This volume brings together recent excavations at two sites in Pocklington, East Yorkshire. The main focus of the Volume will be examining Iron Age burials, which included chariots, sword and spears ...and will also include earlier Prehistoric and later Roman activity. The excavations have enabled further scientific evidence for migration and mobility in the Iron Age population and secure chronologies for artefacts. New evidence from osteological analysis gives support for Warrior Graves and burial rites. The Pocklington shield has been described as one of the most significant pieces of Iron Age art.The exceptional Finds including a dismantled chariot with horses and an upright chariot also with horses captured the worlds media and the public imagination. The excavations at Pocklington in 2017& 2018 were featured on BBC 4's Digging for Britain series and was voted Current Archaeology Rescue Project of the Year 2018.The Anglian elements will be included in an additional volume.
This book explores, for the first time, the turbulent social history of churchyards and cemeteries over the last 150 years. Using sites from across rural North Yorkshire, the text examines the ...workings of the Burial Acts and discloses the ways in which religious politics framed burial management. It presents an alternative history of burial which questions notions of tradition and modernity, and challenges long-standing assumptions about changing attitudes towards mortality in England. This study diverges from the long-standing tendency to regard the churchyard as inherently 'traditional' and the cemetery as essentially 'modern'. Since 1850, both types of site have been subject to the influence of new expectations that burial space would guarantee family burial and the opportunity for formal commemoration. Although the population in central North Yorkshire declined, demand for burial space rose, meaning that many dozens of churchyards were extended, and forty new cemeteries were laid out. This text is accessible to undergraduates and postgraduates, and will be an essential resource for historians, archaeologists and local government officials.
In an age of globalisation, the most pressing concerns are with matters of identity, personal and collective. This book explores the culture of nationality, groups and religions through the inner ...lives of second generation immigrants in England. The young people studied reveal surprising and sophisticated as well as complex attitudes. They reveal the contradictions, the opportunities and the dangers of their collective identities, and reveal how they are able to make use for good or ill thei.
This innovative study examines and analyses the wealth of evidence provided by the monumental effigies of Yorkshire, from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, including some of very high ...sculptural merit. More than 200 examples survive from the historic county in varying states of preservation. Together, they present a picture of the people able to afford them, at a time when the county was frequently at the forefront of national politics and administration, during the Scottish wars. Many monuments display remarkable realism, depicting people as they themselves wished to be remembered, and are accompanied by a great volume of contemporary sculptural and architectural detail. Stylistic analysis of the effigies themselves has been employed, better to understand how they relate to one another and give a firmer basis for their dating and production patterns. They are considered in relation to the history and material culture of the area at the time they were produced. A more soundly based appreciation of the sculptor's intentions and the aspirations of patrons is sought through close attention to the full extent of the visible evidence afforded by the monuments and their surroundings. The corpus is of sufficient size to permit meaningful analysis to shed light on aspects such as personal aspiration, social networks, patterns of supply and production, piety and wealth. It demonstrates the value of funerary monuments to the wider understanding of medieval society. The text will be accompanied by a comprehensive catalogue, making available a substantial body of research for the first time. The study considers the relationship between the monuments and related sculpture, architecture, painting, glass etc, together with contemporary documentary evidence, where it is available. This material and the underlying methodology are now available to illuminate monuments of the medieval period across the whole country. Its methods and messages extend understanding of all monuments, broadening its potential audience from the purely local to everyone concerned with medieval sculpture and church archaeology.
This volume is concerned with one of the few thorough-going Labovian studies carried out in Britain. Based on a survey of over hundred randomly selected informants from the towns of Bradford, Halifax ...and Huddersfield, it deals first with the methodology employed, and then sketches some aspects of the 'traditional' dialects of the area before describing a large number of variables. Other non-standard features encountered during the survey are described, since these too are part of the changing patterns of speech in West Yorkshire. The final chapter draws a distinction between 'dialect' and 'accent' which is slightly different from that generally employed, and suggests that while 'dialect' features seem to have declined under the pressure of the standard language, 'accent' still persists as a social differentiator.
Knowledge of landslide displacement trends is important to understand risks and establish early warning trigger thresholds so that action can be taken to protect people and critical infrastructure. ...However, the availability of direct continuous displacement measurements is often limited due to relatively high costs. This has driven research to establish models that quantify relationships between landslide displacements and other measured parameters such as pore water pressures, rainfall and more recently acoustic emission (AE), so that displacement can be predicted, and hence made available at a lower cost. This paper describes an investigation of established machine learning models to predict displacements using time series measurements of AE and rainfall. Data from a case study site has been used to train models using measured displacements and then test to assess prediction accuracy. The LASSO-ELM model was shown to perform best. It was able to predict displacements to a mean absolute percentage error < 2.5% up to 60 days after the end of the training period, which is better than similar reported studies. Training a LASSO-ELM model using continuous high resolution AE measurements combined with rainfall data has potential to provide predicted displacement trends once direct measurement of displacement is no-longer available.
•Machine learning approaches can automatically predict landslide displacement trends based on AE and rainfall measurements.•Four ML models were trained using displacement, AE and rainfall measurements from an active landslide over several months.•The best performing model predicted displacements to a mean absolute error <2.5% up to 60 days after the training period.
•Future IDF curve’s uncertainty from different reference periods is significant.•The worst rainfall projections may come from different reference periods.•Percentage change of rainfall across ...different reference periods varies significantly.•Considerable uncertainty exists in return periods from different reference periods.
Storm water management systems depend on Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves as a standard design tool. However, due to climate change, the extreme precipitation quantiles represented by IDF curves will be subject to alteration over time. Currently, a common approach is to adopt a single benchmark period for bias correction, which is inadequate in deriving reliable future IDF curves. This study assesses the expected changes between the IDF curves of the current climate and those of a projected future climate and the uncertainties associated with such curves. To provide future IDF curves, daily precipitation data simulated by a 1-km regional climate model were temporally bias corrected by using eight reference periods with a fixed length of 30years and a moving window of 5years between the cases for the period 1950–2014. Then the bias-corrected data were further disaggregated into ensemble of 5-min series by using an algorithm which combines the Nonparametric Prediction (NPRED) model and the method of fragments (MoF) framework. The algorithm uses the radar data to resample the disaggregated future rainfall fragments conditioned to the daily rainfall and temperature data. The disaggregated data were then aggregated into different durations based on concentration time. The results suggest that uncertainty in the percentage of change in the projected rainfall compared to the rainfall in the current climate varies significantly depending on which of the eight reference periods are used for the bias correction. Both the maximum projection of rainfall intensity and the maximum change in future projections are affected by using different reference periods for different frequencies and durations. Such an important issue has been largely ignored by the engineering community and this study has shown the importance of including the uncertainty of benchmarking periods in bias-correcting future climate projections.
The development of accurate visible and near infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy calibration models for selected soil properties based on mobile measurements is essential for site specific soil ...management at fine sampling scale. The objective of the present study was to compare the mobile and laboratory prediction performance of vis-NIR spectroscopy for total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC) and soil moisture content (MC) of field soil samples based on single field (SFD), two-field dataset (TFD), UK national dataset (UND) and European continental dataset (ECD) calibration models developed with linear and nonlinear data mining techniques including spiking. Fresh soil samples collected from fields in the UK, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands were scanned with a fibre-type vis-NIR spectrophotometer (tec5 Technology for Spectroscopy, Germany), with a spectral range of 305–2200nm. After dividing spectra into calibration (75%) and validation (25%) sets, spectra in the calibration set were subjected to three multivariate calibration models, including the partial least squares regression (PLSR), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and support vector machines (SVM), with leave-one-out cross-validation to establish calibration models of TN, TC and MC. Results showed that the best model performance in cross-validation was obtained with MARS methods for the majority of dataset scales used, whereas the lowest model performance was obtained with the SFD. The effect of spiking was significant and the best model performance in general term was obtained when local samples collected from two target fields in the UK were spiked with the ECD, with coefficients of determination (R2) values of 0.96, 0.98 and 0.93, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.75, and ratio of performance to interquartile distance (RPIQ) of 7.46, 6.57 and 3.98, for TC, TN and MC, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest that ECD vis-NIR MARS calibration models can be successfully used to predict TN, TC and MC under both laboratory and mobile measurement conditions.
•The performance of on-line vis-NIR for estimating soil TN, TC and MC were evaluated.•Comparing between four datasets single field, two-field, national and European•Multivariate analysis PLSR, SVM and MARS and spiking techniques were used.•The best results obtained using the MARS calibration method with European dataset
Yorkshire is by far the largest county in England, taking up most of the land area from Sheffield in the south to Cleveland in the north. Covering such a large area between the North Sea and the ...Pennine watershed, the variety of landscapes is astonishing, and in this book you will get a taste of much of it. Our tour starts in the rolling, highly urbanised south, then climbs into the Pennines where high heather-clad moorland is bisected by valleys full of industrial heritage. Heading north, the landscape transforms into the limestone pavements and glacial valleys of the Dales where sheep graze peacefully on high grassland. The central Plain of York is the next area with its ancient castles and fertile farmland under a huge sky. To the east rises the scarp of the North Yorkshire Moors where high moorland and remote valleys stretch all the way to the gull-strewn North Sea cliffs. Turning south, we explore the gentle countryside of the Yorkshire Wolds. The final destination is the banks of the River Humber from the industrial plain to Yorkshire's furthest outpost at Spurn Head. Doug Kennedy has roamed Yorkshire's lanes, byways and footpaths, seeking out what makes each place special and applying his photographer’s eye to capture the scene perfectly in sumptuous photographic images. These are complemented by informative text that gets underneath the surface of why things look like they do. It is a book for everyone who loves the Yorkshire to treasure, and a splendid introduction to its landscape for those less familiar with 'God's Own County'.
A landslide complex in the Whitby Mudstone Formation at Hollin Hill, North Yorkshire, UK is periodically re-activated in response to rainfall-induced pore-water pressure fluctuations. This paper ...compares long-term measurements (i.e., 2009–2014) obtained from a combination of monitoring techniques that have been employed together for the first time on an active landslide. The results highlight the relative performance of the different techniques, and can provide guidance for researchers and practitioners for selecting and installing appropriate monitoring techniques to assess unstable slopes. Particular attention is given to the spatial and temporal resolutions offered by the different approaches that include: Real Time Kinematic-GPS (RTK-GPS) monitoring of a ground surface marker array, conventional inclinometers, Shape Acceleration Arrays (SAA), tilt meters, active waveguides with Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring, and piezometers. High spatial resolution information has allowed locating areas of stability and instability across a large slope. This has enabled identification of areas where further monitoring efforts should be focused. High temporal resolution information allowed the capture of ‘S’-shaped slope displacement-time behaviour (i.e. phases of slope acceleration, deceleration and stability) in response to elevations in pore-water pressures. This study shows that a well-balanced suite of monitoring techniques that provides high temporal and spatial resolutions on both measurement and slope scale is necessary to fully understand failure and movement mechanisms of slopes. In the case of the Hollin Hill landslide it enabled detailed interpretation of the geomorphological processes governing landslide activity. It highlights the benefit of regularly surveying a network of GPS markers to determine areas for installation of movement monitoring techniques that offer higher resolution both temporally and spatially. The small sensitivity of tilt meter measurements to translational movements limited the ability to record characteristic ‘S’-shaped landslide movements at Hollin Hill, which were identified using SAA and AE measurements. This high sensitivity to landslide movements indicates the applicability of SAA and AE monitoring to be used in early warning systems, through detecting and quantifying accelerations of slope movement.
•High temporal resolution monitoring revealing rainfall triggered slope movements•Investigation and comparison of long term landslide monitoring data sets•Ground model development based on geotechnical/environmental data analysis