Rodčenkov antidoping zakon Sjedinjenih Američkih Država iz 2019. godine stupio je na snagu 4. decembra 2020. godine, nakon što ga je potpisao predsednik Tramp. Tim zakonom se uvodi eksteritorijalna ...nadležnost američkih državnih organa i sudova za krivično delo „velike međunarodne zavere u vezi sa doping prevarom“ koji može da počini bilo koja osoba, osim sportiste, koja je umešena u zavere povezane sa dopingom u sportu na velikim međunarodnim sportskim takmičenjima. Zakon je imao jednodušnu dvostranačku podršku u Kongresu, uz veliko odobravanje američkih sportskih krugova. Jedino istinsko protivljenje zakonu došlo je izvan USA, i to pre svega od strane Sveske antidoping agencije (WADA), Međunarodnog olimpijskog komiteta i Saveta Evrope. Glavni i suštinski prigovor Rodčenkov antidoping zakonu tiče se zabrinutosti da taj zakon svojim eksteritorijalnim odredbama narušava globalno priznati antidoping program i podriva kapaciteta WADE da ispuni svoju misiju globalnog antidoping regulatora i tela koje vrši nadzor nad sprovođenjem Svetskog antidoping kodeksa, uključujući i usklađenost potpisnika sa Kodeksom. Autor u radu analizira uticaj donošenja Rodčenkov antidoping zakona na harmonizaciju borbe protiv dopinga na globalnom nivou, ukazujući na njegovu sadržinu, razloge koji su doveli do njegovog donošenja i kontroverze koje on izaziva.
The US Rodchenkov Anti-Doping Act of 2019 came into force on December 4th 2020, after it had been signed by president Trump. This Act introduces extraterritorial jurisdiction of US government authorities and courts for criminal offence of „major international doping fraud conspiracies“ which may be commited by any person, other than an athlete, who is involved in conspiracies related to doping in sport at major international sport competition. The Act received unilateral support in Congress with great approval of US sports organizations. The only true opposition to this Act came from abroad, primarily from World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), International Olympic Committee and Council of Europe. The main and essential objection includes concern that extraterritorial rules of this Act will disrupt the globally recognized anti-doping program undermining WADA capacities to fulfill its mission of global anti-doping regulatory body that supervises the enfocement of World Anti-Doping Code, including compliance of Parties with the Code. In his paper, the author considers the impact of the adopted Act on harmonization of fight against doping at a global level, showing its content and reasons that brought to its adoption, as well as contraversies it provoked.
We investigated whether hepcidin and erythroferrone (ERFE) could complement the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) in indirectly detecting a 130 mL packed red blood cells (RBCs) autologous blood ...transfusion. Endurance performance was evaluated.
Forty-eight healthy men (n = 24) and women (n = 24) participated. Baseline samples were collected weekly followed by randomization to a blood transfusion (BT, n = 24) or control group (CON, n = 24). Only the BT group donated 450 mL whole blood from which 130 mL RBCs was reinfused four weeks later. Blood samples were collected 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after donation, and 3, 6, and 24 hours and 2, 3, and 6 days following reinfusion. In the CON group samples were collected with the same frequency. Endurance performance was evaluated by a 650-kCal time trial (n = 13) before and one and six days after reinfusion.
A time×treatment effect existed (P < 0.05) for hepcidin and ERFE. Hepcidin was increased (P < 0.01) ~110 and 89% six and 24 hours after reinfusion. Using an individual approach (99% specificity, e.g. allowing 1:100 false-positive), sensitivities, i.e. true positives, of 30% and 61% was found for hepcidin and ERFE, respectively. For the ABP, the most sensitive marker was Off-hr score (Hb (g/L) - 60 × √RET%) (P < 0.05) with a maximal sensitivity of ~58% and ~ 9% following donation and reinfusion, respectively. Combining the findings for hepcidin, ERFE and the ABP yielded a sensitivity across all time-points of 83% following reinfusion in BT. Endurance performance increased 24 hours (+6.4%, P < 0.01) and six days following reinfusion (+5.8%, P < 0.01).
Hepcidin and ERFE may serve as biomarkers in an anti-doping context following an ergogenic, small-volume blood transfusion.
We investigated whether immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) and the immature reticulocytes to red blood cells ratio (IR/RBC) are sensitive and specific biomarkers for microdose recombinant human ...erythropoietin (rHuEPO) and whether the inclusion of reticulocyte percentage (RET%) and the algorithm "abnormal blood profile score (ABPS)" increased the athlete biological passport (ABP) sensitivity compared with hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and the OFF-hr score (Hb-60 × √RET%).
Forty-eight (♀ = 24, ♂ = 24) participants completed a 2-wk baseline period followed by a 4-wk intervention period with three weekly intravenous injections of 9 IU·kg -1 ·bw -1 epoetin β (♀ = 12, ♂ = 12) or saline (0.9% NaCl, ♀ = 12, ♂ = 12) and a 10-d follow-up. Blood samples were collected weekly during baseline and intervention as well as 3, 5, and 10 d after treatment.
The rHuEPO treatment increased Hb (time-treatment, P < 0.001), RET% (time-treatment, P < 0.001), IRF (time-treatment, P < 0.001) and IR/RBC (time-treatment, P < 0.001). IRF and IR/RBC were up to ~58% ( P < 0.001) and ~141% ( P < 0.001) higher compared with placebo, and calculated thresholds provided a peak sensitivity across timepoints of 58% and 54% with ~98% specificity, respectively. To achieve >99% specificity for IRF and IR/RBC, sensitivity was reduced to 46% and 50%, respectively. Across all timepoints, the addition of RET% and ABPS to the ABP increased sensitivity from 29% to 46%. Identification of true-positive outliers obtained via the ABP and IRF and IR/RBC increased sensitivity across all timepoints to 79%.
In summary, IRF, IR/RBC, RET% and ABPS are sensitive and specific biomarkers for microdose rHuEPO in both men and women and complement the ABP.
PURPOSEAutologous blood transfusion is performance enhancing and prohibited in sport but remains difficult to detect. This study explored the hypothesis that an untargeted urine metabolomics analysis ...can reveal one or more novel metabolites with high sensitivity and specificity for detection of autologous blood transfusion.
METHODSIn a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design, exercise-trained men (n = 12) donated 900 mL blood or were sham phlebotomized. After 4 wk, red blood cells or saline were reinfused. Urine samples were collected before phlebotomy and 2 h and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 d after reinfusion and analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Models of unique metabolites reflecting autologous blood transfusion were attained by partial least-squares discriminant analysis.
RESULTSThe strongest model was obtained 2 h after reinfusion with a misclassification error of 6.3% and 98.8% specificity. However, combining only a few of the strongest metabolites selected by this model provided a sensitivity of 100% at days 1 and 2 and 66% at day 3 with 100% specificity. Metabolite identification revealed the presence of secondary di-2-ethylhexyl phtalate metabolites and putatively identified the presence of (iso)caproic acid glucuronide as the strongest candidate biomarker.
CONCLUSIONSUntargeted urine metabolomics revealed several plasticizers as the strongest metabolic pattern for detection of autologous blood transfusion for up to 3 d. Importantly, no other metabolites in urine seem of value for antidoping purposes.
The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits glucocorticoid administration in competition but not in periods out of competition. Glucocorticoid usage is controversial as it may improve performance, albeit ...debated. A hitherto undescribed but performance-relevant effect of glucocorticoids in healthy humans is accelerated erythropoiesis. We investigated whether a glucocorticoid injection accelerates erythropoiesis, increases total hemoglobin mass, and improves exercise performance.
In a counterbalanced, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover design (3 months washout), 10 well-trained males (peak oxygen uptake, 60 ± 3 mL O 2 ·min -1 ·kg -1 ) were injected with 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide (glucocorticoid group) or saline (placebo group) in the gluteal muscles. Venous blood samples collected before and 7-10 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d after treatment were analyzed for hemoglobin concentration and reticulocyte percentage. Hemoglobin mass and mean power output in a 450-kcal time trial were measured before as well as 1 and 3 wk after treatment.
A higher reticulocyte percentage was evident 3 d (19% ± 30%, P < 0.05) and 7 d (48% ± 38%, P < 0.001) after glucocorticoid administration, compared with placebo, whereas hemoglobin concentration was similar between groups. Additionally, hemoglobin mass was higher ( P < 0.05) 7 d (glucocorticoid, 886 ± 104 g; placebo, 872 ± 103 g) and 21 d (glucocorticoid, 879 ± 111 g; placebo, 866 ± 103 g) after glucocorticoid administration compared with placebo. Mean power output was similar between groups 7 d (glucocorticoid, 278 ± 64 W; placebo, 275 ± 62 W) and 21 d (glucocorticoid, 274 ± 62 W; placebo, 275 ± 60 W) after treatment.
Intramuscular injection of 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide accelerates erythropoiesis and increases hemoglobin mass but does not improve aerobic exercise performance in the present study. The results are important for sport physicians administering glucocorticoids and prompt a reconsideration of glucocorticoid usage in sport.
An analytical method was developed for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers based on QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) sample preparation and liquid chromatography-high ...resolution mass spectrometry analysis. HIF stabilizers potentially enhance the performance of athletes, and hence, they have been prohibited. However, the analysis of urinary HIF stabilizers is not easy owing to their unique structure and characteristics. Hence, we developed the QuEChERS preparation technique for a complementary method and optimized the pH, volume of extraction solvent, and number of extractions. We found that double extraction with 1% of formic acid in acetonitrile provided the highest recovery of HIF stabilizers. Moreover, the composition of the mobile phase was also optimized for better separation of molidustat and IOX4. The developed method was validated in terms of its precision, detection limit, matrix effect, and recovery for ISO accreditation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the application of the QuEChERS method, which is suitable as a complementary analytical method, in antidoping.
El doping un flagelo que afecta el deporte mundial Lisset de la Caridad Bueno-Figueredo; Nisdalys Figueredo-Trimiño; Carlos Ramos-Figueredo ...
Ciencia y deporte (Camagüey, Cuba),
05/2021, Letnik:
6, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
El dopaje ha adquirido actualmente relevancia en el campo del deporte, ocasionado por la presión exterior, el desconocimiento de la lista prohibida de sustancias y métodos, las lesiones y ...limitaciones físicas, además se logra por variadas acciones, esto ha demandado de organizaciones como la Agencia Mundial Antidopaje, el Comité Olímpico Internacional y la Convención de la UNESCO para la lucha contra el dopaje. En este contexto se define como propósito del trabajo analizar el dopaje como un flagelo que afecta el deporte mundial teniendo en cuenta su historia y las consecuencias de su uso. Su orígen se remonta a las acciones que el hombre ejecutaba desde la antiguedad para aumentar sus rendimientos, en el siglo XX la muerte de atletas durante las competencias aceleró el proceso para evitar el consumo de drogas, se fijan controles antidopaje obligatorios a partir de los Juegos Olímpicos en 1968. El Código Mundial Antidopaje se establece en el 2003 y en el 2015 fue actualizado. Los medicamentos con fines de dopaje como la eritropoyetina, anfetaminas y los esteroides, se utilizan en dosis que dañan la salud. Existen 26 laboratorios antidoping acreditados en el mundo, Cuba tiene uno desde el 2001. Las muestras que se analizan son de orina y sangre, existen protocolos para estos análisis. El dopaje genético es la mayor amenaza para el futuro, se podrían fabricar atletas con características genéticas que le darían grandes ventajas de acuerdo a las disciplinas deportivas que practiquen. La lucha contra este fragelo no puede detenerse.
El doping un flagelo que afecta el deporte mundial Lisset de la Caridad Bueno-Figueredo; Nisdalys Figueredo-Trimiño; Carlos Ramos-Figueredo ...
Ciencia y deporte (Camagüey, Cuba),
04/2021, Letnik:
6, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
El dopaje ha adquirido actualmente relevancia en el campo del deporte, ocasionado por la presión exterior, el desconocimiento de la lista prohibida de sustancias y métodos, las lesiones y ...limitaciones físicas, además se logra por variadas acciones, esto ha demandado de organizaciones como la Agencia Mundial Antidopaje, el Comité Olímpico Internacional y la Convención de la UNESCO para la lucha contra el dopaje. En este contexto se define como propósito del trabajo analizar el dopaje como un flagelo que afecta el deporte mundial teniendo en cuenta su historia y las consecuencias de su uso. Su orígen se remonta a las acciones que el hombre ejecutaba desde la antiguedad para aumentar sus rendimientos, en el siglo XX la muerte de atletas durante las competencias aceleró el proceso para evitar el consumo de drogas, se fijan controles antidopaje obligatorios a partir de los Juegos Olímpicos en 1968. El Código Mundial Antidopaje se establece en el 2003 y en el 2015 fue actualizado. Los medicamentos con fines de dopaje como la eritropoyetina, anfetaminas y los esteroides, se utilizan en dosis que dañan la salud. Existen 26 laboratorios antidoping acreditados en el mundo, Cuba tiene uno desde el 2001. Las muestras que se analizan son de orina y sangre, existen protocolos para estos análisis. El dopaje genético es la mayor amenaza para el futuro, se podrían fabricar atletas con características genéticas que le darían grandes ventajas de acuerdo a las disciplinas deportivas que practiquen. La lucha contra este fragelo no puede detenerse.
Indian sportspersons have reported several antidoping rule violations with several cases suggesting inadvertent use of prohibited substances. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-doping ...knowledge, attitudes and practices amongst elite Indian sportsmen to suggest future interventions.
This study conducted at a Sports institute used an anonymized questionnaire to survey 181 male (18–35 years old) elite young athletes' attitudes toward performance-enhancing substances and anti-doping rules.
Athlete awareness regarding antidoping agencies and antidoping rule violations was poor. 40% or less reported receiving antidoping updates. All reported improvement in antidoping knowledge and attitude changes after attending updates. Health is more important than sporting performance for 80% or more. Very low percentage reported consumption of banned substances amongst themselves and team mates. One-third of these athletes reported not having being tested for banned substances. Athletes who have attended antidoping sessions exhibit significantly higher knowledge levels and a significantly higher 80% reported consulting their Team doctor before any therapeutic drug use as compared with non-attendees.
Indian elite athletes report low awareness about anti-doping rules and prohibited substances with low proportion of athletes reporting doping and being tested for doping. Grass root level education, supplement regulation, trained athlete support personnel and accessible reference material seems to be the way forward.
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