Background: Internationally adopted children who suffered early institutionalization are at risk of a late onset of internalizing problems in adolescence. Both pre-adoption, adversity-related, and ...post-adoption factors predict variability in internalizing problems in this population. Previous studies have suggested different patterns of parent-adolescent informant discrepancies in adoptive dyads. Method: We analyzed internalizing problems among 66 adolescents internationally adopted from Russia to Spanish families using both the parent- and self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and comparing them with a low-risk, community group (n = 30). We assessed pre-adoption and post-adoption factors and evaluated cross-informant discrepancies. Results: Internationally adopted adolescents exhibited more internalizing problems by parent-report than community adolescents, but there were no differences by self-report. Adopted youth showed no discrepancies between parent and self-report, whereas community adolescents reported more internalizing symptoms than their parents. Pre-adoption adversity-related factors predicted parent-reported internalizing problems, while post-adoption factors predicted self-reported internalizing problems. Conclusions: Parent-adolescent informant discrepancies in adopted adolescents from Eastern Europe for internalizing symptoms were lower than in community adolescents. Both adversity-related factors and the lived experience of adoption may influence the development of internalizing symptoms in internationally adopted adolescents. Keywords: International adoption Early adversity Internalizing problems Post-adoption processes Informant discrepancies Antecedentes: Los ninos y ninas adoptados internacionalmente estan en riesgo de desarrollar problemas emocionales en la adolescencia. Factores relacionados con la adversidad y con procesos post-adopcion predicen variabilidad en problemas internalizantes en esta poblacion. Estudios previos sugieren tambien diferentes patrones de discrepancias entre informantes en diadas adoptivas. Metodo: Analizamos los problemas internalizantes en 66 adolescentes adoptados de Rusia a familias espanolas, usando el Cuestionario de Capacidades y Fortalezas y comparandoles con un grupo adolescentes de la comunidad (n = 30). Evaluamos factores pre- y post-adopcion y discrepancias entre informantes (autoinforme e informe parental). Resultados: Los adolescentes adoptados mostraron mas problemas internalizantes por informe parental que los adolescentes comunitarios, pero no hubo diferencias por autoinforme. En el grupo adoptado no hubo discrepancias entre informantes, mientras que el grupo de comparacion reporto mas sintomas internalizantes que sus progenitores. Factores relacionados con la adversidad predijeron problemas internalizantes por informe parental, mientras que factores post-adopcion predijeron problemas internalizantes por autoinforme. Conclusiones: Las discrepancias entre informantes en problemas internalizantes fueron menores en adolescentes adoptados que en adolescentes de la comunidad. Tanto factores relacionados con la adversidad como con la vivencia de la adopcion pueden influir en el desarrollo de problemas internalizantes en adolescentes adoptados internacionalmente. Palabras clave: Adopcion internacional Adversidad temprana Problemas internalizantes Procesos post-adopcion Discrepancias entre informantes
La Escala de Control Psicológico - Autoinforme Adolescente (PCS-YSR, siglas en inglés de Psychological Control Scale-Youth Self-Report) se ha utilizado ampliamente para evaluar las percepciones del ...control psicológico parental en diversos períodos de desarrollo y países. Sin embargo, la información sobre las propiedades psicométricas de la PCS-YSR es limitada, especialmente en muestras indonesias. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión indonesia de la PCS-YSR utilizando tanto el enfoque del modelo Rasch como el análisis factorial. El estudio empleó un método de muestreo por conveniencia, que involucró 886 adolescentes de entre 12 y 20 años. El enfoque del modelo Rasch incluyó el Análisis de Componentes Principales de Residuos Rasch, la estimación de infit y outfit, la confiabilidad de la persona y el ítem, y la función diferencial del ítem. El enfoque del análisis factorial involucró el análisis factorial confirmatorio, la confiabilidad Omega y la invarianza de la medición. Los resultados del enfoque del modelo Rasch mostraron que la versión indonesia del PCS-YSR solo explicó un modelo unidimensional con una varianza del 38,1%, a pesar de tener estimaciones de infit y outfit aceptables. Por otro lado, los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio indicaron un ajuste satisfactorio para un modelo unidimensional, aunque algunos ítems tenían cargas factoriales inadecuadas. Además, los ítems de la versión indonesia del PCS-YSR no exhibieron sesgo de respuesta entre los grupos. Sin embargo, la versión indonesia del PCS-YSR logró la invarianza de la medición solo en los grupos de género y edad, mientras que no se logró la invarianza de la medición en los padres. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la versión indonesia del PCS-YSR se puede utilizar para medir las percepciones de control psicológico parental en muestras indonesias, dadas sus propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias basadas en los enfoques del modelo Rasch y del análisis factorial.
The Psychological Control Scale-Youth Self-Report (PCS-YSR) has been widely used to assess perceptions of parental psychological control across various developmental periods and countries. However, information on the psychometric properties of the PCS-YSR is limited, especially in Indonesian samples. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the PCS-YSR using both Rasch model and factor analysis approaches. The study employed a convenience sampling method, involving 886 adolescents aged 12-20 years. The Rasch model approach included Rasch Principal Component Analysis of Residuals, estimation of infit and outfit, person and item reliability, and differential item functioning. The factor analysis approach involved confirmatory factor analysis, Omega reliability, and measurement invariance. Results from the Rasch model approach showed that the Indonesian version of PCS-YSR only explained a unidimensional model with a variance of 38.1%, despite having acceptable infit and outfit estimates. On the other hand, results from the confirmatory factor analysis indicated satisfactory model fit for a unidimensional model, although some items had inadequate factor loadings. Moreover, items from the Indonesian version of PCS-YSR did not exhibit response bias across groups. However, the Indonesian version of PCS-YSR achieved measurement invariance only across gender and age groups, while measurement invariance across parents was not attained. These findings suggest that the Indonesian version of PCS-YSR can be used to measure adolescent perceptions of parental psychological control in Indonesian samples, given its satisfactory psychometric properties based on both Rasch model and factor analysis approaches.
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender relações entre os efeitos de duas formas de violência, o abuso sexual e o bullying, na vida de adolescentes escolares. Trata-se de um estudo de caso ...realizado numa escola pública do sul do Brasil. Participaram quatro adolescentes do sexo feminino, e os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram a Entrevista Reflexiva e as fichas documentais escolares. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se a grounded-theory. Constatou-se que as participantes adotavam estratégias de coping de negação do papel de vítimas de violência familiar, com pouco sucesso no ambiente educacional. Em consequência do sofrimento do abuso sexual que as fragilizava, tornaram-se alvos de bullying. Apesar disso, todas evidenciaram percepção ecológico-sistêmica das interações dos efeitos negativos das duas modalidades de violência em suas vidas.
El acoso escolar provoca graves efectos en quienes se ven implicados, especialmente en las víctimas. Entre ellas, aquellas que viven estos episodios de forma prolongada son quienes manifiestan más ...consecuencias negativas. Para luchar contra este problema, el alumnado pone en marcha diferentes estrategias de afrontamiento que les permiten detener o sobrellevar estas situaciones y mitigar sus efectos. Este estudio pretende analizar el impacto del programa Asegúrate en las estrategias de afrontamiento usadas por las víctimas. En este trabajo participaron 3,428 alumnos de secundaria obligatoria (48.9% chicas) pertenecientes a 20 centros educativos. Los resultados de ANOVA de medidas repetidas mostraron cómo el programa Asegúrate mejora las estrategias de afrontamiento que usa el alumnado general y victimizado. Estos cambios en el afrontamiento de la victimización ocurren en las ex víctimas y no entre las víctimas estables. La eficacia del programa para la mejora del uso efectivo de las estrategias de afrontamiento queda evidenciada, aunque no se vieron reducidas las estrategias de evitación, siendo estas las menos efectivas. Se discuten razones que expliquen estos resultados e implicaciones para el diseño de programas de prevención e intervención.
It is an intriguing question of how people can reduce stress in situations where internal moral standards are violated. The moral distancing theory that addresses this question has been proposed to ...explain the different cognitive mechanisms facilitating people's involvement in or witnessing moral violations. Several findings showed that individual differences and contextual factors might explain moral disengagement tendencies. Beyond showing the correlations between moral disengagement processes and individual differences and contextual factors, it is also valuable to investigate if there is an effective way to intervene in moral disengagement. This review article addresses the previously shown evidence regarding individual differences, contextual factors, and interventions, which aim to enrich our understanding of the underlying psychological mechanisms to reduce unethical behaviors. Taken together, Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism were found to be individual differences associated with moral disengagement. Additionally, less research showed that attachment styles, political attitudes, moral identity, and emotions might be essential to experience moral disengagement. Although several studies showed that individual differences are related to being more prone to moral disengagement, these studies were rarely considered in intervention programs aiming to reduce immoral behaviors. Programs that have been designed to reduce moral disengagement overlook the longterm effects. Additionally, interventions often focus on the work environment and adolescence. In the future, interventions that include longitudinal designs considering the role of individual differences and different contexts might contribute to the relevant literature.. Keywords: Moral psychology, moral disengagement, individual differences, intervention studies Kisilerin icsel ahlaki standartlarin ihlal edildigi durumlarda nasil dusuk duzeyde stres deneyimledigi merak uyandiran bir sorudur. Bu soruyu ele alan ahlaki uzaklafma teorisi, insanlarin ahlaki ihlallere dahil veya tanik olmasini kolaylastiran farkli bilissel mekanizmalari aciklamak uzere one surulmstur. Incelemeler ahlaki uzaklasmaya iliskin egilimlerin baglamsal faktorlerin yani sira bireysel farkliliklarla da aciklanabilecegine isaret etmektedir. Ahlaki uzaklasmanin bireysel farkliliklar ve baglamsal faktorlerle iliskisinin otesinde, ahlaki uzaklasmaya mudahale etmenin etkili bir yolu olup olmadigini arastirmak da oldukca degerlidir. Bu derleme makalesi, bireysel farkliliklar, baglamsal faktorler ve mudahalelerle ilgili calismalari ele alarak etik olmayan davranislarin azaltilabilmesi icin altta yatan psikolojik mekanizmalara iliskin anlayisimizi zenginlestirmeyi amaclamaktadir. Birlikte ele alindiginda, bulgular Durustluk-Alcakgonulluluk, Uyumluluk, Sorumluluk, Psikopati ve Makyavelizm'in, ahlaki uzaksafma ile iliskili bireysel farkliliklar oldugunu gostermektedir. Ek olarak, daha az sayida arastirmada baglanma stillerinin, politik tutumlarin, ahlaki kimligin ve ahlaki duygularin ahlaki uzaklasma sureclerini deneyimlemekle iliskili oldugu bulunmustur. Calismalar bireysel farkliliklarin ahlaki uzaklasmaya yatkinlikicin onemli oldugunu gosterse de bu farklarin ahlaki uzaklafmayi azaltmakicin mudahale programlarinda nadiren dikkate alindigi gorulmektedir. Ahlaki uzaklacmayi azaltmakicin tasarlanan programlarin uzun vadeli etkilerinin nadiren test edildigi ve genellikle calisma ortamina veya ergenlik donemine odaklandigi gorulmektedir. Gelecekte bireysel farkliliklarin rolunu dikkate alan boylamsal desenleri iceren uygulamali calismalar ilgili literature katki saglayacaktir. Anahtar sozcukler: Ahlak psikolojisi, ahlaki uzaklafma, bireysel farkliliklar, mudahale calismalari
High school turf wars are often a teenage rite of passage, but there are extremes-as when a race riot at a Los Angeles campus in the spring of 2005 resulted in a police lockdown. In her fascinating ...book,Multicultural Girlhood, Mary Thomas interviewed 26 Latina, Armenian, Filipina, African-American, and Anglo girls at this high school to gauge their responses to the campus violence. They all denounced the outbreak, calling for multicultural understanding and peaceful coexistence.
However, as much as the girls want everyone to just "get along," they also exhibit strong racist beliefs and validate segregated social spaces on campus and beyond. How can teenagers and "girl power" work together to empower instead of alienate multicultural groups? In her perceptive book, Thomas foregrounds the spaces of teen girlhood and the role that space plays in girls' practices that perpetuate social difference, and she explains the ways we navigate the intellectual terrain between scholarship and school yard.
En el presente artículo, se analizan experiencias de acoso y ciberacoso con el propósito de conocer tanto las características que las envuelven como su prevalencia. Participaron 220 estudiantes desde ...sexto de educación primaria a primero de bachillerato, escolarizados en centros educativos de la provincia de Granada, seleccionados mediante un muestreo incidental no probabilístico. Para el diseño de la investigación, se optó por un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo no experimental, amparado bajo la técnica de encuesta, utilizando una versión adaptada del cuestionario Ciberbull, utilizado por Giménez et al. (2015). Los resultados mostraron una propensión elevada en ambas manifestaciones de acoso (23.6 % acosadores y 14.1 % victimas), detectando que estas situaciones tendían a disminuir conforme al aumento de la edad del alumnado. Además, se hallaron diferencias, por un lado, en el sexode los sujetos que perpetran acoso (Mhombres = 1.2; DE = 0.4 vs. Mmujeres = 1.09; DE = 0.29) y, por otra parte, en la prevalencia de victimización (beta = 0.542, p < 0.05), poniéndose de manifiesto que el hecho de ser acosado, puede ser un valor predictivo de ser víctima de ciberacoso. Por último, se recomienda continuar el estudio, realizando un análisis factorial exploratorio del instrumento, así como ampliando la muestra de participantes. Palabras clave acoso escolar; adolescencia; ciberacoso; prevalencia; sexo. In this article we analyse experiences of bullying and cyberbullying to know the characteristics that surround them and their prevalence. The participants were 220 students from the sixth year of primary education to first year of high school education schooled in the province of Granada, selected through an incidental or non-probabilistic sampling. For the design of the research, a non-experimental quantitative methodological approach, supported under the survey technique, was chosen using an adapted version of the Ciberbull questionnaire by Giménez et al. (2015). The results showed a high propensity in both manifestations of bullying (23.6% aggressors and 14.1% victims), detecting that these situations tended to decrease as the students' age increases. In addition, differences were found, on the one hand, in the gender of the perpetrators of bullying (M.sub.boy = 1.2; SD = 0.4 versus M.sub.girl = 1.09; SD = 0,29) and, on the other hand, in the prevalence of victimization (beta = 0.0542, p < 0.05), showing that being harassed may be a predictive value of being a cyberbullying victim. Finally, it is recommended to continue the study, carrying out an exploratory factor analysis of the instrument, as well as expanding the sample of participants. Keywords bullying; adolescence; cyberbullying; prevalence; gender.
Contextualização: A obesidade na pré-adolescência e o processo natural de envelhecimento são fatores que podem interferir nos ajustes autonómicos cardíacos durante a realização e recuperação de ...exercícios físicos. Objetivo: Investigar qual dos dois fatores causa maior prejuízo à modulação autonómica cardíaca (MAC) nessas condições. Métodos: Foram estudados dez indivíduos de meia idade saudáveis (IMI) com média de idade de 45 + or - 5anos e cinco pré-adolescentes obesos (PAO) com idade média de 10,5+ ó -1,5 anos que se submeteram a um protocolo de exercício dinâmico submáximo incremental (EDSI), feito em esteira rolante. Devido à diferença de estatura, os PAO iniciaram o protocolo a uma velocidade de 4,0km/h e os IMI a 4,5km/h. As velocidades tiveram incrementos de 0,5km/h a cada estágio de 3min até que o voluntário atingisse a sua FC submáxima (FC.sub.submax = 195 - idade) ou o nível 13 do índice de percepção de esforço de Borg. Ao final do esforço, o voluntario andava 1 minuto na velocidade inicial do protocolo e se deitava por 5min. Os batimentos cardíacos registrados foram interpretados por um software que permitiu a análise da MAC por meio da interpretação da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). A análise dos dados se restringiu à estatística descritiva, devido ao baixo número de voluntários estudados. Resultados: ambos os grupos apresentaram efetivo aumento do tônus simpático durante o esforço, apesar de os PAO terem atingido maiores valores de FC nas velocidades relativas. Durante a fase de recuperação pós-esforço o índice pNN50, que expressa a modulação parassimpática cardíaca, foi maior para os PAO (média de 2,24 - IMI e 8,34 - PAO), sendo o fator responsável pela maior redução da FC pós-esforço. Conclusão: o processo natural de envelhecimento parece ser um fator mais impactante para os ajustes autonómicos cardíacos, principalmente durante a recuperação pós-esforço, do que a obesidade na pré-adolescência. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sistema nervoso autônomo; Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca; Envelhecimento; Obesidade. Background: Obesity in pre-adolescence and the natural process of aging are factors that can interfere in the mechanisms of cardiac autonomic adjustments during physical exercise and the practice and recovery. Objective: To investigate which of the two factors causes the greatest damage to cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) during and recovery after exercise. Methods: Ten healthy middle aged (HMA) individuals with a mean age of 45 + or - 5 years and five obese pre-adolescents (OPA) with a mean age of 10.5 + or - 1.5 years who underwent a protocol of study were studied during dynamic submaximal incremental exercise (DSIE), performed on a treadmill. Due to the difference in height, the OPA started the protocol at a speed of 4.0 km/h and the HMA at 4.5 km/h. The speeds had increments of 0.5 km/h at each 3-minute stage until the volunteer reached his submaximal HR (HRsubmax = 195 - age) or level 13 of the Borg effort perception index. At the end of the effort, the volunteer walked for 1 minute at the initial speed of the protocol and lay down for 5min. The registered heartbeat was interpreted by software that takes the analysis of CAM through the interpretation of heart rate variability (HRV). The data analysis was restricted to descriptive statistics, due to the low number of volunteers studied. Results: both groups activated properly the sympathetic tone during the effort, although the OPA reached higher HR values in the relative speeds. During post-exercise recovery phase the pNN50, index that represents the cardiac parasympathetic modulation, was higher for OPA (mean of 2.24 - HMA and 8.34 - OPA), being the factor responsible for the greatest reduction in HR post-effort. Conclusion: the natural aging process seems to be a more impacting factor for cardiac autonomic adjustments, especially during the post-effort phase, than obesity in pre-adolescence. KEYWORDS: Autonomic nervous system; Heart rate variability; Natural aging; Obesity.
La presente revisión teórica hace énfasis en las técnicas de evaluación psicológica en la infancia y la adolescencia, en particular en el proceso de evaluación descriptivo- predictivo y en el proceso ...de evaluación interventivo-valorativo. Procesos estrechamente relacionados que conjuntamente con la entrevista psicológica como método de evaluación, permiten el abordaje de las distintas problemáticas infanto-juveniles en esta etapa de transición que define la vida adulta y por ende la formación de la personalidad.