A woman glances at a broken clock and comes to believe it is a quarter past seven. Yet, despite the broken clock, it really does happen to be a quarter past seven. Her belief is true, but it isn't ...knowledge. This is a classic illustration of a central problem in epistemology: determining what knowledge requires in addition to true belief.
In this provocative book, Richard Foley finds a new solution to the problem in the observation that whenever someone has a true belief but not knowledge, there is some significant aspect of the situation about which she lacks true beliefs--something important that she doesn't quite "get." This may seem a modest point but, as Foley shows, it has the potential to reorient the theory of knowledge. Whether a true belief counts as knowledge depends on the importance of the information one does or doesn't have. This means that questions of knowledge cannot be separated from questions about human concerns and values. It also means that, contrary to what is often thought, there is no privileged way of coming to know. Knowledge is a mutt. Proper pedigree is not required. What matters is that one doesn't lack important nearby information.
Challenging some of the central assumptions of contemporary epistemology, this is an original and important account of knowledge.
Članek analizira potrebne informacijske podlage za posamično tržno vrednotenje nepremičnin. Republika Slovenija na področju tovrstnih informacijskih podlag nima tradicije. V zadnjih letih je ...vzpostavila oziroma posodobila evidence in registre za namen množičnega vrednotenja nepremičnin. Podatki, zbrani za namene množičnega vrednotenja nepremičnin, niso primerni za oblikovanje ustreznih informacijskih podlag za posamično vrednotenje nepremičnin. Ustrezne informacijske podlage bi pripomogle k večji objektivnosti, nepristranskosti in neodvisnosti pri poročanju o tržni vrednosti nepremičnine. Analizirani so pojmi »objektivnost«, »nepristranskost« in »neodvisnost« ter njihova povezanost z informacijskimi podlagami. Prikazani so najpogostejši viri, ki jih cenilci uporabljajo pri svojem delu, ter potrebne informacijske podlage pri posameznih metodah ocenjevanja tržne vrednosti nepremičnin. Prikazana sta metodološki pristop k oblikovanju ustreznih informacijskih podlag v Republiki Sloveniji in konkreten primer oblikovanja sistema povprečnih stroškov gradnje za tipične objekte kot podlaga za ocenjevanje tržne vrednosti nepremičnine po metodi stroškov. This article analyses the information required for a single real estate valuation. The Republic of Slovenia has no tradition for this type of information. Only recently, the records and registers required for the mass real estate valuation were set up or updated. The existing data collected for the mass real estate valuation were inadequate for gathering the information required for the single real estate valuation. More adequate information would contribute to greater objectivity, neutrality and independence of reporting on the market value of a particular real estate. The terms of “objectivity”, “neutrality” and “independence” are analysed as well as their links to adequate information. The most frequent sources used by valuers in their work and the information required for the particular methods of assessing the market value of real estate are presented. The article shows the methodological approach to gathering adequate information in the Republic of Slovenia and presents a concrete example of creating a system of mean construction costs for typical buildings as a basis for assessing the market value of a single real estate item by the cost method.
Si: Članek analizira potrebne informacijske podlage za posamično tržno vrednotenje nepremičnin. Republika Slovenija na področju tovrstnih informacijskih podlag nima tradicije. V zadnjih letih je ...vzpostavila oziroma posodobila evidence in registre za namen množičnega vrednotenja nepremičnin. Podatki, zbrani za namene množičnega vrednotenja nepremičnin, niso primerni za oblikovanje ustreznih informacijskih podlag za posamično vrednotenje nepremičnin. Ustrezne informacijske podlage bi pripomogle k večji objektivnosti, nepristranskosti in neodvisnosti pri poročanju o tržni vrednosti nepremičnine. Analizirani so pojmi »objektivnost«, »nepristranskost« in »neodvisnost« ter njihova povezanost z informacijskimi podlagami. Prikazani so najpogostejši viri, ki jih cenilci uporabljajo pri svojem delu, ter potrebne informacijske podlage pri posameznih metodah ocenjevanja tržne vrednosti nepremičnin. Prikazana sta metodološki pristop k oblikovanju ustreznih informacijskih podlag v Republiki Sloveniji in konkreten primer oblikovanja sistema povprečnih stroškov gradnje za tipične objekte kot podlaga za ocenjevanje tržne vrednosti nepremičnine po metodi stroškov. EN: This article analyses the information required for a single real estate valuation. The Republic of Slovenia has no tradition for this type of information. Only recently, the records and registers required for the mass real estate valuation were set up or updated. The existing data collected for the mass real estate valuation were inadequate for gathering the information required for the single real estate valuation. More adequate information would contribute to greater objectivity, neutrality and independence of reporting on the market value of a particular real estate. The terms of “objectivity”, “neutrality” and “independence” are analysed as well as their links to adequate information. The most frequent sources used by valuers in their work and the information required for the particular methods of assessing the market value of real estate are presented. The article shows the methodological approach to gathering adequate information in the Republic of Slovenia and presents a concrete example of creating a system of mean construction costs for typical buildings as a basis for assessing the market value of a single real estate item by the cost method.
Beyond the Numbers Coudouel, Aline; Nollen, Stanley; Goldstein, Markus ...
2006, 06-27-2006, 20060101
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
This volume provides lessons on the design and functioning of such monitoring systems, based on the experience of twelve Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) countries. The focus is on the institutional ...arrangements of PRS monitoring systems - the rules and processes which bring the various actors and monitoring activities together in a coherent diagnostic tool, and a summary of the situation in twelve PRS countries.
The objective of this work was to inform about the performance of the rescue service, in collaboration with other members of an integrated rescue system, in responding to an event in which several ...subjects suffered burn injuries. Proper organization of the work by a doctor of the rescue group at the site of the explosion, the work of the rescue service dispatchers, and the coordination of the activities of the different rescue teams are the prerequisite for the successful avoidance of the sequelae of mass disasters.
As Augmented Reality Navigation systems receive increasing attention as the next generation navigation systems, the importance of the layout of the elements and searching for the appropriate level of ...information cannot be overstated. Due to this, a series of experiments of usability tests had been designed. According to the experiments, the results for the screen arrangement showed that the MBN screen displayed on the left and the ARN screen on the right was preferred the most while the results for changing lanes showed that displaying information directly on the road and highlighting the path was the best method. As for switching direction, using the upper icons and displaying information directly on the road was preferred. The adequate amount of information was found out to be an average of 3 POI with 20pt font sizes for ARN displays and 10 POI with 18pt font sizes for MBN displays. Lastly, the Eye-tracking experiments showed that the ARN screen was viewed more often with a ratio of 7:3.
A Priori Knowledge Foley, Richard
When Is True Belief Knowledge?,
07/2012
Book Chapter
Some kinds of knowledge are not readily understandable in terms of adequate information if for no other reason than they seem not to be linked with specific truths. Knowledge of people, places, and ...things and knowledge how are examples.
Sknows Jimmy Carter from the time she spent working in the White House. She lived for a year in an apartment near the Eiffel Tower and in that year came to know the seventh arrondissement of Paris. She regularly sees her boss in the firm’s parking lot and hence knows his car. In addition, she knows how to ski, how
WhenSknowsP, there are no important truths about the situation she lacks, but is the truth that she knowsPitself an important truth about the situation? If it were, then in order to knowP, she would ...have to believe that she knows it.
This is not a requirement, however. The kind of importance relevant to assessments of knowledge is importance with respect to the subject’s having adequate information, where both intellectual and practical considerations can play a role in determining what counts as adequate. The truth thatSknowsP, however, need not strike us as
If rulers are righteous, people are righteous; if they are sinners, people are also sinners—like ruler, like people. A ruler should appoint as counsellor one who respects him, one who is learned and ...one who is free from fraud. Factors which create discontent amongst the people: dishonouring respectable ones, estrangement of elders, nepotism, falsehood, etc. He who punishes mildly is despised. A ruler should be approached like fire. A weak ruler, even if learned, is not respected by people. A good ruler is devoted to truth and righteousness, defeating enemy forces and protecting his territory righteously. Protector of the orphaned, refuge of the refugees, guide to the afflicted and frightened, support of the unsteady, the friend, the relative, the master, the benefactor, the teacher, the father, the mother and the brother to all. Punishment of the wicked, rewarding the righteous, development of state revenue by just means, impartiality in granting favours and protection of the state. He gives up wealth in favour of the needy, loves virtue, enjoys pleasure in the company of friends and relatives, is anxious to learn the sciences and is a fighter in war. Learned one should control his senses, knowing the aptness of time and place, and accomplish all tasks. He believes in getting up in time for fighting, division of responsibility amongst allies and enjoyment after attacking oneself.
