The photocatalytic oxidation of 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol to p‐anisaldehyde (PAA) was performed in water with organic‐free suspensions of home‐prepared and commercial titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalysts. ...The nanostructured TiO2 samples were synthesised by boiling aqueous solutions of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), under mild conditions, for different times. The crystallinity increased with the boiling time. The 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol oxidation rate followed the same pattern but the highest yield (41.5 % mol) to PAA was found for the least crystalline sample, that showed a quantum efficiency of 0.116 %. A comparison with two commercial TiO2 samples showed that all the home‐prepared catalysts exhibited a PAA yield higher than that of commercial ones. The only by‐products present were traces of 4‐methoxybenzoic acid and aliphatic products, carbon dioxide being the other main oxidation product.
In this study, we investigated whether p-anisaldehyde (PAA), the main component of essential oils derived from anise seeds, influences the differentiation of mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Cells were induced ...to differentiate over 5 days using a differentiation medium with or without PAA (50 or 200 mg/mL). Myotube length and diameter were measured, and the expressions of myogenic markers (myoblast determination protein 1, myogenin, myocyte enhancer factor 2, muscle creatine kinase, and myosin heavy chain) and atrophy-related genes (atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1 MuRF-1) were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation was monitored by western blotting. PAA significantly induced the formation of smaller and thinner myotubes and reduced myogenic marker expression. Furthermore, PAA increased the expressions of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 and simultaneously reduced Akt phosphorylation. Our findings indicate that PAA inhibits the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells by reducing the phosphorylation and activation of Akt.
C2C12 근육모세포의 분화에서 p -anisaldehyde의 역할 김달아; Dal-ah Kim; 공경혜 ...
Korean journal of clinical laboratory science,
09/2023, Letnik:
55, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
골격근은 대사, 열기반 온도 조절, 그리고 전반적인 체내 균형을 위해 필수적인 조직이고 근발생(myogenesis)이라는 다단계 과정을 거쳐서 근관세포를 형성한다. p-아니스알데하이드(p-anisaldehyde, PAA) (4-메톡시벤잘데하이드)는 아니스 씨에서 추출된 에센셜 오일의 주성분이지만, 골격근에서의 기능은 아직까지 알려져 있지 않다. 따라서, ...우리는 마우스 C2C12 근육모세포를 이용하여 근육분화가 PAA에 의해 영향을 받는지를 연구하였다. C2C12 근육모세포의 분화를 유도하기 위해 이 세포를 분화 배지에서 5일동안 배양하였고, 매일 PAA (50 또는 200 μg/mL)를 포함하는 새로운 배지로 교체하였다. 대조군으로서 PAA가 포함되지 않은 배지를 사용하였다. 우리는 분화시작 후 1, 3, 5일째에 근관세포의 길이와 지름을 측정함으로써 PAA가 근관 형성에 미치는 영향을 평가하였고, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 분석을 통해 PAA가 근육 표지인자(myoblast determination protein 1, myogenin, myocyte enhancer factor 2C, muscle creatine kinase, 및 myosin heavy chain)와 근육위축 관련 유전자(atrogin-1과 muscle ring finger-1 MuRF-1)의 발현에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 또한, 주요 근육형성 키나아제인 protein kinase B (Akt)의 인산화를 웨스턴 블롯을 이용해 관찰하였다. 그 결과 PAA가 더 작고 얇은 근관 형성을 유의하게 유발하며 근육 표지인자의 발현을 감소시킨다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, atrogin-1과 MuRF-1의 발현이 PAA에 의해서 감소하였는데, 이는 Akt 인산화의 감소와 일치하는 결과이다. 결론적으로, 본 연구결과는 PAA가 Akt 인산화와 활성화를 감소시킴으로써 C2C12 세포에서의 근육 분화를 억제하는 역할을 한다는 것을 증명한다.
In this study, we investigated whether p-anisaldehyde (PAA), the main component of essential oils derived from anise seeds, influences the differentiation of mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Cells were induced to differentiate over 5 days using a differentiation medium with or without PAA (50 or 200 mg/mL). Myotube length and diameter were measured, and the expressions of myogenic markers (myoblast determination protein 1, myogenin, myocyte enhancer factor 2, muscle creatine kinase, and myosin heavy chain) and atrophy-related genes (atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1 MuRF-1) were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation was monitored by western blotting. PAA significantly induced the formation of smaller and thinner myotubes and reduced myogenic marker expression. Furthermore, PAA increased the expressions of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 and simultaneously reduced Akt phosphorylation. Our findings indicate that PAA inhibits the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells by reducing the phosphorylation and activation of Akt.
In order to develop a biodegradable agent for food preservation, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexes containing p-Anisaldehyde (PAA) were prepared using co-precipitation method. Physical ...properties including moisture content, bulk density, hygroscopicity, entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of the inclusion complexes showed considerable results for food applications. SEM and particle size test showed notably difference between the prepared inclusion complexes and the other formulations including the raw β-CD, physical mixture, and the recrystallized β-CD in both shape and size distribution. FTIR, XRD, TGA and DTA were also carried out and confirmed the formation of inclusion complexes and inhibition of the volatility of encapsulated PAA. As a potential preservation agent, inclusion complexes demonstrated a sustained released behavior in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Comparing with pure PAA, the inclusion complexes presented a better storage stability in low humidity environment, a higher antioxidant activity, and equal MICs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
•The p-Anisaldehyde was encapsulated into β-CD by co-precipitation method.•Various characterization techniques confirmed the formation of inclusion complex.•Encapsulation ensured the slow release of p-Anisaldehyde from inclusion complexes.•The inclusion complex has better storage stability than pure p-Anisaldehyde.•The inclusion complex showed considerable antibacterial and antioxidant activity.
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a destructive, invasive pest that has spread rapidly throughout China. Traps for the prevention and control ...of thrips typically use a single attractant, and few studies have evaluated effective compound combinations. In this study, the attractant effects of ethyl nicotinate and p‐anisaldehyde on female F. occidentalis were evaluated. Electroantennography recorded the highest depolarization for the mixture of p‐anisaldehyde and ethyl nicotinate standards at a 1:1 mass ratio, and this depolarization was significantly higher than that of the other compounds investigated. The Y‐tube olfactometer results show that the olfactory responses of female F. occidentalis to ethyl nicotinate, p‐anisaldehyde, and their mixtures (at a 1:1 mass ratio) at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μg μl−1 were significantly higher than those to liquid paraffin. The strongest response was toward 0.05 g l−1 ethyl nicotinate or p‐anisaldehyde and the 1 g l−1 mixture of p‐anisaldehyde and ethyl nicotinate standards combined at a 1:1 mass ratio, but high concentration caused a weak reaction. Greenhouse experiments revealed that various concentrations of the attractants were successful in trapping thrips. The attractant mixture at a concentration of 1 g l−1 was the most effective at luring thrips. Compared with traps without any attractants, those with attractants trapped at least double the number of F. occidentalis. Our study is the first to comprehensively evaluate female F. occidentalis responses to p‐anisaldehyde and ethyl nicotinate using electrophysiological, Y‐tube olfactometer, and greenhouse trapping analyses. The methods used also proved to be valuable for evaluating the potential of attractants to control F. occidentalis.
Insect‐trapping technology has emerged as an important means of ecological pest control, and complex attractants based on plant volatiles are at its core. Our study is the first to comprehensively evaluate female Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) responses to p‐anisaldehyde, ethyl nicotinate, and their mixture using electrophysiological, Y‐tube olfactometer, and greenhouse‐trapping analyses. Our experiments show that a mixture of ethyl nicotinate and p‐anisaldehyde is an effective attractant for trapping thrips (1 g l−1 was the most effective concentration for luring female F. occidentalis).
trans-Anethole oxygenase (TAO) is the key enzyme responsible for the oxidation of trans-anethole to p-anisaldehyde. A strain, Paraburkholderia sp. MR185, was isolated from soil in Yulin star ...anise-planting regions using trans-anethole as a sole carbon source and a gene which encodes a protein with high similarities to a hypothetical protein of Paraburkholderia sp. MM5384-R2 which shows 61.27% identies with TAO from Pseudomonas putida JYR-1 was cloned and sequenced. The gene, tao, was expressed in E. coli cells and its protein product was purified by affinity chromatography through regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC). SDS-PAGE analysis indicated a clear band of recombinant protein TAO, and its molecular weight, 38.3 kDa, was consistent with the theoretical value. Its enzyme activity of producing p-anisaldehyde from trans-anethole was detected by DNPH (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) chromogenic reaction and HPLC, and the specific activity of TAO reached 3.93 U/mg protein. Immobilized TAO on RAC was used to catalyze the production of p-anisaldehyde from trans-anethole, and the enzyme retained more than 60% of its initial activity after 10 uses. This is the first report on Paraburkholderia TAO.
Aflatoxin, mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus, is one of the most notorious mycotoxin for its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Despite extensive efforts, effective strategies to control A. flavus and ...AFB1 contamination remain elusive. Here, we investigate the potential of p‐anisaldehyde (AS), an aldehyde derived from plant essential oils, as a natural antifungal agent against A. flavus and its ability to modulate AFB1 biosynthesis. We found that AS exhibited broad‐spectrum antifungal activities against Aspergillus spp. and effectively inhibited A. flavus asexual development, AFB1 production, and pathogenicity. AS treatment disrupted the cell surface structure and membrane integrity, as observed by scanning electron microscopy and PI staining. RNA‐sequencing analysis revealed that AS significantly altered the expression of genes involved in redox homeostasis, plasma membrane function, and cell cycle progression. Further investigation demonstrated that AS induced a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. The AS‐induced ROS accumulation was found to be mitigated by the superoxide dismutase‐mediated antioxidant system, which is regulated by transcriptional factor Ap1. Notably, the Ap1‐regulatory ROS detoxification system was also found to be involved in A. flavus pathogenicity and AFB1 production. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the inhibitory mechanism of AS against A. flavus, paving the way for its potential application as a natural strategy to mitigate AFB1 contamination in both food and agriculture crops.
p‐Anialdehyde (AS) disrupts the cell wall and membrane, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ROS levels. Elevated ROS activates the oxidative stress factor ap1, boosting SOD and CAT gene transcription, despite inhibition of their activity by AS, resulting in ROS accumulation. AS and ROS jointly inhibit AFB1 production‐related genes, disrupt nucleus function, and impede cell division and the cell cycle, ultimately restraining A. flavus growth and reducing its pathogenicity.
New synthetic organic compounds are needed in the medical, industrial, and agricultural fields. Urease inhibitors are usually added to urea formulations used to prevent hydrolysis of urea to ammonia. ...Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used to treat neurodegenerative disorders. In the present work, mechanochemical green and conventional reflux methods were compared to synthesize anisaldehyde derivatives, 2,4-dichloro-N-(4-methoxybenzylidene)aniline (SB1) and 3,4-dichloro-N-(4-methoxybenzylidene)aniline (SB2), which were reduced to their corresponding amines, RSB1 and RSB2. The structures of the compounds were determined based on spectroscopic studies. The compounds showed good urease and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The SB1 (IC50 0.027 µM) showed good urease inhibitory activity as compared to the positive control thiourea (IC50 0.065 µM). SB2 (IC50 0.091 µM), had notable acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity as compared to the standard Neostigmine (IC50 0.008 µM). The SB1 and SB2 showed weak radical scavenging activity in DPPH and ABTS assays than RSB1 and RSB2. They were more active in ABTS assay than DPPH. In ABTS assay RSB2 and RSB1 showed good antioxidant activity (EC50 0.03 µM, 0.04 µM) as compared to SB1 and SB2 (EC50 0.07 µM, EC50 0.06 µM) as compared by standard ascorbic acid (EC50 0.05 µM). SB2 showed higher total antioxidant capacity than other compounds. Molecular docking studies showed the considerable binding potential of SB1, SB2, RSB1, and RSB2 with acetylcholinesterase and urease which was further confirmed by calculating the binding free energy through MMGBSA (Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area). Binding free energies conceded good consistency with inhibitory profiles of acetylcholinesterase and urease.
Lipstatin or its saturated analog (orlistat), being the irreversible inhibitor of intestinal lipase, is widely used for the treatment of obesity. The bacterium Streptomyces toxytricini is the main ...source for the production of lipstatin/orlistat. There are continuous attempts to increase the production of lipstatin in S. toxytricini. For optimization of best conditions/strains for lipstatin production, there are requirements for a fast, simple, and reliable method to detect/estimate lipstatin. At present, highly sophisticated methods such as high‐performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and so forth are available for the detection and estimation of lipstatin/orlistat. These methods are very costly, time‐consuming, and require state of the art facility. Here we report a simple, fast, cost‐effective method based on thin‐layer chromatography for the detection of lipstatin in S. toxytricini. The optimized mobile phase was acetone: ethanol in a ratio of 3:7. Development of thin‐layer chromatography was done by ρ‐anisaldehyde staining that showed the pink color to the silica plate and greenish‐blue color to the lipstatin/orlistat drug. Conclusively, here we mention a simple and reproducible method of detection of orlistat and lipstatin samples extracted from S. toxytricini.
