturing process, obtaining very good results to confirm the viability of fabricating inhomogeneous flat lenses in a mass production technology. Then, the lenses performance is evaluated in terms of radiation pattern parameters, maximum gain, beam scanning, bandwidth performance, efficiencies, and impedance matching in the whole frequency band of interest. Finally, the performance of the three lenses is also experimentally evaluated and compared to a single omni-directional antenna and to a ten-element uniform linear array of omni-directional antennas in real 60 GHz wireless personal area network indoor line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed-LOS environments, obtaining interesting and promising remarkable results in terms of measured received power and root-mean-square delay spread. At the end of this paper, an innovative switched-beam antenna array concept based on the presented cylindrically distributed effective parameters lens is also introduced and completely evaluated, confirming the potential applicability of the proposed antenna solution for future 5G wireless millimeter-wave communication system.
In order to realize high speed, long range, reliable transmission in millimeter-wave 60 GHz wireless personal area networks (60 GHz WPANs), we propose a beamforming (BF) protocol realized in media ...access control (MAC) layer on top of multiple physical layer (PHY) designs. The proposed BF protocol targets to minimize the BF set-up time and to mitigate the high path loss of 60 GHz WPAN systems. It consists of 3 stages, namely the device (DEV) to DEV linking, sector-level searching and beam-level searching. The division of the stages facilitates significant reduction in setup time as compared to BF protocols with exhaustive searching mechanisms. The proposed BF protocol employs discrete phase-shifters, which significantly simplifies the structure of DEVs as compared to the conventional BF with phase-and-amplitude adjustment, at the expense of a gain degradation of less than 1 dB. The proposed BF protocol is a complete design and PHY-independent, it is applicable to different antenna configurations. Simulation results show that the setup time of the proposed BF protocol is as small as 2% when compared to the exhaustive searching protocol. Furthermore, based on the codebooks with four phases per element, around 15.1 dB gain is achieved by using eight antenna elements at both transmitter and receiver, thereby enabling 1.6 Gbps-data-streaming over a range of three meters. Due to the flexibility in supporting multiple PHY layer designs, the proposed protocol has been adopted by the IEEE 802.15.3c as an optional functionality to realize Gbps communication systems.
The communication becomes more critical when the network is having high speed mobility and restricted coverage. WPAN is one such network defined for indoor network and with smaller sensing limit. In ...this work, a quantum inspired encoded communication is provided to improve the communication reliability and security. The work model is defined for a randomly distributed and high mobility based WPAN network. At first phase of this model, the node level characterization is applied under coverage, stability and load parameters. Later on genetic model is applied to identify the most effective communication pair. Finally, the quantum key based SHA is applied to perform the data encoded. This encoded communication is performed over the network. The comparative results shows that the work model has reduced the communication loss over the network
IEEE defines the standard 802.15.4 for Low Data Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN) to be used with Internet of Things (IoT) sensor devices. IoT devices utilizing this standard suffer from ...traffic congestion on a node level in dense network scenarios in real time applications. Active queue management (AQM) schemes can optimize the queues of the nodes in order to relive nodes from congestion and improve performance. This paper investigates the impact of Aggressive Random Early Detection (AgRED) AQM in dense network configuration with larger payload and higher service rate for LR-WPAN. The findings indicate better delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio when using AgRED as compared to RED.
Escalation in the real world applications using Internet of Things (IoT) now demands low cost and minimum power consuming devices having sensing, communicating, and computing capabilities. Low-rate ...Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) is an emerging solution which can provide these capabilities with low data rate and less complexity. The longevity and connectivity of the network is a critical issue during the data collection in LR-WPAN. An Energy aware Load Balanced Clustering (ELBC) approach is proposed in this paper that enhances the network life time by minimizing the energy consumption. Clustering is done using the Golden Eagle Optimization (GEO) and by taking connectivity, Average energy of cluster, balancing factor and cohesion as parameters for optimal cluster head selection. Mobile Sink based data collection strategy using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is used to collect data from clusters. The simulation is done in network simulator-3 and the result shows that, the performance of ELBC-GEO is better in terms of network lifetime, average energy of nodes, and data collection delay.
This paper aims to develop several mathematical models to study medium access control (MAC) protocol in the IEEE 802.15.4 beacon-enabled mode with star topology. In particular, the MAC protocol which ...employs a slotted carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) algorithm used in the contention access period (CAP) of a superframe is modelled. The analysis studies the effectiveness of the CSMA/CA algorithm and provides explicit mathematical expressions for power consumption, access delay, and data frame drop probability. The proposed models precisely follow CSMA/CA algorithm in MAC protocol of beacon-enabled mode and differ from those previously published in the literature as 1) they are derived based on data frame generation rate of end devices, 2) they provide a completed expression for frame access delay, and 3) lowpower states of end devices are considered for power efficiency evaluations. The paper shows how power consumption of end devices is improved on the balance with data frame delay. The validity of the proposed models is confirmed and complemented by extensive simulations.
ZigBee is a wireless technology, which provides low power consumption of devices in personal area network (WPAN) for low data rate applications that require long battery life and secure networking. ...ZigBee gives effective ways of supporting of QoS (Quality of Service), functionality and manageability, because ZigBee devices can transmit data over long distances (more than 100 meters) by passing data through a mesh network of intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. In this paper is proposed a simulation framework for ZigBee technology. It implements modified algorithm for the construction of a priority-based and energy-balanced WPAN network and visualize the method of transmission. The results of the conducted experiments are given.
This paper presents several on-chip antenna structures that may be fabricated with standard CMOS technology for use at millimeter wave frequencies. On-chip antennas for wireless personal area ...networks (WPANs) promise to reduce interconnection losses and greatly reduce wireless transceiver costs, while providing unprecedented flexibility for device manufacturers. This paper presents the current state of research in on-chip integrated antennas, highlights several pitfalls and challenges for on-chip design, modeling, and measurement, and proposes several antenna structures that derive from the microwave microstrip and amateur radio art. This paper also describes an experimental test apparatus for performing measurements on RFIC systems with on-chip antennas developed at The University of Texas at Austin.
Some nodes and other network nodes are within the communication range of each other in the normal data transmission process, which may lead to interference in the data transmission. In order to solve ...the problem of data interference in the Media Access Control (MAC) protocol of multi-Personal Area Network (PAN) Terahertz Wireless PAN (WPAN) in the normal channel time allocation period, a low interference multi-PAN MAC protocol for Terahertz WPAN is proposed. By classifying normal nodes, the concept of edge node type is proposed to find out the normal nodes that may cause interference. Adaptive normal node type reporting mechanism is applied, which may inform the Piconet Coordinator (PNC) of the node type of the normal node.A new mechanism for normal node slot allocation is also used, which enable the PNC to allocation slot resources according to the normal type. Therefore, the interference of conventional nodes in the process of data transmission is reduced. The data transmission success rate and network thro
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