In the Internet of Things (IoT), data is handled and stored by software known as middleware (located on a server). IoT devices send such data through an application layer protocol that may be ...different from those supported by the middleware. This paper proposes an application layer gateway, called MiddleBridge, that translates Constrained Application Layer Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing, Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT), Data Distribution Service (DDS), and Websockets messages into HTTP. MiddleBridge can be deployed on any computer with Java virtual machine because all servers are embedded in its code, enabling IoT gadgets to transmit data to any REST endpoint seamlessly. With the proposed approach, devices can send a smaller message to an intermediary (MiddleBridge), which restructures it and forwards to a middleware, reducing the time that a device spends transmitting. The created graphical user interface allows users to configure messages conversion and forwarding in runtime. The efficiency of such approach is evaluated through the packet size and response times considering the data sent to Orion context broker (a Fiware project). Results show that packet size that is sent by an IoT device through MiddleBridge is 17 times smaller than sending a straight HTTP request to the server and significantly reduces the transmission time.
•MiddleBridge converts MQTT, CoAP, Websockets, and DDS messages into HTTP.•The solution reduces the amount of time that a device spends transmitting.•MiddleBridge receives a smaller message, restructures it and forwards to a middleware.•Packet size produced by an IoT device was 17 times smaller than a direct HTTP request.
Abstract
Measurement and data-logging of temperature are important in industrial application. This paper discusses the implementation of monitoring temperature of cylinder hydraulic of a heavy ...equipment such as excavator in the field. For monitoring the temperatures, DS18b20 sensors are used to sense the hydraulic arms in the excavator. Due to sensing moving parts such as hydraulic arms, a WiFi technology is used to transmit temperature’s data to a browser. The ESP-NOW technology from Espressif ESP32 is chosen to minimize the electrical energy drained from the Lipo’s battery. Data-logging is done in a browser environment, by using javascript,
websockets
, css, and
html
technologies. The result shows that the usage of ESP32 in monitoring the temperatures, can be used in the real-time mode for the monitoring of excavator operations. And the 20000mAh battery-based system can last for approximately a month by using ESP-NOW technology from the Espressif.
With a large variety of communication methods and protocols, many software architects face the problem of choosing the best way for services to share information. For communication technology to be ...functional and practical, it should enable developers to define a complete set of CRUD methods for the processed data. The research team compared this paper’s most commonly used data transfer protocols and concepts: REST, WebSocket, gRPC GraphQL and SOAP. A set of web servers was implemented in Python, each using one of the examined technologies. Then, the team performed an automated benchmark measuring time and data transfer overhead for a set of defined operations: creating an entity, retrieving a list of 100 entities and fetching details of one entity. Tests were designed to avoid the results being interfered with by database connection or docker-compose environment characteristics. The research team has concluded that gRPC was the most efficient and reliable data transfer method. On the other hand, GraphQL turned out to be the slowest communication method of all. Moreover, its server and client libraries caused the most problems with proper usage in a web server. SOAP did not participate in benchmarking due to limited compatibility with Python and a lack of popularity in modern web solutions.
This article concerns presentation and comparison of the performance of a set of the Internet Of Things protocols in the application layer and others that are used to link objects such as: Message ...Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Constrained Application Protocol (COAP), Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (EMPP), RESTFUL Services, Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), and Websockets. This comparison will be carried out in terms of security, transport, architecture and quality of service (QoS). This work will enable us to specify the strong and weak points of each protocol.
Libraries supervisors have the administrative duty of control and keep safe their inventories, such as books, documents, manuals, and theses, facilitating access to their users to this information ...and helping them loan and return, internal or external, in case it’s permitted. We wanted to design and build a prototype for a device capable of complementing these tasks in a low cost. We go through the processes in the design of a prototype for a simultaneous Radio Frequency Identification Reader using Ultra High Frequencies with Internet of Things technologies for data storage and communication between multiple stations, to do so we use a decision matrix method to select hardware tools, and software programming languages and libraries, needed to build such device, comparing, and weighting the characteristics that fit our needs. The resulting hardware selection was the Raspberry Pi and the RedBoard with a 59,7% and 12,4% respectively, and NodeJS with WebSockets for the software selection with a 53,8%. Finally, we present the designed architecture and a working prototype of the device that was built. Obtained response times from the reader and the database storage were as low as 10 milliseconds and as high as 20 milliseconds.
We examine the implications of end-to-end web application development, in the social web era. The paper describes a distributed architecture, suitable for modern web application development, as well ...as the interactivity components associated with it. Furthermore, we conducted a series of stress tests, on popular server side technologies. The PHP/Apache stack was found inefficient to address the increasing demand in network traffic. Nginx was found more than 2.5 times faster in input/output (I/O) operations than Apache, whereas Node.js outperformed both. Node.js, although excellent in I/O operations and resource utilization, was found lacking in serving static files using its built in HTTP server, while Nginx performed great at this task. So, in order to address efficiency, an Nginx server could be placed in-front and proxy static file requests, allowing the Node.js processes to only handle dynamic content. Such a configuration can offer a better infrastructure in terms of efficiency and scalability, replacing the aged PHP/Apache stack. Furthermore we have found that building cross platform applications based on web technologies, is both feasible and highly productive, especially when addressing stationary and mobile devices, as well as the fragmentation among them. Our study concludes that Node.js offers client-server development integration, aiding code reusability in web applications, and is the perfect tool for developing fast, scalable network applications.
El presente documento describe el proceso de construcción de una plataforma tecnológica enfocada a prestar un servicio de comunicación en tiempo real utilizando Websocket. Primero se realiza la ...descripción de las tecnologías Polling, Long Polling y Streaming con el fin de contextualizar los enfoques que anteriormente se empleaban para lograr simular una comunicación full-duplex. Posteriormente, hace una definición de lo que el Websocket y su integración con HTML5. Por último, se muestra el desarrollo de la plataforma y las herramientas software que se emplearon.
To stimulate better user behavior and improve environmental and economic sustainability, it is of paramount importance to make citizens effectively aware of the quality of the environment in which ...they live every day. In particular, we claim that users could significantly benefit from cost-effective efficient Internet-of-Things (IoT) solutions that provide them with up-to-date live information about air pollution in the areas where they live, suitably adapted to different situations and with different levels of dynamically selected granularities (e.g., at home/district/city levels). Our PeRvasive Environment Sensing and Sharing (PRESS) project has the ambition of increasing users’ awareness of the natural environment they live in, as a first step towards improved sustainability; the primary target is the efficient provisioning of real-time user-centric information about environmental conditions in the surroundings, and in particular about air pollution. To this purpose, we have designed, implemented, and thoroughly evaluated the PRESS framework, which is capable of achieving good flexibility and scalability while integrating heterogeneous monitoring data, ranging from sensed air pollution to user-provided quality perceptions. Among the elements of technical originality, PRESS exploits extended Kura IoT gateways with novel congestion detection and recovery mechanisms that allow us to optimize bandwidth allocation between in-the-field PRESS components and the cloud. The reported performance results show the feasibility of the proposed solution, by pointing out not only the scalability and efficiency of the adopted message-based solution that uses Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and WebSockets, but also the capability of PRESS to quickly identify and manage traffic congestions, thus, ensuring good quality levels to final users.
The visual analysis of complex networks is a challenging task in many fields, such as systems biology or social sciences. Often, various domain experts work together to improve the analysis time or ...the quality of the analysis results. Collaborative visualization tools can facilitate the analysis process in such situations. We propose a new web-based visualization environment which supports distributed, synchronous and asynchronous collaboration. In addition to standard collaboration features like event tracking or synchronizing, our client/server-based system provides a rich set of visualization and interaction techniques for better navigation and overview of the input network. Changes made by specific analysts or even just visited network elements are highlighted on demand by heat maps. They enable us to visualize user behavior data without affecting the original graph visualization, are robust against layout changes, and are user-sensitive in a sense that the current analyst is able to perceive which changes were made by others in asynchronous collaboration. In case of synchronous collaboration, an analyst can see where and what others are currently analyzing in the network visualization. Thus, our approach addresses critical collaborative visualization challenges, for instance, awareness and coordination of user activities or pointing to interesting objects. We evaluated the usability of the heat map approach against two alternatives in a controlled user experiment. In addition, the results of a domain expert review are described in this article.
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