The idea of this book was born due to the rapid increase of the interest in excellence of agricultural production in the aspect of both – the quality of raw material for food production as well as in ...the aspect of environment protection. Agrophysics is a field of science that focuses on the quality of agriculture as a whole i.e. the interaction between human and environment, especially the interaction between soil, plant, atmosphere and machine. Physics with its laws, principles and rules is a good tool for description of the interactions, as well as of the results of these interactions. Some aspects of chemistry, biology and other fields of science are also taken under consideration. This interdisciplinary approach can result in holistic description of processes which should lead to improvement of the efficiency of obtaining the raw materials to ensure a sufficient amount of food, safe for human health. This book could be regarded as the contribution to this description. The reader can find some basic as well, as more particular aspects of the contemporary agriculture, starting with the soil characteristics and treatment, plant growth and agricultural products’ properties and processing.
V delu je predstavljen razvoj področja agrometeorologije od ustanovitve Agronomske fakultete 1947 pa do leta 2004. Opisan je pomen stroke, njen kadrovski razvoj, pedagoško in raziskovalno delo z ...najpomembnejšimi objavami. Orisana je vloga agrometeorologije pri študiju agronomije, predvsem kot vede, ki je tesno povezana z okoljem. Prav atmosferski del okolja močno vpliva na rastlinsko pridelavo in je odločujoči dejavnik tudi pri ekološko usmerjenem kmetijstvu.
Ugrađeni sustavi povezani s globalnom mrežom (IoT) sve više ulaze u sva područja znanosti. Mrežna povezanost omogućuje prijenos informacija dobivenih na terenu u vrlo kratkom vremenu u oblak, gdje je ...zahvaljujući obradi moguće donijeti važne zaključke i odrediti daljnji tijek pojedinog procesa. U području agronomije, okolišne i procesne varijable poboljšavaju uzgoj smanjenjem troškova senzora i elektroničkih komponenti. Analizom karakteristika okoliša i hranjivih tvari moguće je otkriti njihov odnos s uzgojem. Potrebne varijable okoliša pronađene su u novijim radovima, a nove su uvedene prema projektnom timu. S predloženom arhitekturom staklenika pokušali smo postići najpouzdanije i najtočnije mjerenje uz najnižu moguću cijenu projekta. Predložena arhitektura omogućuje skalabilnost promjenom broja čvorova ili senzora. Dizajn softvera kontrolira učestalost mjerenja i jedinicu točnosti. Podaci se u vrlo kratkom vremenu prenose u oblak i osigurani su od gubitaka u slučaju prekida mrežne povezanosti. U radu su prikazani preliminarni rezultati rada sustava.
Ruralni i održivi razvoj te održivost su pojmovi koji se u današnje vrijeme često spominju
kako u znanstvenim radovima tako i u političkim raspravama i medijima. Ruralni razvoj
prioritet je u ...Europskoj uniji i podupire se financijskim sredstvima iz specifičnih fondova.
Istovremeno, održivost je ključna riječ za Europsku uniju prilikom konstruiranja programa i
politika za sve ljudske aktivnosti.
U ovom je radu promatran održivi ruralni razvoj na županijskoj odnosno NUTS 3 razini
prvenstveno radi dostupnosti podataka, ali i zato što bi se održivi razvoj neke države
trebao temeljiti na podjednakom razvoju svih njezinih dijelova. Održivi ruralni razvoj
promatran je s aspekta snošljivosti i tolerancije triju sastavnica (ekološke, ekonomske i
društvene) koje su vrednovali predstavnici različitih profesionalnih institucija. Pomoću
dobivenih pondera i statističkih podataka određeni su kvantitativni pokazatelji pojedine
sastavnice u određenom ruralnom prostoru što može biti podloga za izradu strategija
razvoja i djelovanje lokalnih i regionalnih čelnika s ciljem poboljšanja održivog razvoja.
U radu su postavljena tri cilja, a to su: identificirati najprikladniji skup indikatora za
mjerenje održivog ruralnog razvoja na NUTS 3 razini, izraditi model za mjerenje održivog
ruralnog razvoja na NUTS 3 razini i testirati model na primjeru četiriju hrvatskih županija.
U radu je pomoću višekriterijske analize, AHP metodom izrađen model za mjerenje
održivog ruralnog razvoja na NUTS 3 razini koji se sastoji od petnaest indikatora
podijeljenih u tri skupine: ekološka, ekonomska i društvena. Osim glavnog modela, na
osnovu vrednovanja svih ispitanika, napravljene su i četiri inačice: prema mišljenju
predstavnika znanstveno-nastavnih institucija, predstavnika LAG-ova i udruga,
predstavnika državnih i županijskih institucija i model u kojem svi kriteriji i potkriteriji imaju
jednake vrijednosti lokalnih prioriteta.
Model je testiran na primjeru četiriju županija od kojih je Zadarska županija ostvarila
najbolje rezultate u pogledu ruralne održivosti, slijedi je Koprivničko-križevačka, zatim
Brodsko-posavska i posljednje plasirana je Vukovarsko-srijemska županija.
Testirane su i četiri inačice modela i prema svima je vodeće mjesto zauzela Zadarska, a
slijedi je Koprivničko-križevačka županija.
Rural development, sustainable development and sustainability are nowadays often
mentioned in scientific publications, as well as in political discussions and media. Rural
development is considered as a priority in the European Union and is financially supported
from designated funds, while sustainability is a keyword for the European Union
processes of creating programs and policies for all human activities. The concept of
sustainable development consists in three components: ecological, economic and social,
which in ideal conditions equally contribute to the objective, but in reality, growth and
development in one component's domain negatively affects the growth and development
of the remaining sustainability factors. Due to the law of scarcity, one has to choose a way
to use the scarce resources and to establish their development priorities.
In order to determine development priorities and sustainable development components in
which a particular area falls behind, a measuring tool is necessary. Since in Croatia no
sustainable development measurement for all of its components has been conducted, it
was decided to create such model using a multicriteria analysis and the AHP method and
to test it on NUTS 3 level.
The aims of this paper are: to identify the most appropriate set of indicators for measuring
sustainable development on NUTS 3 level, to create a model for measuring sustainable
rural development on NUTS 3 level and to test the model on the example of four Croatian
counties.
In the chapter Previous Research, the author provides an overview of the research in the
domain of rural development, sustainability and sustainable development and methods
used for measuring sustainability and sustainable development.
In Materials and Methods, the multicriteria analysis is described in more detail, some of its
methods are specified, while special focus is put on the Analytical Hierarchy Process
(AHP), used for the purpose of achieving research goals. It explains the procedure of
creating the model using this method and some basic theoretical assumptions of the
method.
The chapter Research Results is divided in several subchapters to track more easily both
the process of creating the model and finally its testing on the selected counties. In the
subchapter Suggested Indicators with Explanations, based on a review of literature, a set
of 47 indicators was developed, divided in three groups: ecological, economic and social.
For each suggested indicator, there is a clarification of the importance of its measuring, a
list of authors who used it in previous research and an explanation how it would be
measured if selected by respondents as one of 15 indicators included in the model.
In the subchapter Selection of Sustainable Rural Development Indicators, the author
presents the results of the research conducted on the pattern of 47 respondents:
representatives of scientific-educational institutions, LAGs and state and county
institutions. The following 15 indicators were selected to enter the model: availability of
potable water, investment in sustainable energy sources and energetic efficiency, share of
ecological agriculture in total agriculture, existence of recycling and composting
infrastructure, biodiversity of animal and plant species, unemployment rate, availability of
infrastructure objects connected to agriculture, gross domestic product per capita,
productivity of agricultural production, diversification of economic activities on the rural
area, age structure, availability of education facilities, education structure, availability of
health facilities and population growth between two censuses.
This subchapter also lists the indicators which would enter the model if the research was
limited to a single of the abovementioned respondent groups.
The subchapter Creating a Rating Model of Sustainable Rural Development shows local
priorities of the three indicator groups, as well as of each of the 15 chosen indicators. The
most important indicator group for achieving sustainable rural development are the
economic indicators, with local priority value 0.415, followed by the social, with local
priority value 0.309, while the lowest value of local priority, 0.275, is attributed to the
ecological indicators.
Different groups of experts, formed based on their workplace, placed different value to
particular indicator groups. Thus, representatives of academic teaching personnel
consider the social group of indicators to be the most important, while the representatives
of LAGs, state and county institutions evaluated the economic indicators as the most
important.
If individual indicators are observed, the indicator with the highest value of local priority is
availability of potable water (0.286), and the lowest value is attributed to the share of
ecological agriculture in the total agriculture (0.127).
The subchapter Entering Data into the Model includes all data for individual indicators for
each of the four counties on which the model was tested (Brod-Posavina, KoprivnicaKriževci,
Vukovar-Srijem and Zadar). Along with the statistical data, the chapter contains
tables with key for assigning weight when ranking the counties by the selected indicators.
In the last subchapter, Testing the Model on Four Selected Counties, as indicated by the
title, the model was tested. Apart from the original model which includes all expert groups'
opinions, three model versions were made based on the experts' occupation, and a model
version in which all criteria and subcriteria bear equal local priority value.
Zadar County received the highest ratings among the observed counties in the original
model, as well as in all four versions. This comes from the fact that this county had the
best values of almost all indicators, and consequently, a difference in particular indicators'
local priority values in model versions had no effect on the final result. The second-placed
in all test situations was Koprivnica-Križevci, while Vukovar-Srijem and Brod-Posavina
had the lowest ratings, with very small difference among the two.
The chapter Discussion follows the chapter Research Results. Each subchapter of the
discussion points out the problems encountered during the research, describes how they
were resolved and recommends ways of possible improvement.
A comprehensive model such as this one, which was created using a multicriteria
analysis, gives a better insight into the overall state of the territory and population, and
based on the obtained comparisons an inclusive development strategy can be devised.
The advantage of the used method is that different stakeholders can take part in the
selection of indicators and evaluation of their importance in achieving sustainable rural
development, which was in actuality done when creating this model, while the
disadvantage of this research is unequal representation of each stakeholder group, which
undoubtedly affected both the indicator selection and weight assignment.
As a disadvantage of the model, one can point out a certain amount of subjectivity in
suggesting which indicators are to be included in the model, as well as the subjectivity of
each respondent in choosing the indicators and their weight assignment. This subjectivity
was not entirely avoidable, but it was substantially neutralized by heterogeneity of
respondents' professional orientation.
The paper ends with the chapter Conclusions, where the achieved aims are briefly stated,
hypotheses are reflected upon and possible further research and model improvement is
suggested.
This paper identifies the most appropriate set of indicators for measuring sustainable rural
development on NUTS
Na globalnoj razini, invazije alohtonih organizama predstavljaju drugu najveću prijetnju
bioraznolikosti. Pretpostavka je da je visok alelopatski potencijal jedna od značajki koja
pomaţe invazivnim ...biljnim vrstama u širenju na nova područja. Primjenom vodenih
ekstrakata donor vrsta na test-vrste, u ovom radu dokazan je visok alelopatski potencijal
osam invazivnih alohtonih biljnih vrsta iz šest različitih biljnih porodica: Abutilon
theophrasti Med. - europski mračnjak (porodica Malvaceae), Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. –
pelinolisni limundţik ili ambrozija (Asteraceae), Datura stramonium L. - bijeli kuţnjak
(Solanaceae), Xanthium strumarium L.- dikica (Asteraceae), Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)
Swingle - pajasen (Simaroubaceae), Amorpha fruticosa L. - amorfa (Fabaceae),
Reynoutria japonica Houtt. - japanski dvornik (Polygonaceae), Solidago gigantea Aiton -
velika zlatnica (Asteraceae). Kao test-vrste korištene su tri kultivirane biljne vrste iz tri
različite biljne porodice: Avena sativa L. - zob (Poaceae), Brassica napus subsp. oleifera
L. - uljana repica (Brassicaceae) i Helianthus annuus L. - suncokret (Asteraceae).
Primjenom vodenih ekstrakata donor vrsta na sjeme test-vrsta utvrĎena alelopatska
djelovanja isključivo su negativna tj. inhibirajuća, a intenzitet ovisi o donor vrsti i test-vrsti.
Alelopatski utjecaj na postotak klijavosti kod svih interakcija donor vrsta i test-vrsta je
puno manji u odnosu na utjecaj na duljinu korjenčića i duljinu klice test-vrsta. UtvrĎeno je
da višegodišnje vrste posjeduju jači alelopatski potencijal od jednogodišnjih. Vrsta
najjačeg alelopatskog potencijala je pajasen, a najosjetljivija test-vrsta je uljana repica.
Ekstrakt pajasena inhibirao je duljinu korjenčića uljane repice 94,88%, a duljinu klice
98,91%, što je gotovo herbicidni učinak. Primjenom vodenih ekstrakata korijena, stabljike,
lista i čitave biljke pajasena na sjeme, list i korijen uljane repice utvrĎena su inhibitorna
alelopatska djelovanja različitih intenziteta, ovisno o vrsti i koncentraciji ekstrakta i načinu
primjene. Najjače djelovanje zabiljeţeno je primjenom ekstrakata na sjeme, slijedi
primjena na list (prskanjem) pa primjena na korijen (zalijevanjem) test-vrste. Stimulativno
djelovanje nije utvrĎeno ni u jednom dijelu istraţivanja. Bez obzira na način primjene,
najjača djelovanja utvrĎena su ekstraktima korijena pajasena u kojem je najveća
koncentracija potentnih alelokemikalija. Tekućinskom kromatografijom utvrĎeno je da je
koncentracija ailantona, literaturno najpotentnije alelokemikalije pajasena, najveća u
ekstraktima korijena i iznosi 0,35 mg/ml. Koncentracija ailantona u ekstraktu stabljike
iznosi puno manjih 0,15 mg/ml, a u ekstraktu lista 0,12 mg/ml. Koncentracija ailantona u
ekstraktu čitave biljke je u skladu s utvrĎenim vrijednostima po pojedinim organima
pajasena i iznosi 0,19 mg/ml. UtvrĎeno je da djelovanje ailantona potpomaţu druge
alelokemikalije sadrţane u tkivima pajasena.
Na globalnoj razini, invazije alohtonih organizama predstavljaju drugu najveću prijetnju
bioraznolikosti. Pretpostavka je da je visok alelopatski potencijal jedna od značajki koja
pomaţe invazivnim biljnim vrstama u širenju na nova područja. Primjenom vodenih
ekstrakata donor vrsta na test-vrste, u ovom radu dokazan je visok alelopatski potencijal
osam invazivnih alohtonih biljnih vrsta iz šest različitih biljnih porodica: Abutilon
theophrasti Med. - europski mračnjak (porodica Malvaceae), Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. –
pelinolisni limundţik ili ambrozija (Asteraceae), Datura stramonium L. - bijeli kuţnjak
(Solanaceae), Xanthium strumarium L.- dikica (Asteraceae), Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)
Swingle - pajasen (Simaroubaceae), Amorpha fruticosa L. - amorfa (Fabaceae),
Reynoutria japonica Houtt. - japanski dvornik (Polygonaceae), Solidago gigantea Aiton -
velika zlatnica (Asteraceae). Kao test-vrste korištene su tri kultivirane biljne vrste iz tri
različite biljne porodice: Avena sativa L. - zob (Poaceae), Brassica napus subsp. oleifera
L. - uljana repica (Brassicaceae) i Helianthus annuus L. - suncokret (Asteraceae).
Primjenom vodenih ekstrakata donor vrsta na sjeme test-vrsta utvrĎena alelopatska
djelovanja isključivo su negativna tj. inhibirajuća, a intenzitet ovisi o donor vrsti i test-vrsti.
Alelopatski utjecaj na postotak klijavosti kod svih interakcija donor vrsta i test-vrsta je
puno manji u odnosu na utjecaj na duljinu korjenčića i duljinu klice test-vrsta. UtvrĎeno je
da višegodišnje vrste posjeduju jači alelopatski potencijal od jednogodišnjih. Vrsta
najjačeg alelopatskog potencijala je pajasen, a najosjetljivija test-vrsta je uljana repica.
Ekstrakt pajasena inhibirao je duljinu korjenčića uljane repice 94,88%, a duljinu klice
98,91%, što je gotovo herbicidni učinak. Primjenom vodenih ekstrakata korijena, stabljike,
lista i čitave biljke pajasena na sjeme, list i korijen uljane repice utvrĎena su inhibitorna
alelopatska djelovanja različitih intenziteta, ovisno o vrsti i koncentraciji ekstrakta i načinu
primjene. Najjače djelovanje zabiljeţeno je primjenom ekstrakata na sjeme, slijedi
primjena na list (prskanjem) pa primjena na korijen (zalijevanjem) test-vrste. Stimulativno
djelovanje nije utvrĎeno ni u jednom dijelu istraţivanja. Bez obzira na način primjene,
najjača djelovanja utvrĎena su ekstraktima korijena pajasena u kojem je najveća
koncentracija potentnih alelokemikalija. Tekućinskom kromatografijom utvrĎeno je da je
koncentracija ailantona, literaturno najpotentnije alelokemikalije pajasena, najveća u
ekstraktima korijena i iznosi 0,35 mg/ml. Koncentracija ailantona u ekstraktu stabljike
iznosi puno manjih 0,15 mg/ml, a u ekstraktu lista 0,12 mg/ml. Koncentracija ailantona u
ekstraktu čitave biljke je u skladu s utvrĎenim vrijednostima po pojedinim organima
pajasena i iznosi 0,19 mg/ml. UtvrĎeno je da djelovanje ailantona potpomaţu druge
alelokemikalije sadrţane u tkivima pajasena.
At the global level, the invasion of alien organisms represent the second largest threat to
biodiversity. The assumption is that the high allelopathic potential is one of the features
that helps invasive plant species to spread to new areas. The high level of aggressiveness
in most species is supported by the action of specific chemical compounds -
allelochemicals. Allelochemicals are secondary metabolites of plant metabolism that
determine relationships between individuals of the species called allelopathy. Many
allelochemicals act as "chemical weapon" and can potentially be used as natural
herbicides, growth regulators or as a base for their synthesis. Applying allelopathy in
agriculture can reduce the use of synthetic pesticides.
The study was divided into two parts. In the first part of the research, preliminary
identification of allelopathic potential of eight invasive non-native plant species (donor
species), from six different plant families, was determined. Donor species were Abutilon
theophrasti Med. - velvetleaf (family Malvaceae), Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. - ragweed
(Asteraceae), Datura stramonium L. – white jimsonweed (Solanaceae), Xanthium
strumarium L. - cocklebur (Asteraceae), Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle – tree of
heaven (Simaroubaceae), Amorpha fruticosa L. - indigo bush (Fabaceae), Reynoutria
japonica Houtte. - Japanese knotweed (Polygonaceae), Solidago gigantea Aiton - giant
goldenrod (Asteraceae). Three cultivated plant species from three different plant families
were used as test species: Avena sativa L. - oats (Poaceae), Brassica napus L. - oilseed
rape (Brassicaceae) and Helianthus annuus L. - sunflower (Asteraceae). Aqueous
extracts of eight donor species were applied to the seeds of the test-plants. Aqueous
extracts were made of whole plants. High allelopathic potential of all species included in
investigation was proven. Allelopathic effects are exclusively negative (inhibiting) and
intensity depending on the type of donor species and test-species. Allelopathic impact on
the percentage of germination in all species is much smaller in relation to the impact on
the radicle and shoot length of the test-species. Inhibitory effect on germination was
determined only to the extract of tree of heaven applied to the oilseed rape seed.
Perennial species have a stronger allelopathic potential than annual species. Tree of
heaven is species with the strongest allelopathic potential followed by white jimsonweed,
indigo bush, giant goldenrod, ragweed, Japanese knotweed. The smallest allelopathic
potential was determined in annual species velvetleaf and cocklebur. The most sensitive
test-plant is oilseed rape followed by oats and sunflower. Tree of heaven aqueous extract
inhibited radicle length of rapeseed 94.88%, and the length of sprouts 98.91%, which is
almost herbicidal activity of extracts. Tree of heaven and oilseed rape are therefore
included in the second part of the research in which aqueous extracts are made
separately from the roots, stems, leaves and whole plant of tree of heaven. Each of the
extracts was used in three different concentrations (total of 12 extracts) and applied to the
seed, root and leaf of the oilseed rape. Application to the seeds implies wetting the filter
paper in Petri dishes, application of the root implies watering in two different rates and
application on leaves implies spray application on previously raised test plants in 2 leaf
stage (BBCH 12). Inhibitory allelopathic effects of different intensities were observed,
depending on the type and concentration of the extracts and on the method of application.
The strongest effect was observed applying the extracts on the seeds, followed by
application on the leaves (spraying) and on the roots (watering) of the test-plants.
Stimulating effect was not found in any part of the research. Obtained results showed that
the tree of heaven contains allelochemicals in all investigated parts (root, stem, leaf).
Regardless of the method of application, the strongest effects were identified to the root
extracts of tree of heaven whe
Svaka sorta ili hibrid neke ratarske kulture ima različite zahtjeve prema ekološkim
uvjetima i svojstvima tla, a zahtjeva i određene specifičnosti u tehnologiji proizvodnje.
Unatoč poznatoj činjenici ...kako uljana repica za visoke prinose treba velike količine dušika
koji je i najveći input, malo je znanstvenih istraživanja u nama dostupnoj literaturi koja
proučavaju utjecaj gnojidbe dušikom na agronomska i energetska svojstva uljane repice.
Nakon žetve uljane repice ostaje velika količina stabljike koja se može iskoristiti kao
sirovina za proizvodnju biogoriva. Za razliku od uljane repice, pir zahtjeva znatno manjeuljana repica, pir, sorta, gnojidba dušikom, prinos, agronomska svojstva,
energetska svojstva
dušika, a stvara veću količinu biomase (slama i pljeve), stoga je pogodan kao sirovina za
proizvodnju energije. Optimizacija gnojidbe dušikom kod svih kultura pa tako i uljane
repice i pira mora balansirati odnos između prinosa i kvalitete sirovine bilo da se radi o
sjemenu ili zrnu, odnosno biomasi, uz istovremenu zaštitu okoliša. Zbog svega
navedenog, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi agronomska svojstva uljane repice i pira s
obzirom na izbor sorte/hibrida i prihranu različitim količinama dušika te utvrditi energetska
svojstva biomase kao sirovine za proizvodnju toplinske i/ili električne energije s obzirom
na izbor kulture, sorte i različite gnojidbe dušikom. Istraživanja su provedena kroz poljske
pokuse postavljene na antropogeniziranom, eutrično smeđem tlu u agroekološkim
uvjetima sjeverozapadne Hrvatske na pokušalištu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Agronomskog
fakulteta u dvije vegetacijske godine za svaku kulturu.
U 2012./2013. i 2013./2014. godini istraživana su tri različita genotipa uljane repice
(konvencionalni hibrid SY Cassidy, sorta Komando i polupatuljasti hibrid PR45D03) i tri
varijante prihrane dušikom koje uključuju zalihu mineralnog dušika u tlu: N1 - bez
prihrane, N2 - razliku dušika iz gnojiva do 150 kg ha-1 dušika u tlu u jednoj prihrani i N3 -
razliku dušika iz gnojiva do 200 kg ha-1 dušika u tlu primijenjenu u dvije prihrane (60 % u
fazi BBCH 30 + 40 % u fazi BBCH 39). U 2012./2013. godini zaliha mineralnog dušika u
tlu iznosila je 77 kg ha-1 te je u prvoj prihrani uljane repice primijenjeno 73 kg ha-1 dušika
(N2), a u drugoj prihrani još 50 kg ha-1 dušika čime je gnojivom dodano ukupno
123 kg ha-1 dušika (N3). U 2013./2014. godini zaliha mineralnog dušika u tlu iznosila je
60 kg ha-1, stoga je u prvoj prihrani uljane repice primijenjeno 90 kg ha-1 dušika (N2), a u
drugoj prihrani još 50 kg ha-1 čime je gnojivom dodano ukupno 140 kg ha-1 dušika (N3).
U 2013./2014. i 2014./2015. godini istraživane su tri sorte pira (Nirvana, Ostro i Bc Vigor) i
tri varijante prihrane dušikom: N1 - bez prihrane, N2 - 25 kg ha-1 dušika u jednoj prihrani i
N3 - 50 kg ha-1 dušika u dvije prihrane (25 kg ha-1 N u početku vegetacije u proljeće + 25
kg ha-1 N na kraju busanja).
U obje godine istraživanja utvrđene su značajne razlike između istraživane sorte i hibrida
uljane repice u prinosu sjemena i ulja. Značajno najveći prinos sjemena i ulja ostvario je
konvencionalni hibrid SY Cassidy. U 2012./2013. godini najveći prinos stabljike i praznih
komuški ostvarili su konvencionalni hibrid SY Cassidy i sorta Komando.
Povećanjem količine dušika, tj. primjenom 90 kg ha-1 dušika u jednoj prihrani (N2)
značajno je povećan prinos sjemena, a primjenom 140 kg ha-1 dušika u dvije prihrane
(N3) povećan je prinos stabljike i praznih komuški, ali samo u izrazito vlažnoj 2013./2014.
godini.
Istraživane sorte pira značajno su se razlikovale u prinosu oljuštenog zrna i žetvenom
indeksu. Signifikantno najveći prinos oljuštenog zrna i najveći žetveni indeks utvrđen je
kod sorte Nirvana. U 2014./2015. godini značajno najveći prinos slame utvrđen je kod
sorti Bc Vigor i Ostro, a najmanji udio pljeva i pljevica kod sorte Nirvana.
Povećanjem količine dušika, tj. primjenom 25 kg ha-1 dušika u prvoj prihrani (N2) značajno
je povećan prinos neoljuštenog i oljuštenog zrna pira i prinos pljeva i pljevica u
2014./2015. godini te prinos slame, ali samo u vlažnoj 2013./2014. godini.
Rezultati laboratorijskih istraživanja su pokazali kako slama pira ima veću donju ogrjevnu
vrijednost (17,03 MJ kg-1) nego stabljike uljane repice (16,57 MJ kg-1) jer sadrži viši udio
ugljika, koksa i fiksiranog ugljika, a niži udio kisika, hlapivih tvari i dušika. Slama pira u
odnosu na stabljiku uljane repice sadrži niži udio sumpora.
Najpovoljnija energetska svojstva stabljike uljane repice utvrđena su kod konvencionalnog
hibrida SY Cassidy i sorte Komando.
Prihrana većim količinama dušika uglavnom je pozitivno utjecala na energetska svojstva
biomase, tj. stabljike uljane repice kroz povećanje udjela vodika i koksa te smanjenja
udjela hlapivih tvari.
Istraživane sorte pira nisu se značajno razlikovale u energetskim svojstvima slame kao
biomase, osim u 2014./2015. godini kada je značajno najmanji udio pepela u slami
utvrđen kod sorte Nirvana.
Prihrana dušikom uglavnom je pozitivno utjecala na energetska svojstva slame pira kroz
povećanje udjela ugljika i smanjenja udjela kisika i pepela, ali i negativno zbog smanjenja
udjela koksa i povećanja udjela dušika.
U prosjeku istraživanja, slama pira je ostvarila veći prinos iskoristive biomase
(2.492 kg ha-1) i energetski prinos (42.455 MJ ha-1) u odnosu na stabljiku uljane repice
(2.235 kg ha-1, odnosno 37.037 MJ ha-1).
Each cultivar or hybrid has different requirements according to environmental conditions
and soil properties and requires certain specifics in the production technology. Despite the
well known fact that rapeseed for high yields should have large amounts of nitrogen,
which is the biggest input, there are little scientific researches into the available literature
to study of nitrogen fertilization effect on the agronomic and energetic traits of the
rapeseed. After rapeseed harvest there are a large quantity of stalks on field that can be
used as raw material for biofuels production. In contrast to rapeseed, spelt requires
significantly less nitrogen and produces a larger quantity of biomass (straw and glumes)
compared to other cereals and is also suitable as raw materials for energy production.
Optimization of nitrogen fertilization for all crops, including rapeseed and spelt, must
balance the relationship between the yield and quality of feedstock whether it is a seed or
grain or biomass, with concurrently protecting the environment. Consequently, the aim of
this study was to determine the agronomic traits of rapeseed and spelt, with regard to the
selection of cultivar and fertilization with different nitrogen rate and determine the
energetic traits of biomass as a feedstock for production heat and/or electricity in the
selection of culture, cultivar and different nitrogen fertilization.
Research was carried out through laboratory and field experiments placed on
anthropogenic, eutric brown soil in the environmental conditions of northwestern Croatia.
Research was placed on the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture experimental field
throught two growing seasons for each crop. In 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 year were
researched three different genotypes of rapeseed (conventional hybrid SY Cassidy,
cultivar Komando and semi-dwarf hybrid PR45D03) and three variants of nitrogen
topdressing. In nitrogen topdressing variants were included soil mineral nitrogen supply.
Variants of nitrogen topdressing was: N1 - without topdressing, N2 - a difference from
nitrogen fertilizers to 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in the soil in one application and N3 - the
difference of nitrogen fertilizer to 200 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in the soil applied in two
topdressing (60 % in stage BBCH 30 + 40% at the stage BBCH 39). In 2012/2013 year
soil mineral nitrogen supply was 77 kg ha-1 and in the first rapeseed topdressing was
applied 73 kg ha-1 of nitrogen (N2), in the second topdressing another 50 kg ha-1 of
nitrogen fertilizer, which has added a total 123 kg ha-1 of nitrogen (N3). In 2013/2014 year
soil mineral nitrogen supply was 60 kg ha-1, therefore, in the first topdressing was applied
90 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer (N2), in the second topdressing another 50 kg ha-1, in which
is applied a total of 140 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer (N3). Rapeseed agronomic traits were
included seed yield, oil content and oil yield, stalk yield, pod residues yield and harvest
index. Spelt agronomic traits were included hulled and dehulled grain yield, content of
glumes, glumes yield, straw yield and harvest index.
In 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 year were investigated three spelt cultivars (Nirvana, Ostro
and Bc Vigor) and three variants of nitrogen topdressing: N1 - without topdressing, N2 -
25 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in one application and N3 - 50 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in two
applications, first 25 kg ha-1 N at the beginning of the growing season in spring and
second 25 kg ha-1 N at the end of tillering.
In laboratory investigation for both cultures were determined content of combustible
substances (content of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen and volatile matter) and noncombustible
substances (content of ash, coke, fixed carbon, nitrogen and moisture). Also,
in laboratory for both cultures were determined calorific value and calculated energy
potential.
In both years were determined significant differences between studied cultivars and
hybrids of rapeseed in seed and oil yield. Significantly the highest seed yield and oil yield
achieved a conventional hybrid SY Cassidy. In 2012/2013 year the highest yield of the
stalk and empty pods achieved conventional hybrid SY Cassidy and cultivar Komado.
Increasing a rate of nitrogen, i. e., the application of 90 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in one
topdressing (N2) significantly increased seed yield, and by the application of 140 kg ha-1
of nitrogen in two topdressing (N3) increased the stalks yield and empty pods yield, but
only in extremely humid 2013/2014 year.
The investigated spelt cultivars were significantly different in
Područje delte rijeke Neretve sa svojim klimatsko-zemljopisnim uvjetima, predstavlja
jedinstveno područje obzirom na gotovo monokulturne nasade unšijske mandarine
(Citrus unshiu Marc.). Zbog ...nedovoljne istraženosti paše, kao i odlika meda od unšijske
mandarine cilj je istraživanja bio utvrditi skupljačku aktivnost pčelinje zajednice te sastav
nektara i meda. Istraživanje je bilo provedeno tijekom trogodišnjeg razdoblja od 2014. do
2016. godine na području Opuzena. Na četiri sorte (‘Kawano Wase‘, ‘Okitsu’, ‘Chahara’ i
‘Zorica’) bilo je praćeno izlučivanje nektara i koncentracija šećera na osnovu čega je
utvrđen i njihov medonosni potencijal. Analiza sadržaja mednog mjehura i peludnog tereta
bila je provedena prema metodi Soehngen i Jay (1974). Melisopalinološkom je analizom
bio utvrđen peludni spektar sadržaja mednog mjehura, peludnog tereta i meda. Od
fizikalno-kemijskih parametara su bili analizirani udio vode, električna provodnost, pH
vrijednost i aktivnost dijastaze. Mikroekstrakcijom vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME) i
ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom (USE) pomoću organskih otapala bili su utvrđeni isparljivi
spojevi u nektaru, sadržaju mednog mjehura i medu. Prosječno veću količinu nektara
izlučile su sorte ‘Okitsu’ (23,40 µL) i ‘Kawano Wase‘ (22,79 µL) u odnosu na sorte
‘Chahara’ (21,60 µL) i ‘Zorica’ (20,01 µL). Kod sorti ‘Kawano Wase‘ (20,66%), ‘Okitsu’
(20,35%) i ‘Chahara’ (20,17%) bila je utvrđena prosječno veća koncentracija šećera u
odnosu na sortu ‘Zorica’ (18,43%). Medonosni se potencijal kretao u rasponu od 301 do
361,5 kg/ha. Od obrađenih 10 470 skupljačica nektarni je teret utvrđen kod 1 079, peludni
kod 1 476, dok je nektarni i peludni utvrđen kod 40. Prosječno veći broj skupljačica s
punim mednim mjehurom (404) i peludnim teretom (622) je bio ustanovljen u 8:00 u
odnosu na one prikupljene u 13:00 i 18:00. U 8:00 je bila utvrđena prosječno najveća
masa peludnog tereta (8,47 mg), no ona se nije statistički značajno razlikovala od one u
13:00 (8,44 mg), dok je ustanovljena masa u 18:00 (7,67 mg) bila statistički značajno
manja u odnosu na prethodna dva praćenja. Analizirajući masu sadržaja mednog mjehura
utvrđeno je da se prosječna masa kretala od 20,22 mg u 8:00 do 21,88 mg u 13:00,
međutim, ustanovljeno je da nije bilo statistički značajne razlike. Prosječna se masa
ukupnog peludnog tereta prikupljenog skupljačem kretala od 5,18 g do 30,92 g, a prema
botaničkom podrijetlu utvrđene su 22 biljne vrste, među kojima su najzastupljenije bile
naranča (Citrus sinensis), dvogodišnji dimak (Crepis biennis) i česmina (Quercus ilex). U
peludnom je spektru sadržaja mednih mjehura pelud unšijske mandarine ustanovljena u
21% uzoraka. Osim mandarine utvrđeno je još 17 biljnih vrsta. U peludnom je spektru
meda osim peludi mandarine (C. unshiu), od nektarnih biljnih vrsta učestalije je bila
zastupljena pelud od pastirske torbice (Capsella bursa pastoris), biljaka iz porodice
glavočika (Asteraceae Taraxacum form), vazdazelene krkavine (Rhamnus. alaternus) i
naranče (C. sinensis), a od nenektarnih biljnih vrsta crni jasen (Fraxinus ornus), česmina
(Q. ilex), hrast (Quercus spp.), klupčasta oštrica (Dactylis glomerata) i maslina (Olea
europea). Prosječni se udio vode u uzorcima meda kretao od 17,1% do 18,1%, električna
provodnost od 0,20 mS/cm do 0,27 mS/cm, pH vrijednost od 3,82 do 4,06 te aktivnost
dijastaze od 7,78 do 12,02 DN. Analizom isparljivih spojeva je utvrđeno da su u nektaru
najzastupljeniji spojevi bili: 1H-indol, metil-antranilat, linalool, α-terpineol, fenilacetonitril,
1,3-dihidro-2H-indol-2-on i kafein. Linalool, α-terpineol, 1,8-cineol, 1H-indol, metilantranilat,
cis-jasmon, kafein, 1,3-dihidro-2H-indol-2-on i fenilacetonitril su bili
najzastupljeniji spojevi u sadržaju mednih mjehura, a fenilacetaldehid, fenilacetonitril,
linalool, 1H-indol, metil-antranilat, kafein i 1,3-dihidro-2H-indol-2-on u medu. Od utvrđenih
spojeva, 1H-indol, zatim 1,3-dihidro-2H-indol-2-on te fenilacetonitril do sada nisu bili
pronađeni u medu od agruma.
The Neretva river valley with its climatic and geographical conditions, is a unique area due
to the almost monoculture plantations of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.). Due to
insufficient pasture research and quality of honey from Satsuma mandarin, objective of
this study was to determine the foraging activity of honey bee colonies and the
composition of nectar and honey.
The three-year research was conducted from 2014 to 2016 in the Neretva valley in the
area of Opuzen. The amount of nectar and sugar concentration was monitored on four
varieties of mandarins, ‘Kawano Wase‘, ‘Okitsu’, ‘Chahara’ and ‘Zorica’ by sampling 10
open flowers for each variety in a single measurement. Six measurements per day were
performed at intervals of two hours (8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00 and 18:00). In the
final year of research, nectar secretion was monitored on flowers in the opening phase
and in the phase of a fully open flower. Nectar sampling was carried out using glass
capillaries with a capacity of 75 µL according to Corbet (2003). Based on the collected
data, the honey potential of investigated varieties was determined. Monitoring of
honeybee visits to mandarin was conducted in April 2016, according to Abrol (2007).
Flower visit is monitored by counting bees in the studied varieties. Two trees were
selected in each variety. On each of the trees, three branches were marked with the
uniform number of flowers. Visits are monitored by counting bees three times a day, at
10:00, 14:00 and 18:00 for 5 minutes per each branch. Floristic observations were
performed at selected locations and plant species listed that bloom at the same time as
the Satsuma mandarin. Foraging activity is determined using honey bee colonies of
Carniolan bees (Apis mellifera carnica, Pollmann, 1879). Returning bees were collected
on the hive entrance for the content of honey sac and pollen loads study. The analysis
was performed according to the method of Soengen and Jay (1974). Sampling of pollen
loads was conducted using outdoor pollen collector set on the hive entrance. From the
physico-chemical analysis of the collected samples of honey, the water content, electrical
conductivity, pH and activity of diastase, as well as qualitative melisopalynological
analysis were conducted. Analysis of volatile compounds was performed using
microextraction of headspace on a solid phase (HS-SPME) and ultrasonic extraction with
organic solvents (USE) on samples of nectar, honey sac contents and honey.
Mean values of the nectar quantity were larger and not significantly different in cultivars
‘Okitsu’ (23.40 mL) and ‘Kawano Wase‘ (22.79 mL), compared to the other two studied
varieties. Also, a statistically significant difference was found between the other two
varieties, where the average higher amount of nectar is found in variety ‘Chahara’ (21.60
mL) compared to ‘Zorica’ (20.01 mL). The range of the specified parameter in all the years
ranged from minimally 5 to maximally 75 µL. The lowest concentration of sugar (18.43%)
was found in variety ‘Zorica’ that was significantly different from the nectar of other studied
varieties. The mean values of the studied parameter in ‘Okitsu’ (20.35%), ‘Kawano Wase‘
(20.66%) and ‘Chahara’ (20.17%) were not significantly different. The mean values of the
quantity of secreted nectar in closed flowers of all varieties ranged from 18.96 to 21.03 µL
in open flowers, and are significantly different. Based on the mean values of the sugar
concentration, higher concentration was determined in open (21.62%) compared to the
closed flowers (19.04%), taking into account all the studied varieties. The honey potential
of investigated varieties ranged from 301 kg to 361.5 kg of honey per hectare. There is no
exact data on cultivated areas according to different varieties in the Neretva valley. The
estimation that different Satsuma mandarin varieties cover 1 700 hectares suggests that it
was possible to produce from 511.7 tons to 614.5 tons of mandarin honey in the study
period. The highest mean number of bees visits was determined on variety ‘Kawano
Wase‘ (12.89), followed by ‘Okitsu’ (11.56) and ‘Chahara’ (11.11), while the lowest (10.00)
visit was on the variety of ‘Zorica’.
Floristic research has identified a total of 78 taxa (species, subspecies, and varieties).
Based on the data on the flowering source, from the determined plants, nine of them were
the source of nectar only, 45 of nectar and pollen, while 24 were visited by bees
exclusively for pollen. Foraging activity of bee colonies was determined in the pasture
based on the analysis of foragers at the hive entrance. In total, 10,470 foraging bees were
processed, of which 2595 came with the load to the hive. Nectar was found in 1079,
pollen in 1476, however nectar and pollen loads together were found only in 40 bees.
7875 foraging bees returned to hive without load. The highest number of foraging bees
with nectar (404) and pollen load (622) was determined at 8:00, while the number of bees
at 13:00 and 18:00 was significantly lower. The average weight of the honey sac ranged
from 20.22 mg at 8:00 to 21.88 at 13:00, and the range was from 0.70 mg to 58.60 mg.
However, comparing the resulting average values, there were no statistically significant
differences among investigated wights per times (hours). Average maximum weight of
pollen loads was found at 8:00 am (8.47 mg) and was not significantly different from the
values measured at 13:00 (8.44 mg). The mean weights of pollen loads collected at 18:00
(7.67 mg) were significantly lower in comparison to two previous samplings. The range of
pollen loads weight ranged from 0.50 mg to 45.90 mg. The mean total weight of pollen
collected in external pollen collectors during 2014 was 30.92 g in the morning and 8.78 g
in the afternoon measurements, and was significantly different. In 2015, the average
weight of collected pollen in the morning was 10.55 g and was not significantly different
from
Sastav prirodne mikroflore svakog tradicijskog proizvoda je specifičan i ima važnu
ulogu u razvoju tipičnih senzorskih svojstava ovih proizvoda. Autohtona mikroflora je
dobro prilagođena okolini u ...kojoj raste i procesima proizvodnje te je dominantna nad
ostalom mikroflorom. Ona utječe na osnovnu, prirodnu i pridodanu kvalitetu kao i na samu
sigurnost hrane. Kako u literaturi nema pouzdanih podataka o prirodnoj mikroflori
tradicijskog hrvatskog suhomesnatog ovčjeg proizvoda, kaštradine, cilj ovog rada je bio
izolirati i identificirati prirodnu mikrofloru kaštradine u različitim fazama proizvodnje te
utvrditi utjecaj tehnoloških postupaka na mikrobnu populaciju u različitim fazama
proizvodnje. Istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno 40 trupova ovaca pasmine travnička
pramenka. Nakon 24-satnog hlađenja trupovi su rasječeni na polovice, a sa svake
polovice je odvojen but s potkoljenicom i plećka sa podlakticom. Preostali dio se naziva
„kora“. Primijenjene su dvije varijante soljenja mesa: soljenje solju te soljenje smjesom soli
i prirodnih začina. Unutar svake skupine bile su dvije podskupine: dio uzoraka uziman je
14. dan, odnosno neposredno nakon završetka faze dimljenja, odnosno sušenja, a dio je
bio na zrenju još deset dana, za utvrditi utjecaj produljenog zrenja na sastav mikroflore
kaštradine. Iz rezultata određivanja mikrobiološke čistoće pribora ovčjih trupova razvidno
je da je higijena objekta za klanje bila zadovoljavajuća, a hladni ovčji trupovi bili su u
potpunosti zdravstveno ispravni. Uzorci su uzimani prvog, sedmog te u jednoj podskupini
četrnaestog, a u drugoj dvadeset i četvrtog dana tehnološkog procesa proizvodnje
kaštradine. Istraživane su slijedeće skupine mikroorganizama: ukupne aerobne mezofilne
bakterije, bakterije mliječne kiseline, enterokoki, mikrokoki, kvasci i plijesni, S. aureus,
enterobakterije, koliformi, E. coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp. i sulfitreducirajuće
klostridije. Istraživani uzorci kaštradine, bez obzira na tehnologiju proizvodnje i duljinu
zrenja bili su zdravstveno ispravni. Broj aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija, bakterija mliječne
kiseline i enterokoka je bio maksimalan nakon faze soljenja, s izuzetkom mikrokoka kojih
je najviše identificirano u zreloj kaštradini produljenog zrenja soljenoj čistom soli. Tijekom
faze dimljenja i zrenja broj navedenih skupina mikroorganizama bio je znatno manji.
Promjena broja kvasaca i plijesni je bila varijabilna, odnosno njihov broj se zrenjem
povećavao u tehnološkom procesu soljenja s kraćim zrenjem i tehnologije soljenja
smjesom soli i začina s produljenim zrenjem. Nasuprot navedenom, faza soljenja
negativno je utjecala na broj S. aureus, enterobakterija i koliforma s izuzetkom broja
koliforma nakon faze soljenja u tehnologiji soljenja smjesom soli i začina s produljenim
zrenjem što se može objasniti naknadnom kontaminacijom. Iz rezultata je razvidno kako
dodani začini negativno utječu na prosječni broj ukupnih aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija i
koliforma u zreloj kaštradini. Nasuprot tome, dodatak začina pozitivno utječe na prosječni
broj kvasaca i plijesni u uzorcima nakon faze soljenja. Produljeno zrenje kod tehnologije
soljenja čistom soli ima pozitivan učinak na prosječni broj bakterija mliječne kiseline i
mikrokoka. Nasuprot tome, produljeno zrenje kod tehnologije soljenja smjesom soli i
začina ima negativan utjecaj na prosječni broj enterokoka. Dominantnu mikrofloru zrele
kaštradine čine kvasci i plijesni s iznimkom kaštradine proizvedene tehnologijom soljenja s
produljenim zrenjem u kojoj dominantnu mikrofloru čine mikrokoki.
Sastav prirodne mikroflore svakog tradicijskog proizvoda je specifičan i ima važnu
ulogu u razvoju tipičnih senzorskih svojstava ovih proizvoda. Autohtona mikroflora je
dobro prilagođena okolini u kojoj raste i procesima proizvodnje te je dominantna nad
ostalom mikroflorom. Ona utječe na osnovnu, prirodnu i pridodanu kvalitetu kao i na samu
sigurnost hrane. Kako u literaturi nema pouzdanih podataka o prirodnoj mikroflori
tradicijskog hrvatskog suhomesnatog ovčjeg proizvoda, kaštradine, cilj ovog rada je bio
izolirati i identificirati prirodnu mikrofloru kaštradine u različitim fazama proizvodnje te
utvrditi utjecaj tehnoloških postupaka na mikrobnu populaciju u različitim fazama
proizvodnje. Istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno 40 trupova ovaca pasmine travnička
pramenka. Nakon 24-satnog hlađenja trupovi su rasječeni na polovice, a sa svake
polovice je odvojen but s potkoljenicom i plećka sa podlakticom. Preostali dio se naziva
„kora“. Primijenjene su dvije varijante soljenja mesa: soljenje solju te soljenje smjesom soli
i prirodnih začina. Unutar svake skupine bile su dvije podskupine: dio uzoraka uziman je
14. dan, odnosno neposredno nakon završetka faze dimljenja, odnosno sušenja, a dio je
bio na zrenju još deset dana, za utvrditi utjecaj produljenog zrenja na sastav mikroflore
kaštradine. Iz rezultata određivanja mikrobiološke čistoće pribora ovčjih trupova razvidno
je da je higijena objekta za klanje bila zadovoljavajuća, a hladni ovčji trupovi bili su u
potpunosti zdravstveno ispravni. Uzorci su uzimani prvog, sedmog te u jednoj podskupini
četrnaestog, a u drugoj dvadeset i četvrtog dana tehnološkog procesa proizvodnje
kaštradine. Istraživane su slijedeće skupine mikroorganizama: ukupne aerobne mezofilne
bakterije, bakterije mliječne kiseline, enterokoki, mikrokoki, kvasci i plijesni, S. aureus,
enterobakterije, koliformi, E. coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp. i sulfitreducirajuće
klostridije. Istraživani uzorci kaštradine, bez obzira na tehnologiju proizvodnje i duljinu
zrenja bili su zdravstveno ispravni. Broj aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija, bakterija mliječne
kiseline i enterokoka je bio maksimalan nakon faze soljenja, s izuzetkom mikrokoka kojih
je najviše identificirano u zreloj kaštradini produljenog zrenja soljenoj čistom soli. Tijekom
faze dimljenja i zrenja broj navedenih skupina mikroorganizama bio je znatno manji.
Promjena broja kvasaca i plijesni je bila varijabilna, odnosno njihov broj se zrenjem
povećavao u tehnološkom procesu soljenja s kraćim zrenjem i tehnologije soljenja
smjesom soli i začina s produljenim zrenjem. Nasuprot navedenom, faza soljenja
negativno je utjecala na broj S. aureus, enterobakterija i koliforma s izuzetkom broja
koliforma nakon faze soljenja u tehnologiji soljenja smjesom soli i začina s produljenim
zrenjem što se može objasniti naknadnom kontaminacijom. Iz rezultata je razvidno kako
dodani začini negativno utječu na prosječni broj ukupnih aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija i
koliforma u zreloj kaštradini. Nasuprot tome, dodatak začina pozitivno utječe na prosječni
broj kvasaca i plijesni u uzorcima nakon faze soljenja. Produljeno zrenje kod tehnologije
soljenja čistom soli ima pozitivan učinak na prosječni broj bakterija mliječne kiseline i
mikrokoka. Nasuprot tome, produljeno zrenje kod tehnologije soljenja smjesom soli i
začina ima negativan utjecaj na prosječni broj enterokoka. Dominantnu mikrofloru zrele
kaštradine čine kvasci i plijesni s iznimkom kaštradine proizvedene tehnologijom soljenja s
produljenim zrenjem u kojoj dominantnu mikrofloru čine mikrokoki.
Sheep rearing in Croatia is a traditional branch of livestock farming and farmers
quite often have no means of disposing of the ewes and rems worn-out with age and
infirmity. Dry-cured mutton produced in Dalmatia region is well-known under the local term
kastradina. Kastradina is being produced from mutton, which, in most of the cases, is
either the meat of old ewes or wethers. Traditional dry-cured meat products (pork, beef or
mutton) represent an important part of the cultural and gastronomic heritage of numerous
countries worldwide. In the literature there are neither available data regarding the
dominant microflora of kastradina nor the type of microorganisms appearing during the
whole technological process of production. Microorganisms gain access into the meat
from the environment, from equipment and from handlers during processing affecting the
microbiological status of the product. They also inhibit the growth of undesirable
microorganisms by decreasing the pH and competing for the nutrients. But while
pathogenic microorganisms would affect the safety, spoilage microorganisms would limit
the shelf life of the meat product. Thus, an understanding of the microbial profile of drycured
meat is vital. The aim of this study was to explore how the technological process of
production affects the microbiological quality and natural microflora of kastradina.
In this study, we used 40 sheep carcasses of Travnik Pramenka for the production
of kastradina. Sheep slaughtering was done in a certified slaughterhouse. After the
slaughter carcasses were put in refrigerators for the period of 24 hours at the temperature
of +4 °C and after that cut in halves. Each half was dissected in such a way that legs with
hind shanks were dissected from the sirloin/loin and flank/paunch. Also, fore shanks were
dissected from the neck, ribs and breast. The remaining third part of the half is called
“kora”. The parts of the carcass dissected in this way were submitted to processing which
included the following phases: salting, smoking and ripening. In the process of salting
applied in two variants: 1. salting with sea salt and the 2. curing mixture of sea salt and
ground spices - garlic (Allium sativum), laurel (Laurus nobilis) and rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis). The left half carcases were salted with variant 1, and the right half carcases
variant 2. In order to determine the growth curve of the microorganisms during the
technological process, meat sampling was conducted for three times, on the 1st (raw
meat), 7th (after salting phase) and 14th (dry product) day. The following groups of bacteria
were determined on selective media by using classical microbiological methods of
isolation: aerobic mesophyll bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Enterococcus,
Micrococcocaceae, sulphite-reducing clostridia, Salmonella spp., Enterobacteriaceae,
Esch
Vinova loza važna je kultura kojoj infektivne bolesti virusne prirode mogu drastično
skratiti razdoblje eksploatacije. Najvažnija je strateška metoda u kontroli virusnih bolesti
vinove loze ...preventiva i provodi se korištenjem certificirana sadnog materijala pri podizanju
novih vinograda. Da bi se uspješno kontroliralo rasprostranjivanje viroza, neophodno je
provođenje specifičnih i pouzdanih dijagnostičkih metoda: enzimski imunotest na čvrstoj fazi
(ELISA) i reverzna transkripcija uz lančanu reakciju polimeraze (RT-PCR). Primjenom
navedenih dijagnostičkih metoda na ukupno 1332 testiranih trsova dobiven je uvid u
pojavnost devet virusa na šest ekonomski najvažnijih autohtonih kultivara u hercegovačkim
vinogorjima. U šest autohtonih kultivara serološkim metodama detektirani su: Grapevine
leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) u 884 trsova (66,3 %), Grapevine fanleaf virus
(GFLV) u 500 trsova (37,5 %), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) u 293
trsova (22,0 %), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) u 197 trsova (14,7 %), Grapevine leafrollassociated
virus-4-9 (GLRaV-4-9) u 90 trsova (6,7 %), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) u 17
trsova (1,2 %), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) u 3 trsa (0,2 %), dok virusi:
Grapevine virus A (GVA) i Grapevine virus B (GVB) nisu detektirani. Od svih je testiranih
Vinova loza važna je kultura kojoj infektivne bolesti virusne prirode mogu drastično
skratiti razdoblje eksploatacije. Najvažnija je strateška metoda u kontroli virusnih bolesti
vinove loze preventiva i provodi se korištenjem certificirana sadnog materijala pri podizanju
novih vinograda. Da bi se uspješno kontroliralo rasprostranjivanje viroza, neophodno je
provođenje specifičnih i pouzdanih dijagnostičkih metoda: enzimski imunotest na čvrstoj fazi
(ELISA) i reverzna transkripcija uz lančanu reakciju polimeraze (RT-PCR). Primjenom
navedenih dijagnostičkih metoda na ukupno 1332 testiranih trsova dobiven je uvid u
pojavnost devet virusa na šest ekonomski najvažnijih autohtonih kultivara u hercegovačkim
vinogorjima. U šest autohtonih kultivara serološkim metodama detektirani su: Grapevine
leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) u 884 trsova (66,3 %), Grapevine fanleaf virus
(GFLV) u 500 trsova (37,5 %), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) u 293
trsova (22,0 %), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) u 197 trsova (14,7 %), Grapevine leafrollassociated
virus-4-9 (GLRaV-4-9) u 90 trsova (6,7 %), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) u 17
trsova (1,2 %), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) u 3 trsa (0,2 %), dok virusi:
Grapevine virus A (GVA) i Grapevine virus B (GVB) nisu detektirani. Od svih je testiranih
trsova, 1153 (86,5 %) uzoraka nosilo barem jedan virus, dok je 179 (13,4 %) uzorka bilo
zdravo, bez prisustva testiranih virusa. Zdravi trsovi predloženi su kao potencijalne biljke
kandidati za proizvodnju sadnoga materijala ‘testiranog na viruse’. Analizom rezultata
virusnih infekcija utvrđeno je da je 546 (40,9 %) uzoraka zaraženo samo s jednim virusom,
423 (31,7 %) s dva, 155 (11,6 %) s tri, 28 (2,1 %) s četiri, 3 (0,2 %) s pet što je ujedno i
najveći broj analizom utvrđenih kombinacija. Od 90 uzoraka koji su serološki bili pozitivni na
grupu virusa GLRaV-4-9 (GLRaV-4, -5, -6, -7, -9), izabrano je njih 27 kod kojih je metodom
RT-PCR i korištenjem para početnica utvrđena prisutnost GLRaV-5 kod šest uzoraka kao i
GLRaV-9 kod sedam uzoraka. Ostali virusi iz grupe GLRaV-4-9 nisu registrirani. Prisutnost
GLRaV-2 u uzorku, u kojem je metodom ELISA detektiran, uspješno je potvrđena primjenom
metode RT-PCR uz korištenje GLR2CP1/GLR2CP2 para početnica. Tijekom dvije
vegetacijske sezone (2011/12 i 2012/13) vršeno je vizualno praćenje analiziranih trsova.
Dominantni simptomi na šest autohtonih kultivara bili su: zastoj u kretanju vegetacije,
skraćeni internodiji, različiti poremećaji u rastu i razvoju, uvijenost lišća, nejednolično
odrvenjavanje i dozrijevanje grozdova, rehuljavost. Prema raspoloživim saznanjima,
provedeno istraživanje predstavlja prvi nalaz GLRaV-2, GLRaV-5 i GLRaV-9 u Bosni i
Hercegovini potvrđen molekularnim metodama, dok GFkV, GLRaV-2 i grupa virusa
GLRaV-4-9 predstavlja prvi nalaz u Bosni i Hercegovini potvrđen serološkim metodama.
Grapevine is an important species in which infectious diseases caused by viruses can
drastically reduce the period of exploitation. The most important control strategy of grapevine
viroses is prevention and consists of the use of certified planting materials in the
establishment of new vineyards. In order to successfully control the virus spread, the
implementation of specific and reliable diagnostic methods is essential: enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR).
Using the above mentioned diagnostic techniques from the total number 1332
grapevine, an insight into the incidence of nine viruses in the six most important
autochthonous cultivars grown in Herzegovina was gained. In the six autochthonous cultivars,
using serological methods, the following viruses were detected: Grapevine leafroll-associated
virus-3 (GLRaV-3) - in 884 grapevines (66,3 %), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) - in 500
grapevines (37,5%), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) - in 293 grapevines
(22,0%), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) - in 197 grapevines (14,7 %), Grapevine leafrollassociated
virus-4-9 (GLRaV-4-9) - in 90 grapevines (6,7 %), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) -
in 17 grapevines (1,2%), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) - in 3 grapevines
(0,2 %), while viruses Grapevine virus A (GVA) and Grapevine virus B (GVB) were not
detected. Of all tested grapevines, 86,5 % specimens (1153 grapevines) had at least one virus,
while 13,4 % specimens (179 grapevines) was free of tested viruses. The virus-free
grapevines are proposed as a potential candidate plants for production of virus-tested planting
material. The analysis of results showed that 546 grapevines (40,9%) were infected by only
one virus, 423 (31,7 %) by two, 155 (11,6 %) by three, 28 (2,1 %) by four, 3 (0,2 %) by five,
which presented the highest number of viruses in mixed infections. From 90 specimens
positive on GLRaV-4-9 (GLRaV -4, -5, -6, -7, -9) viruses, 27 are chosen, and, by using RTPCR
method employing pair of primers, the presence of GLRaV-5 in 6 specimens and
GLRaV-9 in 7 specimens is detected. The other viruses belonging to GLRaV-4-9 group were
not detected. The presence of GLRaV-2 in ELISA positive specimen is successfully
confirmed using RT-PCR method with the use of GLR2CP1/ GLR2CP2 pair of primers.
During two vegetation seasons (2011/12, 2012/13) visual observation of analysed grapevines
was carried out. The dominant symptoms on 6 autochthonous cultivars: delayed start
vegetation., reduced internodes, different disturbances in growth and development, leafroll,
irregular lignification and ripening of grapes and, poor fruit set. According to our knowledge,
this is the first report of GLRaV-2, GLRaV-5 and GLRaV-9 in Bosnia and Herzegovina on
the genome (nucleic acids) based methods, and GFkV, GLRaV-2 and group of GLRaV-4-9
associated viruses on the basis of serological methods.
