The Battle of Palangan Bojongkokosan was one of the battles that took place during the physical revolution of Indonesia from 1945 to 1950. This incident occurred because of the Allied attitude of ...ignoring the agreement that had been made with TKR, namely, fighting over APWI logistics deliveries without notification and assistance. This battle occurred in Sukabumi District, in the village of Bojongkokosan, where the Allied convoy was passing. This study aims to look at the Battle of Palangan Bojongkokosan from the perspective of environmental factors. This research uses historical research methodology in its preparation. The sources used are primary and secondary. Primary sources include photos of the Palangan Bojongkokosan event, and secondary sources, books, journals, and magazines. The results obtained that one of the success factors of the attack on the Allies in the village of Bojongkokosan was the environmental conditions of the battlefield. Bojongkokosan village as a battlefield is also ideal with Hit n Run and Kirikumi military tactics chosen by Lt. Col. Edhie as the leader of the troops. The Bojongkokosan incident taught that in addition to qualified war equipment, it must also be supported by the spirit of the troops and the leader's ability to read the battlefield's situation and conditions. In addition, other things to consider, such as the environment that affects an event or battle.Pertempuran Palangan Bojongkokosan merupakan salah satu pertempuran yang terjadi pada masa revolusi fisik Indonesia tahun 1945-1950. Peristiwa ini terjadi karena sikap Sekutu yang mengabaikan kesepakatan yang telah dibuat dengan TKR yaitu memperebutkan pengiriman logistik APWI, tanpa pemberitahuan dan bantuan. Pertempuran ini terjadi di Kabupaten Sukabumi, di desa Bojongkokosan, tempat konvoi Sekutu lewat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pertempuran Palangan Bojongkokosan dari perspektif faktor lingkungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian sejarah dalam penyusunannya. Sumber yang digunakan adalah primer dan sekunder. Sumber primer meliputi foto-foto peristiwa Palangan Bojongkokosan, dan sumber sekunder, buku, jurnal, dan majalah. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa salah satu faktor keberhasilan penyerangan terhadap Sekutu di desa Bojongkokosan adalah kondisi lingkungan medan pertempuran. Desa Bojongkokosan sebagai medan pertempuran juga ideal dengan taktik militer Hit n Run dan Kirikumi yang dipilih oleh Letkol Edhie sebagai pemimpin pasukan. Peristiwa Bojongkokosan mengajarkan bahwa selain perlengkapan perang yang mumpuni, juga harus didukung oleh semangat pasukan dan kemampuan pemimpin dalam membaca situasi dan kondisi medan perang. Selain itu, hal lain yang perlu diperhatikan, seperti lingkungan yang mempengaruhi suatu event atau pertempuran.
The Battle of Palangan Bojongkokosan was one of the battles that took place during the physical revolution of Indonesia from 1945 to 1950. This incident occurred because of the Allied attitude of ignoring the agreement that had been made with TKR, namely, fighting over APWI logistics deliveries without notification and assistance. This battle occurred in Sukabumi District, in the village of Bojongkokosan, where the Allied convoy was passing. This study aims to look at the Battle of Palangan Bojongkokosan from the perspective of environmental factors. This research uses historical research methodology in its preparation. The sources used are primary and secondary. Primary sources include photos of the Palangan Bojongkokosan event, and secondary sources, books, journals, and magazines. The results obtained that one of the success factors of the attack on the Allies in the village of Bojongkokosan was the environmental conditions of the battlefield. Bojongkokosan village as a battlefield is also ideal with Hit n Run and Kirikumi military tactics chosen by Lt. Col. Edhie as the leader of the troops. The Bojongkokosan incident taught that in addition to qualified war equipment, it must also be supported by the spirit of the troops and the leader's ability to read the battlefield's situation and conditions. In addition, other things to consider, such as the environment that affects an event or battle.Pertempuran Palangan Bojongkokosan merupakan salah satu pertempuran yang terjadi pada masa revolusi fisik Indonesia tahun 1945-1950. Peristiwa ini terjadi karena sikap Sekutu yang mengabaikan kesepakatan yang telah dibuat dengan TKR yaitu memperebutkan pengiriman logistik APWI, tanpa pemberitahuan dan bantuan. Pertempuran ini terjadi di Kabupaten Sukabumi, di desa Bojongkokosan, tempat konvoi Sekutu lewat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pertempuran Palangan Bojongkokosan dari perspektif faktor lingkungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian sejarah dalam penyusunannya. Sumber yang digunakan adalah primer dan sekunder. Sumber primer meliputi foto-foto peristiwa Palangan Bojongkokosan, dan sumber sekunder, buku, jurnal, dan majalah. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa salah satu faktor keberhasilan penyerangan terhadap Sekutu di desa Bojongkokosan adalah kondisi lingkungan medan pertempuran. Desa Bojongkokosan sebagai medan pertempuran juga ideal dengan taktik militer Hit n Run dan Kirikumi yang dipilih oleh Letkol Edhie sebagai pemimpin pasukan. Peristiwa Bojongkokosan mengajarkan bahwa selain perlengkapan perang yang mumpuni, juga harus didukung oleh semangat pasukan dan kemampuan pemimpin dalam membaca situasi dan kondisi medan perang. Selain itu, hal lain yang perlu diperhatikan, seperti lingkungan yang mempengaruhi suatu event atau pertempuran.
The sensemaking process is complex and mentally demanding, inviting sensemakers to establish and apply schema about individuals and groups. This study assesses the ways LGBTQ+ employees evaluate ...coworker’s ally status through the application of schema and the further sensemaking that follows the schema creation. We conducted 35 interviews with LBGTQ+ employees to understand the ways these employees processed decisions and weigh the risks during the construction of ally-status schemas about coworkers. Findings indicate that LGBTQ+ employees assess colleagues’ likelihood toward allyship, or not, through sensemaking in three domains: (1) Demographic, (2) Reference to Industry, and (3) Observed and Experienced Interactions. We conclude this study with practical recommendations addressing both the creation of plausible but inaccurate schemas, the larger burden of mental load, and a discussion about the importance of bridging the gap between sensemaking by marginalized populations and ally status perceptions.
•The perception of allies’ egalitarian motives predicts mobilization for social change.•Migrants’ vulnerability increases their acceptance of allies’ support regardless of the attributed ...motives.•Migrants with an extreme situation of vulnerability prefer a coalition as a type of alliance between Spanish allies and their own group.•The relation of the perception of allies’ paternalistic motives and the tendency to participate in collective actions led by Spanish people will be greater for those who are in a situation of higher vulnerability.
Social inequalities between migrants and the host society trigger collective actions that aim to reduce such inequalities. Such actions can be led by migrants themselves, or by advantaged members from the host society who act as allies. In three studies conducted in Spain (N Study 1 = 182 low vulnerability migrants; N Study 2 = 160 forced migrants and refugees; N Study 3 = 418 migrants with different levels of vulnerability) we evaluated: How perceived ally motives (egalitarian, paternalistic and performative) impact three different types of migrants’ collective action tendencies: pro-alliance (e.g., meetings between migrants and Spaniards), led by Spaniards (e.g., pro-migrant demonstrations organized by Spaniards), and/or led by migrants (e.g., creation of political associations led by migrants). Additionally, we evaluated what type of alliance (as one-group recategorization or coalition) migrants prefer to build with members of the advantaged group. We also analyzed how perceived motives to support migrants relate to the evaluation for the types of alliance (Studies 2 and 3), and whether the level of vulnerability of the participants moderates the role of perceived paternalistic motives on collective action tendencies (Study 3). The results confirm that perceived ally egalitarian motives predict higher migrant support for pro-alliance collective action, as well as those led by Spanish allies across studies. Perceived paternalistic motives have a greater impact on highly socioeconomically vulnerable migrant support for collective action tendencies than on less vulnerable ones. There is no clear pattern of preference about perceiving themselves as part of a singular group (one-group recategorization) or in a coalition with advantaged group members who share the goal to promote migrants’ rights. However, perceived egalitarian motives are positively related to the value attached to one-group recategorization. This research contributes to understanding the factors involved in participation to achieve social change amongst refugees or asylum seekers as well as less vulnerable migrants.
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White Americans who participate in the Black Lives Matter movement, men who attended the Women’s March, and people from the Global North who work to reduce poverty in the Global South—advantaged ...group members (sometimes referred to as allies) often engage in action for disadvantaged groups. Tensions can arise, however, over the inclusion of advantaged group members in these movements, which we argue can partly be explained by their motivations to participate. We propose that advantaged group members can be motivated to participate in these movements (a) to improve the status of the disadvantaged group, (b) on the condition that the status of their own group is maintained, (c) to meet their own personal needs, and (d) because this behavior aligns with their moral beliefs. We identify potential antecedents and behavioral outcomes associated with these motivations before describing the theoretical contribution our article makes to the psychological literature.
Confrontation of discrimination can be seen as a form of morally courageous behavior, however those who engage in it presumably risk societal backlash. In three experiments, we examined societal ...perception of those who engage in confrontation of sexist (Study 1 and Study 2) and racist advertisement (Study 3). We tested two competing hypotheses. First, prior research on confrontation of discrimination suggests that members of disadvantaged groups who confront injustice (i.e., targets) should be judged more harshly than members of advantaged groups who confront (i.e., allies). Second, by drawing upon the insights from the work on do-gooder derogation, we proposed that allies and targets risk societal backlash, but more so from ingroup members than outgroup members. In Study 1, we found that disadvantaged group members evaluated an ally more positively than advantaged group members. Study 2 and Study 3 revealed that the audience had a positive view of confronters. However, members of advantaged groups supported allies less than targets, whereas members of disadvantaged groups preferred allies over targets (Study 2) or supported them equally (Study 3). Thus, our findings provide more support for the second hypothesis and we discuss their implications for the literature on moral courage, confrontation and do-gooder derogation.
•Confrontation of discrimination is a form of morally courageous behavior.•Ingroup confronters were perceived as overreacting more than outgroup confronters.•Allies were supported more by disadvantaged groups than advantaged groups.•Targets were equally supported by disadvantaged groups and advantaged groups.
In this research, we focused on women's perception of men as allies depending on the type of confrontation. We conducted four experimental scenario studies (Study 1 and 2 in a bar setting; Study 3 ...and 4 in a workplace setting) where a man confronted a sexist comment using either an egalitarian or paternalistic argument. Results showed that women are more likely to perceive egalitarian (vs. paternalistic) confronters as allies (Studies 1–4). This is explained by the fact that they contribute to reducing power asymmetries (decreasing perceived interpersonal power differences: Studies 2 and 4; or increasing women's empowerment: Studies 3 and 4). Furthermore, the egalitarian (vs. paternalistic) confrontation positively impacts interpersonal and intergroup relations, and this is explained by the perception of the confronter as an ally (Studies 1, 2 and 4). We discuss the role of disadvantaged group members’ perception of advantaged group members to disentangle the complexity of alliances.
Background and AimsThroughout the history of fern classification, familial and generic concepts have been highly labile. Many classifications and evolutionary schemes have been proposed during the ...last two centuries, reflecting different interpretations of the available evidence. Knowledge of fern structure and life histories has increased through time, providing more evidence on which to base ideas of possible relationships, and classification has changed accordingly. This paper reviews previous classifications of ferns and presents ideas on how to achieve a more stable consensus.ScopeAn historical overview is provided from the first to the most recent fern classifications, from which conclusions are drawn on past changes and future trends. The problematic concept of family in ferns is discussed, with a particular focus on how this has changed over time. The history of molecular studies and the most recent findings are also presented.Key ResultsFern classification generally shows a trend from highly artificial, based on an interpretation of a few extrinsic characters, via natural classifications derived from a multitude of intrinsic characters, towards more evolutionary circumscriptions of groups that do not in general align well with the distribution of these previously used characters. It also shows a progression from a few broad family concepts to systems that recognized many more narrowly and highly controversially circumscribed families; currently, the number of families recognized is stabilizing somewhere between these extremes. Placement of many genera was uncertain until the arrival of molecular phylogenetics, which has rapidly been improving our understanding of fern relationships. As a collective category, the so-called ‘fern allies’ (e.g. Lycopodiales, Psilotaceae, Equisetaceae) were unsurprisingly found to be polyphyletic, and the term should be abandoned. Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae and Isoëtaceae form a clade (the lycopods) that is sister to all other vascular plants, whereas the whisk ferns (Psilotaceae), often included in the lycopods or believed to be associated with the first vascular plants, are sister to Ophioglossaceae and thus belong to the fern clade. The horsetails (Equisetaceae) are also members of the fern clade (sometimes inappropriately called ‘monilophytes’), but, within that clade, their placement is still uncertain. Leptosporangiate ferns are better understood, although deep relationships within this group are still unresolved. Earlier, almost all leptosporangiate ferns were placed in a single family (Polypodiaceae or Dennstaedtiaceae), but these families have been redefined to narrower more natural entities.ConclusionsConcluding this paper, a classification is presented based on our current understanding of relationships of fern and lycopod clades. Major changes in our understanding of these families are highlighted, illustrating issues of classification in relation to convergent evolution and false homologies. Problems with the current classification and groups that still need study are pointed out. A summary phylogenetic tree is also presented. A new classification in which Aspleniaceae, Cyatheaceae, Polypodiaceae and Schizaeaceae are expanded in comparison with the most recent classifications is presented, which is a modification of those proposed by Smith et al. (2006, 2008) and Christenhusz et al. (2011). These classifications are now finding a wider acceptance and use, and even though a few amendments are made based on recently published results from molecular analyses, we have aimed for a stable family and generic classification of ferns.
A checklist of all genera of ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, and angiosperms that are found in Borneo is presented. The native, introduced, and endemic status for all taxa is given. This ...checklist comprises 271 families: 39 families (ferns and fern allies), 5 families (gymnosperms), and 227 families (angiosperms) of 1877 genera and 12590 species. There are 1592 native genera, 192 introduced genera, 73 endemic genera, and 20 genera with both native and introduced species present.
Rates of nucleotide substitution were previously shown to be several times slower in the plastid inverted repeat (IR) compared with single‐copy (SC) regions, suggesting that the IR provides enhanced ...copy‐correction activity. To examine the generality of this synonymous rate dependence on the IR, we compared plastomes from 69 pairs of closely related species representing 52 families of angiosperms, gymnosperms, and ferns. We explored the breadth of IR boundary shifts in land plants and demonstrate that synonymous substitution rates are, on average, 3.7 times slower in IR genes than in SC genes. In addition, genes moved from the SC into the IR exhibit lower synonymous rates consistent with other IR genes, while genes moved from the IR into the SC exhibit higher rates consistent with other SC genes. Surprisingly, however, several plastid genes from Pelargonium, Plantago, and Silene have highly accelerated synonymous rates despite their IR localization. Together, these results provide strong evidence that the duplicative nature of the IR reduces the substitution rate within this region. The anomalously fast‐evolving genes in Pelargonium, Plantago, and Silene indicate localized hypermutation, potentially induced by a higher level of error‐prone double‐strand break repair in these regions, which generates substitutional rate variation.
What is youth participation? Checkoway, Barry
Children and youth services review,
02/2011, Letnik:
33, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Youth participation strengthens personal and social development, provides expertise for children and youth programs and services, and promotes a more democratic society, but questions arise about its ...most fundamental phenomena. Lacking agreement on its basic content, however, youth participation as a field of practice and subject of study will be limited. This paper examines what we know about youth participation, general propositions which are substantiated by research or practice, and unanswered questions or unresolved issues which remain for future work. It draws upon various academic disciplines and professional fields, in order to contribute to knowledge development and advance the field.
► Youth participation contributes to social development, program decisions, and democratic society. ► We examine general propositions substantiated by research or practice, and unanswered questions remaining for future work. ► Literature is reviewed from various academic disciplines and professional fields.
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