This article investigates how treatment factors are described by different client groups and by treatment staff. The material consists of interviews with clients (n = 81) and treatment staff (n = ...18). The analysis focuses on two central themes - the importance of the treatment group and of the treatment staff, along with how these descriptions relate to the concept of the therapeutic alliance. The descriptions differ in parts between the client groups and between clients and staff. Clients as well as staff highlight structural and qualitative aspects of cohesion, but general patterns of how these are expressed in the groups are hard to grasp. However, some exceptions appear; while the clients often relate recognition to own experience of substance abuse, the staff often refer to external aspects of recognition, such as gender and/or experience of parenting. The results indicate that the social preconditions of the group members can influence group cohesion. In the treatment, focus is initially on cohesion and later on making change possible. This might create a dilemma; the homogeneity that initially creates cohesion can also act as a restraint on change. This is described in the results in relation to gender homogeneous client groups in treatment.
Electrocatalytic properties of ligand‐free gold nanoclusters (AuNCs, <2 nm) grown on nitrided carbon supports (denoted as AuNCs@N‐C) were evaluated for the oxidation of representative organic ...molecules including alcohols, an amine, and deoxyguanosine in oligonucleotides. AuNCs@N‐C catalysts were incorporated into films of architecture {PDDA/AuNCs@N‐C}n by using layer‐by‐layer assembly with oppositely charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDDA) on pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to survey the electrocatalytic properties of these AuNCs@N‐C films. Ligand‐free AuNCs in these films demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic oxidation activity with maximum peak currents and the lowest potentials for oxidizing ethanol, propanol, and tripropylamine (TprA) compared to controls with Au‐surface capping agents or to larger sized Au nanocrystals on the nitrided carbon supports. EIS kinetic studies showed that ligand‐free AuNCs films have the smallest charge‐transfer resistance, largest electrochemically active surface area, and largest apparent standard rate constants, as compared to the control films for all compounds examined. DNA films on AuNCs@N‐C were oxidized at deoxyguanosine moieties with good catalytic activity that depended on charge transport within the films.
Good as gold: Ligand‐free Au nanoclusters supported on nitrided carbon nanoparticles and assembled into layer‐by‐layer films of {PDDA/AuNCs@N‐C}n are found to be highly active for the electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols, an amine, and DNA.
► Polymeric materials exposed to E20 showed mass increases below 10%. ► Ethanol absorption by some polymers is due to the high affinity of the amide group with the hydroxyl group. ► Some polymers ...displayed a greater hardness decrease in samples immersed in gasoline than samples immersed in the E20. ► There were changes in the crystallinity of the PA66 after being exposed to both fuels.
Ethanol has become one of the main components for reformulated fuels because it is able to comply with environmental regulations. Biofuels have great advantages due to their physical and chemical characteristics, raw materials and production costs. However, they also have some disadvantages, mainly in terms of their compatibility with existing materials. Some components that are normally compatible with gasoline can be degraded by the presence of ethanol in fuel. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical behavior of different polymeric materials typically used in autoparts, exposed in a mixture of gasoline and ethanol. To evaluate the resistance to degradation of the polymer samples, a continuous immersion test was performed according to SAE 1748. The effects of the 20% ethanol −80% gasoline mixture (E20) were examined by comparing changes in gain/loss of mass and by measuring the Shore-D hardness of the material at the end of exposure. The characterization of polymers was carried out before and after exposure by using the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In general, polymeric materials submerged in gasoline showed negligible changes in mass. Samples of POM, HDPE, PA6/6 and PA6 exposed to E20 showed mass increases below 10%. The chemical structure and mechanical properties (hardness) of the evaluated polymers were not significantly affected by the E20 blend with the exception of PA66. Since significant changes were observed in the thermal properties of this polymer, it can be concluded that it was at the limit of compatibility.
The American Drug Culture Weinberg, Thomas S; falk, Gerhard J; Falk, Ursula Adler
2018, 2019, 2017-12-28, 2017-12-14
eBook
The American Drug Culture uses sociological and other perspectives to examine drug and alcohol use in U.S. society. Arranged topically rather than by drug categories, the book explores diverse ...aspects of drug use, including popular culture, sexuality, legal and criminal justice systems, other social institutions, and mental and physical health.
Nur wenige Hausärzte zeigen sich bereit, regelmäßig mit ihren Patienten ein Fragebogen-Screening zum Alkoholkonsum sowie im Fall von zu hohem Konsum eine Kurzintervention nach WHO-Empfehlung ...durchzuführen. Neben unbefriedigender Vergütung oder Zeitmangel benennen befragte Hausärzte auch Unsicherheit im Umgang mit betroffenen Patienten als entscheidende Barrieren. Aktuell werden an den meisten deutschen Universitäten nicht mehr als 90 Minuten Unterrichtszeit für die suchtmedizinische Ausbildung verwendet. Wir sind mit unserer Untersuchung deshalb der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit Aus- und Weiterbildung im Fach Humanmedizin einen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Sicherheit und Bereitschaft bzgl. der Durchführung suchtpräventiver Maßnahmen nehmen und ob die geringe Bereitschaft zur Umsetzung entsprechender Maßnahmen auf Unsicherheit im Umgang mit betroffenen Patienten zurückgeführt werden kann.
In der Studie wurden Studierenden des ersten (sog. Vorklinik) und zweiten Studienabschnitts (sog. Klinik) im Fach Humanmedizin sowie Weiterbildungsassistenten im Fach Allgemeinmedizin mittels Fragebogen befragt. Sicherheit und Bereitschaft bzgl. der Behandlung von Patienten mit zu hohem Alkoholkonsum oder Alkoholabhängigkeit wurden durch die Subskalen Rollensicherheit und Therapeutisches Commitment des Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Questionnaire (SAAPPQ) erfasst.
Insgesamt wurden N=367 Fragebögen in die Auswertung einbezogen. Erwartungsgemäß zeigten Weiterbildungsassistenten die höchste Rollensicherheit, während Studierende des zweiten Ausbildungsabschnitts eine höhere Rollensicherheit berichteten als Studierende des ersten Studienabschnitts. Im Unterschied hierzu fand sich keine entsprechende Tendenz für das Therapeutische Commitment, d.h. die Bereitschaft zur Behandlung betroffener Patienten. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen Rollensicherheit und Therapeutischem Commitment fand sich nur für Studierende des zweiten Studienschabschnitts.
Während somit das Ausbildungsniveau mit einer Zunahme der wahrgenommenen Rollensicherheit einherging, blieb das Therapeutische Commitment und somit die Bereitschaft zur Behandlung entsprechender Patienten von der Ausbildung unbeeinflusst. Für die Weiterbildungsassistenten im Fach Allgemeinmedizin fand sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen Rollensicherheit und Therapeutischem Commitment. Es darf insofern vermutet werden, dass Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Rollensicherheit im Rahmen der Ausbildung auf die Entwicklung der Bereitschaft zur Umsetzung suchtpräventiver Maßnahmen in der eigenen Praxis in viel zu geringem Maße Einfluss nehmen.
Only a few general practitioners (GPs) are committed to screen their patients for alcohol consumption and, in case of excessive alcohol consumption conduct by a brief intervention according to WHO recommendations. Apart from inadequate compensation and work load, another barrier identified by the GPs was their uncertainty about how to deal with affected patients. Most German universities presently spend no more than 90minutes lecture time on addiction medicine teaching. Our research aims to investigate the question whether medical studies and advanced medical education increases the role security of medical students and physicians and their commitment to implementing alcohol screening and brief intervention. Moreover, we will explore whether lack of therapeutic commitment can be related to lack of role security.
Questionnaires were administered to pre-clinical and clinical medical students as well as senior house officers. Role security and therapeutic commitment of students and senior house officers were assessed using the Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Questionnaire (SAAPPQ) subscales “Role Security” and “Therapeutic Commitment”.
Analysis was based on 367 questionnaires. As expected, senior house officers reported more Role Security than clinical medical students who showed a higher level of Role Security than pre-clinical medical students. No differences could be found for Therapeutic Commitment. An association between Role Security and Therapeutic Commitment was only revealed for clinical medical students.
Medical studies and advanced medical education can increase students’ and senior house officers’ Role Security to treat patients with excessive alcohol consumption, but not Therapeutic Commitment. Moreover, no association between Role Security and Therapeutic Commitment could be found for senior house officers. Hence, it may be assumed that educational activities aiming to increase Role Security do not promote the development of motivational aspects such as Therapeutic Commitment to the management of patients with excessive alcohol intake.
Ion-based statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT2), coupled with van der Waals and Platteeuw theory, is applied to predict methane, ethane, and propane hydrate dissociation conditions in the ...presence of ethanol, ethylene glycol (MEG), and glycerol, as well as mixed MEG and electrolyte solutions, including NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2. Ion-based SAFT2 is found to give accurate predictions for these complex systems. The effects of temperature and concentration on hydrate dissociation conditions are well captured.
► Alkane hydrate equilibria in the presence of alcohol are well predicted by SAFT2. ► Alkane hydrate equilibria with MEG/salts mixed inhibitors are well predicted by SAFT2. ► SAFT2 ion parameters are non-solvent-specific and transferable to other solvents.
In the present study, commercial ceramic membrane from Pervatech BV was used to study the dehydration of isopropanol–water mixture by pervaporation. The effects of feed temperature, feed ...concentration, permeate pressure and feed flow rate on the membrane separation performance were studied by using design of experiments (DOE) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM). The center composite design (CCD) was used to obtain optimum process condition. The results showed that in order to obtain optimum permeation flux and selectivity, the temperature, feed concentration of alcohol, permeate pressure and feed flow rate were 75
°C, 94
wt%, 1
kPa and 84
dm
3/h, respectively. Under optimum operating condition, the permeation flux and selectivity was 2.41
kg/m
2
h and 1131, respectively. The optimum permeation flux of 9.16
kg/m
2
h was obtained at temperature of 90
°C with feed concentration 81
wt% alcohol, permeate pressure of 1
kPa and feed flow rate of 100
dm
3/h, respectively. However, the optimum selectivity of 1415 was observed at the temperature of 69
°C, feed concentration 96
wt% alcohol, 1
kPa permeate pressure and feed flow rate of 41.05
dm
3/h, respectively. The effect of operation time on the performance of the membrane was also investigated by running the pervaporation process for 8
h continuously. It was observed that the permeation flux changed with time but the selectivity remained nearly constant after 8
h of continuous pervaporation.
The EU–Fatty Alcohols decision of the Appellate Body addressed an important issue of the scope of permissible adjustments under Article 2.4 of the Agreement on Interpretation of Article VI of the ...GATT 1994, focusing on the ‘mark-up’ paid by an Indonesian exporter to a related company as a difference affecting price comparability between the export price and the normal value. The Appellate Body confirmed that the primary focus of the investigating authority's assessment is on whether the relationship between related companies can be demonstrated to be a factor that impacts the prices of the relevant transactions. This case raises the question of whether a harmonized approach to transfer pricing across different regulatory areas would be useful to bring greater consistency of treatment and certainty to international transactions.
The concept of regression is considered with an emphasis on the differences between the positions of Freud and Jung regarding its significance. The paper discusses the results of experimental ...analyses of individual experience dynamics (from gene expression changes and impulse neuronal activity in animals to prosocial behaviour in healthy humans at different ages, and humans in chronic pain) in those situations where regression occurs: stress, disease, learning, highly emotional states and alcohol intoxication. Common mechanisms of regression in all these situations are proposed. The mechanisms of regression can be described as reversible dedifferentiation, which is understood as a relative increase of the representation of low‐differentiated (older) systems in the actualized experience. In all of the cases of dedifferentiation mentioned above, the complexity of the systemic organization of behaviour significantly decreases.
Le concept de régression est étudié en mettant l’accent sur les différences entre les positions de Freud et celles de Jung concernant sa portée. L’article discute les résultats des analyses expérimentales de dynamiques de l’expérience individuelle (de changements dans l’expression des gènes et de l’activité des réflexes neuronaux chez les animaux aux comportements pro‐sociaux chez des humains en bonne santé et à des âges de vie divers, et chez des humains en situation de souffrance chronique) dans ces situations où se produit la régression: le stress, la maladie, l’apprentissage, les états hautement émotionnels et l’intoxication par l’alcool. Les mécanismes communs de régression dans toutes ces situations sont présentés. Les mécanismes de régression peuvent être décrits en tant que dé‐différentiation réversible, ce qui est interprété comme un accroissement relatif de la représentation de systèmes peu‐différenciés (plus vieux) dans l’expérience actualisée. Dans tous les cas de dé‐différentiation mentionnés plus haut, la complexité de l’organisation systémique du comportement décroit de manière significative.
Das Konzept der Regression wird unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Unterschiede zwischen den Positionen von Freud und Jung auf seine Tragweite hin untersucht. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Ergebnisse experimenteller Analysen der individuellen Erlebensdynamik (von Veränderungen der Genexpression und der impulsiven neuronalen Aktivität bei Tieren bis hin zu prosozialem Verhalten bei gesunden Menschen unterschiedlichen Alters und Menschen mit chronischen Schmerzen) in Situationen, in denen Regressionen auftreten: Streß, Krankheit, Lernen, sehr emotionale Zustände und Alkoholvergiftung. In all diesen Situationen werden gemeinsame Regressionsmechanismen angenommen. Diese Regressionsmechanismen können als reversible Entdifferenzierungen beschrieben werden, die als relativer Anstieg der Repräsentation niedrig differenzierter (älterer) Systeme in der aktualisierten Erfahrung verstanden wird. In allen oben genannten Fällen der Entdifferenzierung nimmt die Komplexität der systemischen Organisation des Verhaltens signifikant ab.
Il concetto di regressione viene considerato con un’enfasi sulle differenze tra le posizioni di Freud e Jung riguardo al suo significato. L’articolo discute i risultati di analisi sperimentali delle dinamiche dell’esperienza individuale (dalle modificazioni nell’espressione genetica e dall’impulso dell'attività neuronale negli animali fino al comportamento prosociale in esseri umani sani in età differenti, e in esseri umani con dolore cronico) in quelle situazioni in cui si verifica la regressione: stress, malattia, apprendimento, stati altamente emotivi e intossicazione alcolica. Vengono proposti meccanismi comuni di regressione in tutte queste situazioni. I meccanismi di regressione possono essere descritti come dedifferenziazione reversibile, che è intesa come un aumento relativo della rappresentazione di sistemi a bassa differenziazione (più vecchi) nell’esperienza attualizzata. In tutti i casi di dedifferenziazione sopra menzionati, la complessità dell’organizzazione sistemica del comportamento diminuisce significativamente.
Понятие регрессии рассматривается в свете различий взглядов Фрейда и Юнга на значение регрессии. В статье обсуждаются результаты экспериментального анализа динамики индивидуального опыта (начиная от изменений генной экспрессии и спайковой активности нейронов у животных до просоциального поведения у здоровых людей в разные возрастные периоды и людей, испытывающих хроническую боль) в ситуациях, в которых происходит регрессия: стресс, болезнь, обучение, состояния сильного эмоционального возбуждения, алкогольная интоксикация. Обосновывается представление об общности механизмов регрессии во всех этих ситуациях. Механизмы регрессии могут быть описаны как обратимая дедифференциация, под которой понимается относительное увеличение представленности низко‐дифференцированных (старых) систем в актуализированном опыте. Во всех случаях упомянутой выше дедифференциации, сложность системной организации поведения существенно снижается.
Se considera el concepto de regresión, con énfasis en las diferencias entre Freud y Jung en lo que concierne a su significado. El trabajo desarrolla los resultados de análisis experimentales sobre dinámicas experienciales individuales (desde cambios en la expresión genética y actividad neuronal en animales a conductas prosociales en humanos saludables en diferentes edades, y humanos en dolor crónico) en aquellas situaciones donde la regresión ocurre: estrés, enfermedad, aprendizaje, estados altamente emocionales e intoxicación alcohólica. Se proponen mecanismos comunes de regresión en todas estas situaciones. Los mecanismos de regresión pueden describirse como de‐diferenciación reversible, la cual es comprendida como un incremento relativo de la representación de sistemas de baja‐diferenciación (antiguos) en la experiencia actualizada. En todos los casos de de‐diferenciación mencionados anteriormente, la complejidad de la organización sistemática de conducta decrece significativamente.
退行I:退行的实证取向
退行的概念被认为凸显了弗洛伊德和荣格关于退行的重要性的不同理解。文章讨论了关于个体处于退行发生的情境时, 其经验动力的实证分析的结果 (这些分析涉及动物基因表达的改变和神经元脉冲活性, 以及不同年龄健康人类亲社会的行为, 和慢性疼痛的病人), 这些导致退行的情境包括:压力, 疾病, 学习, 高情绪化状态, 酒精中毒。这些情境下常见的退行机制都在文中提及。退行的机制可以被描述为可逆的去分化, 这可以被理解为在实现经验中, 低分化的 (老一些的)系统表现出的相对增长。在所有以上提及的去分化案例中, 系统化组织的行为的复杂性显著降低了。
Excellent cyclization: Zeolites H‐BEA, H‐MFI, H‐FAU, and H‐STF were found to be efficient, selective, and reusable catalysts in the cyclization of cis‐4‐decenol, affording the corresponding ...tetrahydrofuran with excellent yields to provide a new synthetic route to alkylfurans. Brønsted and Lewis acid sites in the zeolites under study are probably the active sites, because both of them catalyze this reaction.
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