Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- The aim of this paper is to explain influence of bioremediation conditions on the biodegradation of saturated and aromatic ...hydrocarbons of oil-type pollutants based on the results of four different experiments. Experiment of simulated biodegradation under laboratory conditions, experiment of ex situ bioremediation which was performed at the locality of the Oil Refinery Pančevo from May to November 2006, experiment of ex situ bioremediation of soil contaminated with heavy residual fuel oil which was performed during the period from September 2009 to March 2010 and experiment of multi stage in situ bioremediation of aquifer contaminated with petroleum derivatives which was performed from May to July 2012 were done. In the first three experiments for substrate characterizations the same analytical procedure was used. After extraction of organic substance, extracts were separated by column chromatography on fraction of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatics, alcohols and fraction of fatty acids. In the fourth experiment obtained extracts after extractions were separated by column chromatography on fraction of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatics and NSO compounds. Individual fractions form all experiments were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the experiment of simulated biodegradation under laboratory conditions, bioremediation potential of the aerobic zymogenous microorganisms from soil for crude oil biodegradation was investigated. Microorganisms showed the highest bioremediation potential in degradadtion of n-alkanes and isoprenoids, a high potential was confirmed in the biodegradation of phenanthrene and methyl phenanthrenes and low potential was noted in degradation of dimethyl phenantrenes, steranes and triterpanes. The results of this experiment of simulated biodegradation under the laboratory conditions are original results of a doctoral thesis of Dr. Mila Ilić111. In the experiment of ex situ bioremediation at the locality of the Oil Refinery Pančevo, significant changes in the composition of the oil pollutant determined by analysis of the samples Milan D. Novaković Doktorska disertacija Abstract VIII occured only during the last experiment phases. The activity of microorganisms was reflected in the decrease of the heavy compounds, wherby the oil pollutant was transformed to a form that could be removed more efficiently. The results of this experiment of ex situ bioremediation are original results of a doctoral thesis of Dr. Vladimir Beškoski105. In the third study, experiment of ex situ bioremediation of soil contaminated with heavy residual fuel oil was performed. Part of excavated soil was separated into a control pile, which was exposed to natural biodegradation processes. A preferential and accelerated degradation of phenathrene versus methyl-phenantrenes was observed. In the last study, experiment of multi stage in situ bioremediation of aquifer contaminated with petroleum derivatives was performed. At the end of experiment complete degradation of all examined compounds, n-alkanes and isoprenoides, steranes, terpanes, phenanhtrene, methylphenantrenes, dimethyl-pehanthrenes and trimethyl-phenthrenes was observed. The results presented in this doctoral thesis are part of a large research in which by application of four different approaches thoroughly were analyzed various aspects of bioremediation of environment contaminated by oil pollutants. As already pointed out, the results of experiments of simulated biodegradation under laboratory conditions and ex situ bioremediation which was performed at the Oil Refinery Pančevo from May to November 2006, are the original results of two doctoral theses which were defended at the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade111, 105. This doctoral thesis originally presents the results of experiments of ex situ bioremediation of soil contaminated with heavy residual fuel oil and experiment of multistage in situ bioremediation of aquifers contaminated with petroleum pollutants. These results are firstly independently discussed, and then compared with previously published results of this whole research.- Cilj ovog rada je bio da se na osnovu rezultata četiri različita eksperimenta objasni uticaj bioremedijacionih uslova na biodegradaciju zasićenih i aromatičnih ugljovodonika u zagađivačima naftnog tipa. Primenjen je ogled simulirane biodegradacije u laboratoriji, ogled ex situ bioremedijacije koji je izvođen u rafineriji nafte Pančevo od maja do novembra 2006. godine, ogled ex situ bioremedijacije zemljišta zagađenog mazutom koji je trajao od septembra 2009. do marta 2010. godine i ogled višestepene in situ bioremedijacije izdani kontaminirane naftnim derivatima koji je trajao od maja do jula 2012. godine. U prve tri ekesperimentalne studije za karakterizaciju supstrata korišćene su iste analitičke tehnike. Nakon ekstrakcije organske supstance, dobijeni ekstrakti su razdvojeni hromatografijom na koloni u četiri različite frakcije: frakciju zasićenih ugljovodonika, frakciju aromata, frakciju alkohola i frakciju masnih kiselina. U četvrtoj studiji nakon ekstrakcije dobijeni ekstrakti su razdvojeni hromatografijom na koloni u tri različite frakcije: frakciju zasićenih ugljovodonika, frakciju aromata i frakciju NSO jedinjenja. Pojedine frakcije u svim studijama su analizirane gasnom hromatografijom-masenom spektrometrijom (GC-MS). Tokom ogleda simulirane bioedgradacije u laboratoriji isptitivan je bioremedijacioni potencijal aerobnih zimogenih mikroorganizma iz zemljišta. Korišćeni mikroorganizmi su pokazali najviši bioremedijacioni potencijal u razgradnji n-alkana i izoprenoida, visok bioedegradacioni potencijal pri degradaciji fenantrena i metil-fenantrena i nizak pri degradaciji dimetil-fenatrena, sterana i terpana. Rezultati ovog ogleda simulirane biodegradacije u laboratoriji originalni su rezultati doktorske teze dr Mile Ilić111. U drugoj studiji su izvođeni eksperimenti ex situ bioremedijacije kontaminiranog zemljišta na lokalitetu rafinerije nafte Pančevo. Analizom uzoraka su ustanovljene promene u sastavu naftnog zagađivača samo u poslednjoj fazi ekesperimenta. Aktivnost mikroorganizma ogledala se u smanjenju teških komponenti nafte, čime je naftna zagađujuća supstanca dovedena u oblik koji se efikasnije može ukloniti iz zemljišta. Rezultati ovog ogleda ex situ bioremedijacije originalni su rezultati doktorske teze dr Vladimira Beškoskog 105. Milan D. Novaković Doktorska disertacija Rezime VI U trećoj studiji su izvođeni eksperimenti ex situ bioremedijacije zemljišta zagađenog mazutom. Deo „iskopanog“ zemljišta je odvojen u kontrolnu gomilu, koja je bila izložena prirodnim biodegradacijonim procesima. Tokom biodegradacionog ogleda uočena je preferencijalna i brža degradacija fenantrena u odnosu na metil supstituisane fenentrene. U poslednjoj studiji su izvođeni ogledi višestepene in situ bioremedijacije izdani kontaminirane naftnim zagađivačem. Na kraju eksperimenta uočena je kompletna degradacija svih ispitivanih jedinjenja, n-alakana i izoprenoida, sterana, terpana, fenantrena, metilfenantrena, dimetil-fenatrena i trimetil-fenatrena. Rezultati izloženi u ovoj doktorskoj tezi deo su velikog istraživanja tokom kojeg su primenom četiri različita pristupa detaljno i sveobuhvatno analizirani različiti aspekti bioremedijacije životne sredine zagađene naftnim zagađujućim supstancama. Kao sto je već naglašeno, rezultati ogleda simulirane biodegradacije u laboratoriji i ogleda ex situ bioremedijacije koji je izvođen u rafineriji nafte Pančevo od maja do novembra 2006 originalni su rezultati dve doktorske teze koje su odbranjene na Hemijskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu 111, 105. U ovoj doktorskoj tezi originalno su izloženi rezultati eksperimenta ex situ bioremedijacije zemljišta zagađenog mazutom i ogleda višestepene in situ bioremedijacije izdani kontaminirane naftnim zagađivačem. Ovi rezultati su prvo nezavisno prodiskutovani, a zatim i upoređeni sa prethodno publikovanim rezultatima celokupnog istraživanja.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Colonial law in Africa involved European moral and legal codes representing some rules of western law, as well as elements of African customary law. However, the colonial situation embodying ...political and economic domination necessarily negated the ideal practice of the rule of law. Nevertheless, the need arose to introduce some aspects of western law and codes of administration, including salary and benefits schemes for African employees of the colonial government, and legal entitlements such as court trials for accused government employees. These considerations were deemed necessary, if at least to propitiate metropolitan critics of the colonial establishment. Also some rule of law was required for the organization of the colonial economy, including regulation of productive systems and commercial relations. As well, the need for indigenous support necessitated dabbling in indigenous customary conventions. In Muslim polities such as Kano in northern Nigeria, customary conventions included Islamic law. On the establishment of colonial rule in Kano, judicial administration was organized on three principal institutions, involving the resident's provincial court, the judicial council (emir's court), and the chief alkali's court in Kano City with corresponding district alkali courts. The resident's provincial court had jurisdiction over colonial civil servants, including African employees such as soldiers, police constables, clerks and political agents. Also, the provincial court was responsible for enforcing the abolition of the slave trade in the region. The judicial council, classified as “Grade A” court, was composed of the emir, the waziri (chief legal counselor), the chief alkali of Kano (chief judge), the imam (the religious leader of Kano mosque), the ma'aji (treasurer), and general assistants including some notable scholars of Kano city. The council adopted the sha'ria (Muslim law) and local Hausa custom, and its jurisdiction extended over “matters of violence, questions of taxation and administration, and cases involving property rights, whether over land, livestock, trade goods, or slaves.” On the issue of capital sentencing, the judicial council required the approval of the resident. The council was also prohibited from authorizing punishments involving torture, mutilation, or decapitation.
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi prisutnost i prirodu organskih mikroonečišćenja u poplavnom riječnom sedimentu s manjeg područja uz granicu između Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine neposredno ...nakon katastrofalne poplave u proljeće 2014. Istraživanje je obavljeno na deset uzoraka poplavnog sedimenta rijeka Save i Bosne. Hlapivi aromatski spojevi, tj. benzen, toluen, etilbenzen, i ksilen (BTEX), te alkani (ravnolančani i razgranati od C10 do C28) određeni su pomoću GC-MS metode. Unatoč tome što su njihove procijenjene vrijednosti bile ispod dopuštenih koncentracija, potrebno je uzeti u obzir učinak njihova razrjeđenja u uvjetima goleme količine vode. Budući da te tvari ukazuju na problem izlijevanja mineralnih ulja, mogući izvori mikroorganskih onečišćenja zabilježenih u sedimentu vjerojatno su rafinerije nafte u gradovima Brod i Modriča u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine.
L’intérêt est grandissant pour le potentiel présenté par les acccumulations cavernicoles de guano de chauves-souris et d’oiseaux en tant qu’enregistrements stratigraphiques continentaux, ...complémentaires voire alternatifs aux archives étudiées généralement (sédiments lacustres, palustres, tourbeux, etc.). Ces dépôts permettent des reconstructions de la variabilité climatique à haute résolution pour des échelles de temps récentes à plus anciennes, grâce à la calibration de nouveaux proxies susceptibles d’enregistrer ces variations. Ainsi la comparaison du contenu pollinique et des traceurs isotopiques δ13C et δD des n-alcanes du guano de différents animaux insectivores, les salanganes diurnes (Collocalia spodiopygia) et les chiroptères nocturnes (Micropterus robustior) cohabitant dans de nombreuses grottes de Nouvelle-Calédonie, met en évidence une grande variabilité. Celle-ci est à l’image des cibles de nourrissage des proies appétées et de leur interaction avec les composantes de l’écosystème, en particulier les plantes. La grande richesse du contenu pollinique observée dans les deux types de guano, bien que présentant 50 % de taxons communs, souligne des aires de nourrissage préférentielles. Elle montre aussi des fluctuations interannuelles, marqueurs probables de changements environnementaux, sinon climatiques. Cet article présente des premiers résultats obtenus sur le sondage HAK1 prélévé dans un amas de guano de salanganes de la grotte Hama sur l’île de Lifou, l’une des îles Loyautés. La comparaison entre les données de géochimie isotopique moléculaire (isotopes du carbone δ13C et de l’hydrogène δD du n-alcane C29) et les données pluviométriques met en évidence une bonne covariation interprétée comme marqueur du signal climatique ENSO contemporain des dépôts de guano analysés. Ce travail préliminaire confirme le fort potentiel des amas de guano cavernicoles pour étudier à haute résolution les changements paléo-environnementaux.
Cette thèse a pour but de développer de nouveaux procédés catalytiques en combinant de réactifs de l’iode hypervalent avec des complexes de rhodium(II).Le premier chapitre concerne l’observation de ...l’époxyde comme produit secondaire inatendu dans les conditions de transfert de nitrène catalytique, et le développement d’une nouvelle méthode de préparation d’époxydes qui combine un réactif de l’iode hypervalent(III) et un complexe de dirhodium(II). Le second chapitre vise le développement d’une méthode d’amination C(sp³)–H benzylique intermoléculaire énantiosélective,en utilisant un nouveau complexe de rhodium chiral et un nouveau sulfamate benzylique et l’application de cette méthode à grande échelle et sur des produits complexes.Le dernier chapitre du manuscrit décrit une réaction d’amination régiosélective de liaisons C(sp³)–H non activées d’alcanes par catalyse au rhodium (II), en utilisant une quantité stoechiométrique d’alcanes comme substrats.
This thesis describes the development of new catalytic processes by combining hypervalent iodine reagents with rhodium (II) complexes.The first chapter concerns the observation of the epoxide as a unexpected product under catalytic nitrene transfer conditions, and the development of a new method to promote the epoxidation of alkenes by combining a reagent of hypervalent iodine (III) and a complex of dirhodium (II).The second chapter is centered on the development of a general method forasymmetric intermolecular benzylic C(sp³)–H amination by combining a chiral rhodium (II) catalyst and a benzyl sulfamate, and the application of this method on large scale.The third part of this work show the development of a regioselective C(sp³)–H amination of unactivated alkane by rhodium (II) catalysis, using a stoichiometric amount of alkane as the substrate.
En milieu marin le carbone organique particulaire (POC) représente 25 % du carbone organique total. Sa dégradation est réalisée par des microorganismes hétérotrophes ayant mis en place diverses ...stratégies pour parvenir à le dissoudre et l’assimiler. Peu d’études se sont intéressées à la dégradation des composés polymériques et/ou hydrophobes, quasiment insolubles dans l’eau constituant le POC. Parmi ces composés, on retrouve les lipides et les hydrocarbures regroupés sous le terme de COH (composés organiques hydrophobes). La dégradation des COH est réalisée par des bactéries dîtes oléolytiques ayant entre autre pour stratégie la formation de biofilms également qualifiés d’oléolytique. Nos connaissances sur la diversité et la fonctionnalité des biofilms oléolytiques se limitent actuellement aux bactéries spécifiquement étudiées pour leur capacité à dégrader les HC. Ainsi la dégradation des lipides est souvent négligée alors que cette famille de molécules représente une part significative du POC.La diversité taxonomique des bactéries formant des biofilms oléolytiques a été déterminée par un criblage de 199 souches marines sur 4 substrats : un alcane (paraffine), un triglycéride (tristéarine), un acide gras (acide palmitique) et une cire (l’hexadécyl palmitate). Cette étude a révélé que les bactéries oléolytiques (formant un biofilm sur au moins 1 des substrats) sont relativement répandues parmi les bactéries marines puisque qu’elles représentent 18.7 % des souches testée. Cette étude montre également que les bactéries capables d’assimiler les alcanes sont également capables d’assimiler au moins un lipide. Les bactéries hydrocarbonoclastes, jusqu’alors décrites comme spécialisées, voir restreintes à l’assimilation des hydrocarbures, présentent donc une gamme de substrats s’étendant aux lipides. La corrélation positive entre la capacité d’assimilation des alcanes et l’assimilation des lipides suggère un lien physiologique entre l’assimilation de ces deux familles de COH. L’activité lipase qui est essentielle à l’assimilation des triglycérides mais pas à l’assimilation des alcanes, a été mesurée dans des cultures de souches oléolytiques poussant sur acétate, triglycéride ou hexadécane. Comme attendu, les cultures sur triglycérides montrent toutes une surexpression de l’activité lipases par rapport aux cultures sur acétate. Les cultures sur hexadécane montraient aussi une surexpression de l’activité lipase renforçant l’idée d’un lien physiologique entre dégradation des alcanes et dégradation des lipides. De plus les souches oléolytiques n’ont pas montré de capacité à former un biofilm sur une surface inerte hydrophobe telle que le polystyrène ou sur une surface hydrophile telle que le verre à la hauteur de celles constaté sur COH. Une étude quantitative de l’adhésion sur COH et substrats inertes réalisée par microscopie montre que l’adhésion (dans les conditions testées) n’est pas un facteur déterminant de la formation de biofilm sur ces mêmes substrats. Cela suggère que la spécificité de formation de biofilm sur les substrats COH, ne réside pas dans l’adhésion mais vraisemblablement dans les étapes de développement du biofilm plus tardives.Enfin, les biofilms oléolytiques mettant en jeux des produits extracellulaires (enzymes et facteurs de solubilisation) qui constituent des biens communs, sont propices à l’établissement de comportements sociaux. Nous avons mis en évidence des comportements synergiques (5/8 des comportements observés) ou compétitifs au sein de biofilm oléolytiques (3/8 des comportements observés).
Particulate organic carbon (POC), in marine environment, accounts for 25% of total organic carbon. POC degradation is carried out by heterotrophic microorganisms which have developed strategies to dissolve and assimilate it. Few studies have investigated the degradation of the polymeric and / or hydrophobic components of POC, which are almost insoluble in the water. Among these compounds, there are lipids and hydrocarbons (HC) grouped under the term of HOCs (hydrophobic organic compounds). The degradation of the HOCs is carried out by oleolytic bacteria which form biofilms at the HOC– water interface. Our knowledge of the diversity and functionality of oleolytic biofilms is mostly limited to HC degrading bacteria, while the degradation of lipids is often neglected although this family of molecules represents a significant part of the POC. A screening of 199 marine strains on 4 substrates: an alkane (paraffin), a triglyceride (tristearin), a fatty acid (palmitic acid) and a wax ester (hexadecyl palmitate) was performed to determine the taxonomic diversity of bacteria able to form oleolytic biofilms. This study revealed that oleolytic bacteria (forming a biofilm on at least 1 substrate) were relatively widespread among marine bacteria since they represented 18.7% of tested strains. This study also showed that bacteria able to assimilate alkanes were also able to assimilate at least one lipid. Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, previously described as specialized, or restricted to the assimilation of hydrocarbons, have actually a substrate range spanning from HC to lipids. The positive correlation between the ability to form a biofilm on alkanes and on lipids suggested a physiological link between the assimilation of these two HOC families. The lipase activity, which is essential for triglycerdides assimilation but not for the alkanes assimilation, was measured in oleolytic strains cultures growing on acetate, triglyceride or hexadecane. As expected, overexpression of lipase activity was observed in cultures on triglycerides compared to cultures on acetate. Moreover, overexpression of lipase activity was also observed in cultures on hexadecane reinforcing the idea of a physiological link between alkanes and lipids degradation.Oleolytic strains exhibited a very weak ability to form a biofilm on the inert surfaces (non-nutritive) polystyrene or glass compared to the HOC nutritive surface indicating that oleolytic strains have a specificity for HOC to form a biofilm. A quantitative study of adhesion on HOC and inert substratums carried out by microscopy shows that adhesion (in the tested conditions) is not a determining factor of the biofilm formation on these same substrates. This suggests that the specificity of biofilm formation on HOC substrates does not reside in adhesion but presumably in later biofilm development stages.Lastly, oleolytic biofilms, involving extracellular products (enzymes and solubilization factors) that constitute public goods, are favorable to the establishment of social behaviors. We have demonstrated synergistic behaviors (5/8 of observed behaviors) or competitive behaviors (3/8 of observed behaviors) in oleolytic biofilms.
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