The article examines the issue of anti-discrimination in the context of changes in the teaching mode from classroom to distance schooling. The results of research carried out with the participation ...of secondary school students will be presented and analysed. The aim of this study is to highlight areas in education that need improvement in order to increase the level of students’ comfort in any teaching conditions.
Our modern legal system is based on the principle of equality. But is equality perhaps not also a concept that inadequately describes the complexity of normative orders? Highly differentiated ...societies with a multitude of collective identities and functional rationalities are in a permanent state of tension with this legal postulate. The contributions to this volume examine how this tension has developed in Europe and Latin America over the last 200 years
Multiculturalism (MC) and interculturalism (IC) as approaches to governing ethnic diversity have developed an often antagonistic relationship, borne out through scholarly as well as political ...debates. Yet, increasingly, scholars have begun to note that while IC-consistent policies have gained some prominence, they have done so alongside MC policies. This suggests the possibility of complementarity between the two, and prominent scholars on both sides have also begun to stress complementarity. What this might look like, however, has not yet been well researched or developed. Focusing on the UK context, an important site in which debates between MC and IC have played out, this article aims to address this point of complementarity. It does so through an analysis of documents and interviews from civil society organisations who work in areas of integration, diversity and anti-discrimination at national and local levels. The article identifies four models of complementarity and shows the divergent and contested ways in which theoretical aspects of competing normative positions are combined empirically. In this way, it develops an argument for the continued centrality of MC for policy in these areas.
Dans cet article fondateur, K. Crenshaw introduit le concept d’« intersectionnalité », pour penser le caractère composé des effets de subordination liés à des facteurs comme la race, le genre, l’âge, ...la sexualité, etc. Elle analyse d’abord trois affaires juridiques qui ont traité des questions de discrimination raciale et sexuelle pour montrer les limites des « analyses à enjeu unique » : DeGraffenreid v. General Motors, Moore v. Hughes Helicopter, Inc. et Payne v. Travenol . Dans aucune de ces affaires, les tribunaux n’ont permis aux plaignantes d’alléguer une discrimination fondée à la fois sur la race et le sexe. K. Crenshaw montre qu’il faut penser l’intersectionnalité des discriminations pour saisir et corriger la situation particulière des femmes noires. Dans un second temps, elle élargit la réflexion vers le cadre sociopolitique et suggère que la condition des femmes noires doit être mieux prise en compte tant par les mouvements féministes que par les mouvements anti-racistes.
The Nordic states were among the first in the world to enact general gender equality and anti-discrimination laws with low threshold enforcement mechanisms. Today, the Nordic countries top the World ...Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Index –but they have still not succeeded in closing the gender gap. This book draws a diverse and complex picture of the long, uneven, and unfinished process towards substantive equality in four Nordic countries: Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Iceland. It presents the Nordic gender equality model’s systematic use of three measures: overarching gender policies, legislation that has an explicit or implicit impact on gender relations, and gender equality and anti-discrimination laws with low-threshold enforcement systems. What potentials and limitations do the Nordic gender equality and anti-discrimination law regimes have to combat individual discrimination and structural inequality? Can these regimes function as a driver of political, legal, economic, cultural, and social change and as a corrective to laws, policies, and practices that uphold existing inequalities and, if so, to what extent? Can weaknesses in the equality and anti-discrimination laws and the way they are enforced hamper efforts to close remaining gender gaps? Rather than looking at the Nordic gender equality laws and policies in isolation, the book situates their development and transformative potential within a changing European and international political and legal landscape.
Despite the notable successes of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) activism in the region, individual European countries have varied considerably in the extent and speed with ...which they have adopted legislation to recognise the rights of their LGBTI citizens. Scholars have often turned to modernisation theory to explain these variable outcomes and argue that high levels of national wealth are an important factor in the success of LGBTI movements. Although the correlation between modernity, economic development and tolerance of LGBTI lifestyles is often treated as a truism in the literature, scholars have paid less attention to the precise mechanisms by which the complex processes associated with modernisation facilitate policy change. Drawing on the classic works of both modernisation theory and gay and lesbian history, we examine a less explored route by which modernisation leads to the expansion of LGBTI rights. Specifically, we posit that urbanisation facilitates the adoption of rights policies by strengthening LGBTI movements and enhancing their political effectiveness. To test this proposition, we use event history analysis and an original dataset that contains measures for institutional, cultural, economic and movement variables, as well as measures of urbanisation in 44 European countries between 1980 and 2015. Our findings support the contention that urbanisation has a strong effect on the formation of LGBTI movement organisations as well as the speed with which European states adopt both same‐sex union and anti‐discrimination legislation. The relationship between urbanisation and rights expansion persists even after controlling for a country's level of wealth, religious adherence and the influence of European institutions and norms.
Objetivo: O objetivo do presente artigo é investigar a existência de deveres antidiscriminatórios na gestão judicial de processos, que envolvem povos indígenas, a partir da análise do Código de ...Processo Civil de 2015. Diante disso, a hipótese apresentada é que, para além das normas de direito material, as normas processuais também devem respeitar os deveres antidiscriminatórios.Metodologia: Como metodologia, adota-se uma abordagem qualitativa, por meio de revisão da literatura especializada e de legislação.Resultados: Conclui-se que o Direito Processual Civil brasileiro, ao adotar a gestão processual cooperativa, com o gerenciamento de processos judiciais pelo magistrado, agrega os deveres antidiscriminatórios também dentro das normas processuais, permitindo a adequação do processo às especificidades dos povos indígenas, expressando o mandamento de igualdade previsto na Constituição e realçando a discriminação étnica como critério proibido do direito da antidiscriminação.Contribuições: O artigo contribui para a reflexão de que os deveres antidiscriminatórios, para além das normas materiais, alcançam também a norma processual e de que o gerenciamento de processos (gestão intraprocessual) é um importante instrumento para garantir a igualdade de posições processuais para os povos indígenas.
Discrimination in education often occurs in people's lives. This discrimination arises because of the blurring of public awareness about the multi-ethnic and multi-religious plurality that grows in a ...diverse society. Discriminatory practices can occur due to religious interests, ethnic differences, economic aspects, and health dimensions. This article uses literature research and a qualitative approach and analyzes with a descriptive study of verses that teach values without discrimination. The verses used are Surah Al-Hujurat 49: 13, Abasa 80: 1-11, and Al-Maidah 5: 8. The results of the study conclude two namely; First, Islamic education teaches anti-discriminatory values in various aspects, especially in education. Education in Islam should not prioritize individuals or groups based on material and ethnicity. Second, discriminatory attitudes reflect someone's heart that cannot balance justice and interests. Inclusive education will be present in society if an open attitude, willingness to get to know each other, and respect for differences by not discriminating against certain groups have grown in every Muslim.
Recently, both in Bulgaria and abroad, it is increasingly common to find accommodation, restaurants and entertainment facilities that advertise and offer a wide range of services. However, these are ...not intended for general consumers but only those who have reached maturity (excluding minors and the under-aged). According to press publications hotels and restaurants that pre-select their guests based on their age are mainly concentrated on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and in the mountains or they specialize in spa and balneo procedures. It turns out that consumers find it easier to stay with a pet, albeit at an extra cost, than go on vacation with their teenage children. Such practices adopted by representatives of the tourism industry raise some questions of a moral, ethical and legal nature. The current article traces the development of a specific administrative and judicial proceeding initiated to establish the presence of discrimination against consumers in a tourist facility – a restaurant. An overview of the claims and arguments of the claimant is made as well as an analysis of the reasons and considerations given by the competent administrative and judicial authorities. The author’s opinion on the issue is expressed.
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