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•Astilbin and CHCL-LAC form hydrogen bond based supramolecule.•Hydrogen bond interaction is revealed by intermolecular interaction analysis.•Astilbin-CHCL-LAC increase astilbin ...stability and antioxidant in vitro digestion.•Astilbin-CHCL-LAC inhibit the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase.
Astilbin, a natural flavonoid, possesses multiple functionalities, while the poor bioavailability seriously restricts its application in functional food and medicine. Therefore, in this study, a natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) with choline chloride: lactic acid (CHCL-LAC) is selected to deliver astilbin by evaluating the bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, and the inhibitory effect with underlying mechanism of astilbin-CHCL-LAC against α-amylase/α-glucosidase were investigated. The CHCL-LAC showed significant high astilbin bioaccessibility (84.1% bioaccessible) and DPPH and ORAC antioxidant capacity with 75.7% and 57.7% respectively after 3 h in vitro digestion, which may be attributed by hydrogen bond based supramolecule formed between astilbin and CHCL-LAC. Moreover, significant inhibitions of astilbin-CHCL-LAC on α-amylase (IC50 of 0.67 g/L) and α-glucosidase (IC50 of 0.64 g/L) were observed in mixed competitive and non-competitive manners. The dominant binding force between enzymes and astilbin were the hydrogen and hydrophobic interaction. This is the first time that the underlying mechanisms for astilbin delivered by NaDESs were revealed, suggesting that CHCL-LAC-based NaDESs are promising ready-to-use vehicles of natural inhibitors for carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes.
•NADES based on choline choride and different hydrogen bond donors were prepared.•Bioactive compounds were extracted from Mentha leaves using NADES and 70% ethanol.•NADES extracted similar or higher ...yields of flavonoids and cinnamic acids than EtOH.•NADES extracts showed better antioxidant and antibacterial activity than EtOH extract.•NADES can be used as novel and sustainable solvents with a variety of applications.
The focus of this study was to evaluate whether six choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) could serve as solvents for the extraction of bioactives from the leaves of Mentha piperita. NADES extracted significantly higher amounts of phenols from peppermint than 70% ethanol and may be useful in the extraction of targeted major compounds from peppermint, like rosmarinic acid, at a similar level as 70% ethanol. The microdilution method for in vitro antibacterial activity showed that all NADES exhibit bacterial growth inhibition at a lower concentration than 70% ethanol, especially NADESs containing organic acids. The majority of NADES extracts neutralize DPPH radical at a lower concentration than conventional solvent and showed similar ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ ions in FRAP assay. NADES can be useful in the isolation of phenolic compounds from plant sources and should be considered as novel, sustainable, and low-cost solvents with a variety of applications.
Nanoliposomes are adequate technology for the encapsulation and controlled release of bioactive compounds as well as improving their stability and bioavailability. Despite the fact that liposomes are ...commonly prepared from egg or soybean phospholipids, recently, more focus has been directed towards marine phospholipids (MPL) due to their health benefits and better stability. In this study, marine phospholipids nanoliposomes containing vitamin C obtained by thin-film evaporation method were prepared and characterized as well as their physicochemical stability. The mean particle size and zeta potential (ZP) of all nanoliposomes gradually increased as the phospholipids concentrations increased. The results showed a polydispersity index (PDI) value lower than 0.3 for most of samples. The encapsulation efficiency of vitamin C did not show a correlation with phospholipids concentrations. The highest encapsulation efficiency recorded was 52.09%. The antioxidant activity of nanoliposomes assessed by DPPH and reducing power assays showed an enhancement as phospholipids concentration increased. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed a stable nanoliposomes up to 300 °C. Furthermore, the storage stability pointed to a relatively stable vitamin C in nanoliposomes when stored at 4 °C for 49 days. The present work demonstrated the potentiality of MPL nanoliposomes to protect vitamin C during long term storage.
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•Vitamin C loaded marine phospholipids nanoliposomes were prepared and characterized.•Size of nanoliposomes increased as phospholipids ratios increased.•Encapsulation efficiency did not show a correlation with phospholipids ratios.•DSC analysis revealed stable nanoliposomes up to 300 °C.•Overall, the nanoliposomes showed better stability at 4 °C for 49 days.
We report the preparation of curcumin-integrated chitosan nanoparticles (CNP@Cur) and utilize them to fabricate functional films based on mixed biopolymers (pullulan and chitosan). Curcumin is a ...well-known bioactive functional filler in food packaging, so we developed CNP@Cur as a functional nanofiller. The fabricated nanofillers were approximately spherical with a size of about 20–50 nm, as observed by FE-SEM. Additionally, the developed CNP@Cur was very stable in an aqueous solution (zeta potential ∼50 mV). The chemical interaction of curcumin and chitosan was checked using FTIR spectra and XRD. The bio-based active packaging film was fabricated by adding different content of CNP@Cur (0, 1, 2 & 4 wt%) to the pullulan/chitosan (50:50) polymer matrices using a solution casting process. The addition of functional nanofillers remarkably enhanced the mechanical strength (∼15 %), UV-light shielding properties (∼80 %), and hydrophobicity (∼18 %) without much reducing the transparency (∼20 %) of the film. The water vapor barrier property of the film was also slightly improved. In addition, CNP@Cur on nanocomposite films showed significant improvement in antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) and slightly increased antibacterial activity against E. coli and L. monocytogenes. Thus, blending bioactive functional nanofillers improved the bio-based film's physical and functional properties, which could be applied for active food packaging and biomedical purposes.
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•Curcumin-integrated chitosan nanoparticle (CNP@Cur) was developed.•Pullulan/chitosan-based functional composite film was prepared by adding CNP@Cur.•Mechanical, UV-light barrier properties of the film increased without sacrificing transparency.•Hydrophobicity and water vapor barrier properties of the film improved significantly.•The nanocomposite film exhibited potent antioxidant and antibacterial properties.
Oligomeric procyanidins (OPC) from lychee pericarp were encapsulated in liposomes using the film dispersion method, and their physicochemical and structural properties, stability and antioxidant ...activity were determined. Results indicated that liposomes prepared under a 1:15 cholesterol to yolk lecithin ratio, 1:30 OPC to lecithin and 15 g/L Tween-80 generated particles with a size range of 80–100 nm. The highest encapsulation efficiency (90.92 ± 0.47%) was achieved when the OPC load rate was 2%. The liposomes were spherical vesicles, as seen under transmission electron microscopy, and were stable at 4 °C. Metal ions and preservatives at a concentration of 0.5% (m:v) had no significant effect on the particle size and zeta-potential. The encapsulation by a phospholipid bilayer effectively reduced the loss of antioxidant activity of OPC during storage. The ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) values of individual OPC decreased by 3.32–35.22%, 20.10–38.08% and 43.56%, respectively, while for OPC-liposomes, these values decreased by 2.75–22.40%, 6.06–17.92% and 12.86%. These results suggest that liposomes offer a feasible option for stabilizing lychee pericarp procyanidins.
•Liposomes loaded with lychee pericarps procyanidins, mianly A-type, were prepared.•The highest encapsulation efficiency (90.92 ± 0.47%) was achieved when the OPC load rate was 2%.•The cellar antioxidant activities of Liposomes loaded with lychee pericarp procyanidins were evaluated.•The addition of procyanidins can also effectively reduce the occurrence of lipid peroxidation.•Liposome encapsulation can effectively maintain the antioxidant capacity of lychee pericarp procyanidin during storage.
The most widely-used wall materials for spray-dried microencapsulation have limitations in cost-effectiveness, health benefits and sustainability. Wood hemicelluloses, by-products of the forestry ...industry, including galactoglucomannans and glucuronoxylans have the potential to be utilized as innovative wall materials. This study investigated the applicability of galactoglucomannan and glucuronoxylan and their mixtures with carboxymethylcellulose as wall materials for microencapsulation of bilberry juice, in comparison to gum arabic. The results indicated that galactoglucomannan and glucuronoxylan have a relatively high anthocyanin encapsulation efficiency (71–73%), which was similar to that of gum arabic (76%). The addition of carboxymethylcellulose reduced the encapsulation efficiency of wood hemicelluloses to 46–54%. Microencapsulated powders prepared with wood hemicelluloses were considerably higher in total phenolic content and antioxidant activities than those prepared with gum arabic, and mixtures of wood hemicelluloses with carboxymethylcellulose. The results indicate that wood hemicelluloses are efficient wall materials for spray-dried microencapsulation of bioactive compounds.
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•Studied wood hemicelluloses included galactoglucomannan and glucuronoxylan.•Wood hemicelluloses are effective wall materials for spray drying of bilberries.•Encapsulation efficiency of galactoglucomannan and glucuronoxylan was 71–73%.•Adding carboxymethylcellulose reduced hemicelluloses' encapsulation efficiency.•Hemicelluloses added phenolic and antioxidant activities to their bilberry powders.
•Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and high deacetylation degree of chitosan was conjugated.•The substitution degree of CGA reached up to 144.8mg CGA equivalent/g complex.•The solubility of conjugate was ...greatly enhanced due to conjugation.•The conjugate exhibited higher inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation than CGA.•The conjugate had higher inhibition on β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching than CGA.
Chlorogenic acid-chitosan conjugate was synthesized by introducing of chlorogenic acid onto chitosan with the aid of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and hydroxybenzotriazole. The data of UV–vis, FT-IR and NMR for chlorogenic acid-chitosan conjugates demonstrated the successful conjugation of chlorogenic acid with chitosan. Compared to chitosan, chlorogenic acid-chitosan conjugates exhibited increased solubility in distilled water, 1% acetic acid solution (v/v) or 50% ethanol solution (v/v) containing 0.5% acetic acid. Moreover, chlorogenic acid-chitosan conjugates showed dramatic enhancements in metal ion chelating activity, total antioxidant capacity, scavenging activities on 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and superoxide radicals, inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching, and protective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative injury of PC12 cells. Particularly, chlorogenic acid-chitosan conjugate exhibited higher inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching than chlorogenic acid. The results suggested that chlorogenic acid-chitosan conjugates could serve as food supplements to enhance the function of foods in future.
Oxidative stress caused by free radicals has been implicated in several human disorders. Dietary antioxidants can help the body to counteract those reactive species and reduce oxidative stress. ...Antioxidant activity is one of the multiple health-promoting attributes assigned to bovine whey products. The present study investigated whether this activity was retained during upper gut transit using a static simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) model. The capacity to scavenge free radicals and reduce ferric ion of whey protein isolate (WPI), individual whey proteins, and hydrolysates pre- and post-SGID were measured and compared using various antioxidant assays. In addition, the free AA released from individual protein fractions in physiological gut conditions were characterized. Our results indicated that the antioxidant activity of WPI after exposure to the harsh conditions of the upper gut significantly increased compared with intact WPI. From an antioxidant bioactivity viewpoint, this exposure negates the need for prior hydrolysis of WPI. The whey protein α-lactalbumin showed the highest antioxidant properties post-SGID (oxygen radical absorbance capacity = 1,825.94 ± 50.21 μmol of Trolox equivalents/g of powder) of the 4 major whey proteins tested with the release of the highest amount of the antioxidant AA tryptophan, 6.955 μmol of tryptophan/g of protein. Therefore, α-lactalbumin should be the preferred whey protein in food formulations to boost antioxidant defenses.
Encapsulation is an effective means to improve the stability and bioaccessibility of bioactive ingredients for food or other applications. Soy isoflavones were encapsulated in whey protein ...nanoparticles, using an emulsification-evaporation method. The physicochemical properties, formation, microstructure of the nanoparticles, stability, antioxidant activity, and bioaccessibility of soy isoflavones were studied. The results showed that the nanoparticles have a small particle size (54.09–59.96 nm), high zeta potential (−35.63 to −31.03 mV) and encapsulation efficiency (91.29%–92.59%) with a mass ratio of soy isoflavones and protein ranging from 1:100 to 1:40. The increased mass ratio of 1:20 resulted in aggregated particles (923.37 nm) and decreased encapsulation efficiency (82.89%). The main driving forces of nanoparticle formation have been proven to be hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs suggested that the nanoparticles have spherical structures. The photochemical stability, antioxidant activity, and bioaccessibility of soy isoflavones were significantly improved by encapsulation. The enhanced effectiveness of polymerized whey protein-based nanoparticles was better than that of whey protein-based nanoparticles. The results demonstrated that isoflavone-whey protein nanoparticles may be an effective nanocarrier to improve the stability, bioactivity, and bioaccessibility of soy isoflavones.
•Soy isoflavones (SI) were encapsulated in whey protein nanoparticles.•Physicochemical properties and microstructure of nanoparticles were modulated by SI addition.•Encapsulation improved the stability, antioxidant activity, and bioaccessibility of SI.
In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride and ascorbic acid (CHCL/AA NADES) was formulated for enhancing the solubility and antioxidant properties of ...antioxidant extracts from fruit wastes of Mangifera pajang. The solubilities of Mangifera pajang's antioxidant extracts in water and CHCL/AA NADES at different water contents (0–50 wt%) were investigated. It was observed that the antioxidant extracts were most soluble in the CHCL/AA NADES with 10 wt% of water, and the concentration of antioxidant was found to be approximately 15% and 4% as compared to water and pure CHCL/AA NADES, respectively. The positive effect of water on NADES can be related to the reduced viscosity of NADES, where the viscosity decreased up to 74% upon addition of water. Aside from that, all the tested CHCL/AA NADES enhanced the antioxidant capacity of antioxidant extracts by 1.3–14.64% compared to the antioxidant extracts in water. This finding highlights the role of CHCL/AA NADES as an antioxidant capacity enhancer. Noteworthy, the antioxidant extracts solubilized in the CHCL/AA NADES system formed a nano-scale cluster structure, as depicted by the TEM image, suggesting that the CHCL/AA NADES could potentially use in nanoformulation that provides protection to the antioxidant extracts.
•CHCL/AA NADES was formulated for enhancing the solubility and antioxidant capacity.•Addition of water into CHCL/AA NADES enhances the solubility of antioxidant by 15%.•CHCL/AA NADES further increased the DPPH scavenging activity.•The antioxidants-CHCL/AA NADES formed nano-scale cluster structure.
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