East–west disparities in alcohol-related harm Moskalewicz, Jacek; Razvodovsky, Yury; Wieczorek, Łukasz
Alkoholizm i narkomania,
December 2016, 2016-12-00, 2016-12-01, Letnik:
29, Številka:
4
Journal Article
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The aim of this article was to provide more insight into the role of alcohol in the east–west disparities in mortality against other socio-economic factors, and to trace and compare mortality trends ...in Poland to the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), Western Europe (EU15) and Belarus, to understand persisting health inequalities across Europe better.
The paper uses mostly data from the Health for All Data Base (HFA) and European Detailed Mortality Database (EDMD). The WHO Global Health Observatory (GHO) data repository was used to calculate unrecorded alcohol consumption. In particular, life expectancy and standardised mortality rates per 100000 inhabitants aged 25–64 for circulatory system disease, chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis and external causes of injury and poisoning were analysed. Long-term trends of more than 30 years were used. For the presentation of trends, a three-year moving average was adopted.
Since the 1970s, life expectancy in EU15 has remarkably increased compared to other parts of Europe. At the beginning of 1970s it was only 2–3 years longer than in Poland or the Baltic Republics. Recently, life expectancy for men in EU15 is 11 years longer than in Belarus, 6–10 years than in Baltics and 5 years than in Poland. Also other indicators confirm a health gap such as diseases of the circulatory system, chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis and injuries and poisoning due to alcohol.
East–west economic and social inequalities that make the physical and social environment less safe for both sober and intoxicated individuals, particularly from highly marginalised social segments, have reinforced the existing health gap.
Celem artykułu było pokazanie – na przykładzie trendów w trzech krajach bałtyckich (Estonii, Łotwie, Litwie), Polsce, krajach „starej” Unii Europejskiej (EU15) i Białorusi – jaką rolę w powstawaniu różnic w umieralności między krajami wschodniej i zachodniej Europy pełni alkohol i czynniki społeczno-ekonomiczne. Celem było także lepsze zrozumienie utrzymujących się nierówności zdrowotnych.
W artykule wykorzystano bazy danych Health for All (HFA) i European Detailed Mortality Database (EDMD), do analizy nierejestrowanej konsumpcji alkoholu – dane Global Health Observatory (GHO). Analizowano wskaźniki oczekiwanej długości życia i standaryzowane wskaźniki zgonów z powodu chorób układu krążenia, chorób wątroby i zewnętrznych przyczyn, takich jak urazy i zatrucia, na 100000 mieszkańców w wieku 25–64 lata. Do prezentacji trendów użyto trzyletniej średniej ruchomej.
Na początku lat 70. oczekiwana długość życia w krajach EU15 była tylko 2–3 lata dłuższa niż w Polsce czy krajach bałtyckich. W ostatnich latach średnia długość życia mężczyzn w EU15 jest 11 lat dłuższa niż na Białorusi, 6–10 lat niż w krajach bałtyckich i 5 lat niż w Polsce. Również pozostałe wskaźniki, takie jak zgony z powodu chorób układu krążenia, chorób wątroby oraz urazów i zatruć spowodowanych piciem alkoholu, zdają się potwierdzać te różnice.
Związane z alkoholem nierówności zdrowotne między Wschodem i Zachodem Europy są wzmacniane przez społeczno-ekonomiczne nierówności. Sprawiają one, że warunki życia są mniej bezpieczne zarówno dla osób trzeźwych, jak i nietrzeźwych, w szczególności dla osób dotkniętych społecznym wykluczeniem.
Manajemen neuroanestesia untuk cedera kepala bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan perfusi otak, memfasilitasi pembedahan dan mencegah cedera otak sekunder. Bagi pasien cedera kepala yang mengalami ...toksisitas alkohol, diperlukan perhatian khusus dalam mengevaluasi dan menentukan dosis obat anestesia. Walaupun GCS dapat digunakan sebagai modalitas penilaian pasien dengan intoksikasi alkohol, penilaian menggunakan FOUR adalah alternatif yang lebih baik. FOUR lebih spesifik dalam menilai penurunan kesadaran bila ada defek neurologi, bahkan bagi pasien yang terintubasi. Selama pembiusan, dosis perlu diperhatikan karena konsumsi alkohol jangka panjang dapat meningkatkan kebutuhan dosis obat anestesia. Sebaliknya, intoksikasi alkohol memerlukan dosis obat induksi yang lebih kecil. Seorang laki-laki usia 38 tahun dibawa ke IGD dengan penurunan kesadaran pasca trauma kepala sejak 3 jam sebelum masuk rumah sakit. Pasien memiliki riwayat konsumsi alkohol. Berdasarkan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis dan pemeriksaan penunjang, ditegakkan diagnosis Hematom Epidural. Pasien menjalani kraniotomi evakuasi Hematom Epidural selama 4 jam. Pascaoperasi pasien tidak dilakukan ekstubasi dan dirawat di perawatan ICU selama 7 hari. Use of Four Score in Anesthesia Management for Epidural Hematoma Evacuation in Patient with Alcohol Intoxication Neuroanesthetic management for brain trauma aims to maintain optimal cerebral perfusion and facilitate surgery while preventing secondary brain injury. For patients with brain trauma under alcohol toxicity, careful monitoring is needed to assess and determine drug dosing. Although GCS is reliable for assessing conciousness in patients with alcohol intoxication, evaluation using FOUR is a reasonable alternative. FOUR is more spesific in identifying level of conciousness in neurologic defects, even in intubated condition. Throughout anesthesia, special attention should be given, as long term alcohol consumption may increase the dose needed for general anesthesia. However, a smaller dose of induction agent is needed in alcohol intoxication. We describe a case of a 38 years old male, who was admitted to emergency department with loss of conciousness following head trauma for 3 hours prior to admission. There was history of alcohol consumption. History and physical findings were consistent with epidural hematoma. Patient underwent craniotomy for epidural hematoma evacuation. The surgery took four hours. Post surgery, patient remained intubated and stayed in ICU for seven days.
Håndheves aldersgrensen for å få kjøpt alkohol? Rossow, Ingeborg; Storvoll, Elisabet E; Pape, Hilde
Tidsskrift for den Norske Lægeforening,
05/2007, Letnik:
127, Številka:
11
Journal Article
The influence of TX-100 on the specific conductivity of CTAB in the mixed water+ethanol solvent.
•Ethanol CAC does not depend on concentration and composition of surfactant mixture.•Ethanol strongly ...affects the CMC of surfactant mixture.•Surfactant molecules aggregate only below ethanol CAC.•TX-100 affects conductivity of water+ethanol solution of TX-100+CTAB.
The surface tension, density, dynamic viscosity and specific conductivity measurements of the aqueous solutions of p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (TX-100) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) mixture with ethanol were carried out in the range of the total concentration of TX-100 and CTAB mixture from 1×10−6 to 1×10−2M and in the whole range of ethanol concentration. In the surfactant mixture the mole fraction of TX-100 was equal to 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8, respectively. From the obtained results, the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of ethanol and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the TX-100 and CTAB mixture were established. It appeared that the CAC practically does not depend on the concentration and composition of the TX-100 and CTAB mixture. The CMC of the surfactant mixture was detected only in the range of ethanol concentration from 0 to its CAC. The changes of CMC in this concentration range go through minimum at certain ethanol concentration. These changes were discussed in the light of the synergetic effect in the mixed micelle formation. The composition of the micelles, the parameter of the intermolecular interaction, the activity coefficient and the aggregation number were also established.
The micellar properties of the cationic Gemini surfactant ethanediyl-1,2-bis(dimethyldodecyl ammonium bromide), C
· (CH
–(CH
–N
(CH
· 2Br
(12-2-12), with short chain alcohols have been studied by ...conductivity and surface tension measurements within the temperature range 293.15 K–313.15 K and alcohol percentage. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 12-2-12 solution, degree of ionization (α) and standard Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔG°
), standard enthalpy of micellization (ΔH°
) were calculated from conductivity and surface tension data. The experimental data show that the CMC values of cationic Gemini surfactants increased with addition of methanol, ethanol and
-propanol. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°
), (ΔH°
) and (ΔS°
) of micellization of 12-2-12 in alcohol were also calculated from the temperature dependence of the CMC values. CMC, (α), (ΔH°
) and (ΔS°
) increased linearly with increasing temperature. In the mixture of dimeric cationic surfactant (12-2-12) and alcohol solutions, the CMC values showed a slight increase with increasing alcohol concentration. CMC, maximum surface excess concentration at the solution/air interface, Γ
, minimum area per surfactant molecule, A
, and the surface pressure at CMC, ¶
, values calculated from the surface tension measurements and thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated at same temperatures.
Ethanol as a radical scavenger being non-lead additive to fuel can act as quality improver as well as range extender, which abates the COx emission and helps to improve air quality. Its limited ...concentration in blended fuels is beneficial, whereas, higher percentage of ethanol damage automotive fuel lines. Thus, a sensor system has been designed for evaluating the quality of ethanol blended gasoline by utilizing molecular imprinting technique in combination with transducers such as quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). Moreover, a low cost miniaturized device based on interdigital transducers (IDTs) has also been developed for characterizing ethanol/gasoline mixtures. Acrylic acid and sodium p-styrene sulfonate polyelectrolytes as sensitive layers on IDT enable us to detect different percentages of polar ethanol in non-polar gasoline hydrocarbons by resistive measurements. Another step in improving environmental situation is achieved by characterizing the lubricating oil to determine an optimal time of oil change. Mass-sensitive devices are also tuned by utilizing molecular imprinting approach to analyze the octane number of fuel by differentiating the isomers iso-octane and n-octane.
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•Measured monomer fractions of dilute alcohol/acetone systems with transmission FTIR.•Monomer fractions decrease exponentially with increase in solute concentration.•Higher monomer ...fractions noticed for greater sterically hindered alcohols.•Acetone monomer fractions decreased with increase in alcohol chain length.
New monomer fraction data (fraction of non-hydrogen bonded molecules) of dilute (xsolute<0.016) C1 to C3 alcohol-in-acetone and dilute acetone-in-alcohol systems were collected via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Monomer fraction data may be used to improve regression parameters within the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT) modeling framework. For very dilute (xalcohol<0.003) alcohol-in-acetone mixtures, it was found that 2-propanol had the highest monomer fractions and methanol the lowest. As the alcohol mole fraction increased (xalcohol>0.003), methanol maintained the lowest monomer fraction (Xmon,MeOH=0.01 at xMeOH=0.0086), with ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol approaching similar monomer fraction values, i.e., Xmon,alcohol→0.06. For dilute acetone in alcohol, and especially for methanol and ethanol, there was a pronounced trend towards acetone monomer fractions of 1 at infinite dilution. The acetone monomer fractions decreased according to an exponential decay function to values of ±0.3 for acetone dissolved in methanol and ±0.1 for the other alcohols investigated. Acetone monomer fractions, therefore, tended to decrease as alcohol chain-length increased, showing that acetone could more easily penetrate the hydrogen bond network of the solvent when the solvent/solvent hydrogen bonds were weaker. For dilute acetone in 2-propanol, a previously unrecorded monomer peak was observed and quantified.
Recent attempts to approach drug and alcohol problems as a public health issue in the UK and globally have begun to achieve some success. Yet, in historical terms, the idea that the use of ...psychoactive substances should be regarded as a public health problem is a relatively new one. In the UK, it was only in the latter half of the 20th century that what were termed “public health” approaches to alcohol and drugs began to gain purchase. Moreover, what was meant by a “public health” framing of psychoactive substance use changed over time and between substances. This article examines the development of public health approaches to drugs and alcohol in Britain since the 19th century. It suggests that a public health view of substance use existed alongside, and interacted with, other approaches to drug and alcohol use. To understand the meaning of a “public health” framing of drugs and alcohol we need to locate this in historical and geographical context.
In this work, the performances of solvent resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) membranes made of polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) were evaluated with respect to alcohol solvent (methanol, ethanol and isopropanol) ...flux and dye rejection. The experimental results showed that the solvent flux decreased while dye rejection increased with increasing polymer concentration in the casting solution from 17 wt% to 25 wt%. Apart from molecular size of the solute and viscosity of the solvent, the affinity between the solvent and the membrane was also confirmed to play a significant role in affecting the transport rate of the solvent through the membrane. With respect to the effect of solvent properties and solute size on the dye rejection of solvent-dye mixtures, it was found that the variation of dye rejection is governed by solvent-solute-membrane interactions. The solvent-solute interaction causes the same solute to have different solute size in each tested solvents, whereas the solvent-membrane interaction would result in a change in membrane pore size, leading to different separation efficiency. However, it must pointed out that solvent-membrane interaction is more pronounced compared to solvent-solute interaction, as the dye rejection of ethanol solution is reportedly higher than that of methanol, even though the size of solute in ethanol is smaller compared to its size in methanol.
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