Drought has become an important factor limiting crop yields in China. As an important greenhouse horticultural crop in China, the research of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Jinpeng No.10) is of ...great theoretical and practical significance. In the study, four different relative soil moisture contents (74% to 80%, 55% to 61%, 47% to 52%, and 25% to 30%) were used to induce drought stress. We investigated changes in photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and other related physiological parameters in response to different relative soil moisture contents. Drought inhibited the photosynthesis of tomato significantly, as shown by a clear decline in the net photosynthetic rate. Our results indicated stomatal limitation and nonstomatal limitation were responsible for the photosynthesis reduction.
The biosurfactant-producing bacterial isolate was isolated from an oil-contaminated water sample. This study aimed to determine the production of biosurfactant and its effect on the plant growth via ...the biosorption of some heavy metals. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Bacillus megaterium ATTC 14581. The surface activity of the produced biosurfactant was determined. The biosurfactant was recovered from the cell-free culture of a bacterial strain at 1.5 g/L. The extracted biosurfactant shows potential stability towards some factors, like temperature and salinity. The FTIR analysis confirmed the production of surfactin biosurfactant. The impact of B. megaterium biosurfactant on Pb and Ar significantly increases morphological features, proline, and antioxidant enzymes, while a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation, H2O2, and O2.
Heavy metals (HMs) are among the most dangerous environmental variables for a variety of life forms, including crops. Accumulation of HMs in consumables and their subsequent transmission to the food ...web are serious concerns for scientific communities and policy makers. The function of essential plant cellular macromolecules is substantially hampered by HMs, which eventually have a detrimental effect on agricultural yield. Among these HMs, three were considered, i.e., arsenic, cadmium, and chromium, in this review, from agro-ecosystem perspective. Compared with conventional plant growth regulators, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) is a relatively recent, successful, and promising method among the many methods employed to address or alleviate the toxicity of HMs. The ability of NPs to reduce HM mobility in soil, reduce HM availability, enhance the ability of the apoplastic barrier to prevent HM translocation inside the plant, strengthen the plant's antioxidant system by significantly enhancing the activities of many enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, and increase the generation of specialized metabolites together support the effectiveness of NPs as stress relievers. In this review article, to assess the efficacy of various NP types in ameliorating HM toxicity in plants, we adopted a ‘fusion approach’, in which a machine learning-based analysis was used to systematically highlight current research trends based on which an extensive literature survey is planned. A holistic assessment of HMs and NMs was subsequently carried out to highlight the future course of action(s).
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•Current status, potentials and issue of nanotechnology in minimizing heavy metal stress, assessed.•Integration of bibliometric analysis with in-depth assessment used.•Nanomaterials are found to be effective in minimizing heavy metal accumulation in crops.•Role of surface modifications of nanomaterials, agro-environmental issues discussed.•Potentials of different nanomaterials along with research gap areas are critically assessed.
The application of silicon (Si) under heavy metal stress is well known, but the use of Si nanoparticles (NPs) under metal stress in not well documented. Thus, the experiments were performed to ...investigate the impacts of soil and foliar applied Si NPs on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in grains under Cd toxicity. The plants were grown under natural environmental conditions and were harvested after physiological maturity (124 days after sowing). The results demonstrated that Si NPs significantly improved, relative to the control, the dry biomass of shoots, roots, spikes and grains by 24–69%, 14–59%, 34–87%, and 31–96% in foliar spray and by 10–51%, 11–49%, 25–69%, and 27–74% in soil applied Si NPs, respectively. The Si NPs enhanced the leaf gas exchange attributes and chlorophyll a and b concentrations, whereas diminished the oxidative stress in leaves which was indicated by the reduced electrolyte leakage and enhancement in superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in leaf under Si NPs treatments over the control. When compared with the control, the foliar spray of Si NPs reduced the Cd contents in shoots, roots, and grains by 16–58%, 19–64%, and 20–82%, respectively, whereas soil applied Si NPs reduced the Cd concentrations in shoots, roots, and grains by 11–53%, 10–59%, and 22–83%, respectively. In comparison with the control, Si concentrations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in the shoots and roots in both foliar and soil supplementation of Si NPs. Our results suggested that Si NPs could improve the yield of wheat and more importantly, reduce the Cd concentrations in the grains. Thus, the use of Si NPs might be a feasible approach in controlling Cd entry into the human body via crops.
•Silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) increased the growth of wheat under cadmium (Cd) stress.•Si NPs increased the photosynthesis in Cd-stressed wheat leaves.•Si NPs decreased the oxidative stress in leaves of wheat.•Si NPs decreased the Cd concentrations and increased the Si concentrations in wheat.
The activities of antioxidant factors superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured in the livers of Takifugu rubripes cultured at 16 °C, 20 °C, 24 °C, ...28 °C, and 32 °C. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype main effects and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) Biplot analyses were used to analyze the effects of genotype × temperature interactions on the antioxidant activities. The results of AMMI analysis revealed that antioxidant activities were significantly affected by genotype (93.532%), temperature (2.978%), and genotype × temperature (2.026%) interactions. GGE Biplot analysis revealed differences in the ranking of the three antioxidant activities at the five culture temperatures: the strongest ability to distinguish the three antioxidant factors was detected at 16 °C; the five test temperatures were divided into two regions, 16–20 °C and 24–32 °C; the activity of SOD was highest at 16–20 °C and GPX activity was highest at 24–32 °C; SOD exhibited the best activity and stability of the three antioxidants at the five temperatures tested.
•Genotype was the major contributor to the total variation in antioxidant factor activity .•The strongest ability to distinguish the three antioxidant factors was detected at 16 °C.•The five test temperatures were divided into two regions, 16–20ºC region and 24–32ºC region.•SOD exhibited the best activity and stability of the three antioxidants at the five temperatures tested.
The different wheat varieties have different tolerance to cadmium stress, while the mechanisms underlying the Cd tolerance are still poorly understood. A pot experiment was conducted to study the ...changes of antioxidant enzyme activities and endogenous hormones in wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes differing in cadmium (Cd) accumulation (low = Pingan 8 and high = Bainong 160) in different growth stages under Cd stress. The Cd treatment (3 mg/kg) increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) and concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and abscisic acid (ABA); in contrast, it reduced the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and the concentrations of gibberellin (GA3), auxin (IAA) and zeatin nucleoside (ZR) in wheat leaves compared to the CK (without Cd). The antioxidant enzyme activities were higher in Bainong 160 than Pingan 8 under Cd stress. In addition, the changes in endogenous hormone concentration were smaller in Bainong 160 than Pingan 8 leaves. The correlation coefficients of Bainong 160 and Pingan 8 were 0.87 and 0.66, respectively. Our results suggest that high Cd accumulation (greater Cd tolerance) in Bainong 160 is associated with higher photosynthetic parameters, higher activities of antioxidant enzyme and higher concentration of hormones than Pingan 8.
•Study of two varieties in response to Cd stress of by grey correlation analysis.•The Cd tolerance of wheat is related to antioxidant enzyme and plant hormone.•The Cd accumulation and tolerance of Bainong 160 are higher than those of Pingan 8.
Wheat cadmium (Cd) contamination is a critical food security issue worldwide, and selenium (Se) and silicon (Si) are widely reported to reduce Cd accumulation in cereal crops. However, few studies ...have compared the most effective pathway to reduce Cd accumulation in crops using Se nanoparticles (nano-Se), Si nanoparticles (nano-Si), and their mixtures. Here, we investigated the concentrations of Cd in wheat using four application modes: soil addition, foliar spraying, seed soaking, and seed dressing combined with three different materials. The concentration of Cd in wheat grains can be significantly reduced by 31.30–62.99% and 36.96–51.04% through four applications of nano-Se and soil application and seed soaking of nano-Si, respectively. However, all treatments involving mixtures of nano-Si and nano-Se did not show a reduction in Cd concentration. The applications of both nano-Se and nano-Si can enhance antioxidant enzyme systems and regulate Cd-related gene expression to safeguard wheat tissues from Cd stress. Downregulation of the influx transporter from soil to root (TaNramp5) and from root to shoot (TaLCT1), along with the upregulation of the efflux transporter from cytoplasm to vacuole (TaHMA3), contributed to the nano-Si/nano-Se dependent Cd transport and reduced Cd accumulation in wheat grains. Overall, the application of nano-Se instead of nano-Si, and soil addition rather than foliar spraying, seed soaking, and seed dressing, can be efficiently utilized to reduce grain Cd accumulation from Cd-contaminated soils.
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•Four application modes of nano-Si nano-Se were applied to reduce Cd concentrations in wheat.•Grain Cd concentrations were significantly reduced by the four applications of nano-Se.•Soil applications had better effect on the Cd reduction in grains compared the other three models.•Nano-Se exhibited better effect on grain Cd reduction than nano-Si and the two-material mixture.•TaNramp5 and TaLCT1 downregulation and TaHMA3 upregulation reduced Cd accumulation in grains.
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their high production and wide environment distribution, TBBPA derivatives have increased ...considerable concern. Previous studies have primarily focused on TBBPA, with limited information available on its derivative. In this study, we investigated the uptake, biotransformation and physiological response of two derivatives, Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(allyl ether) (TBBPA BAE) and Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA BDBPE), in Helianthus annus (H. annus) through a short-term hydroponic assay. The results revealed that H. annus could absorb TBBPA BAE and TBBPA BDBPE from solution, with removal efficiencies of 98.33 ± 0.5% and 98.49 ± 1.56% after 10 days, respectively, which followed first-order kinetics. TBBPA BAE was absorbed, translocated and accumulated while TBBPA BDBPE couldn't be translocated upward due to its high hydrophobicity and low solubility. The concentrations of TBBPA derivatives in plants peaked within 72 h, and then decreased. We identified twelve metabolites resulting from ether bond breakage, debromination, and hydroxylation in H. annus. The high-level TBBPA BAE suppressed the growth and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content of H. annus, while TBBPA BDBPE didn't pose a negative effect on H. annus. TBBPA BAE and TBBPA BDBPE increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), with higher levels of these enzymes activity found in high concentration treatments. Contrastingly, TBBPA BAE exhibited higher toxicity than TBBPA BDBPE, as indicated by greater antioxidant enzyme activity. The findings of this study develop better understanding of biotransformation mechanisms of TBBPA derivatives in plants, contributing to the assessment of the environmental and human health impacts of these contaminants.
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•H. annus could uptake TBBPA derivatives, but translocation of TBBPA BDBPE was limited.•TBBPA derivatives' ether breakage, debromination and hydroxylation in H. annus.•High-level of TBBPA BAE inhibited the growth and development of H. annus.•TBBPA derivatives induced SOD, POD and CAT activities in H. annus.•TBBPA BAE has higher toxicity than TBBPA BDBPE.
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•The effect of PFAS exposure on markers of metabolic and oxidative stress was examined in human neuronal cells.•PFOA and PFBA produced reactive oxygen species in vitro.•PFBA caused ...greater ROS production and suppression of antioxidant enzyme activities.•PFOA and PFBA induced perturbations in metabolic pathways, as evidenced by altered metabolic enzyme activities.
Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are pervasive environmental contaminants that have attracted considerable attention due to their widespread utilization, resilient characteristics, adverse health implications, and regulatory scrutiny. Despite documented toxicity in living organisms, the precise molecular mechanisms governing the induced adverse effects remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate mechanisms of toxic action by collecting empirical data sets along oxidative stress and metabolic disruption pathways. We investigated the impact of long-chain PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)) and its short-chain analog (perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA)) on human neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y). The functionalities of enzymes associated with oxidative stress (catalase and glutathione reductase) and cellular metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase) were also characterized. Our results reveal that a 24-hour exposure to PFOA and PFBA generated significant levels of reactive oxygen species. Correspondingly, there was a notable decline in catalase and glutathione reductase activities, with PFBA demonstrating a more pronounced effect. High concentrations of PFOA and PFBA reduced metabolic activity. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was only impacted by a high concentration of PFBA, while pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was decreased with PFBA exposure and increased with PFOA exposure. The findings from this study contribute to the knowledge of PFAS and cell interactions and reveal the potential underlying mechanisms of PFAS-induced toxicity.
•Pue inhibits weight gain in atherosclerotic mice.•Pue inhibits serum lipid levels in atherosclerotic mice.•Pue inhibits inflammation in atherosclerotic mice.•Pue inhibits the formation of AS ...lesions.
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Puerarin (Pue) is a Chinese herbal remedy used to prevent and treat AS. Here, this research investigated the effect of Pue on AS progression.
ApoE−/− mice were induced with acrolein. Body weight, blood lipid index, inflammatory factors, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and lipid deposition were detected. IL-6 and TNF-α were detected by ELISA. Oil red staining and H&E staining were used to observe the aortic sinus plaque lesions. Serum expressions of inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-a, SOD, GSH and MDA were detected by ELISA, the mRNA expression levels of HDAC1 in the aorta were detected by RT-qPCR, and IL-6 and TNF-α in the aorta were detected by immunohistochemistry. JNK, p-JNK, OPA-1, and HDAC1 were detected by Western blotting.
Pue administration can effectively reduce lipid accumulation in AS mice induced by acrolein. Pue promoted the activity of SOD, GSH and MDA, and inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and the process of aortic histological changes. Pue reduced IL-6 and TNF-α. HDAC1 expression was down-regulated and p-JNK-1 and JNK protein expression was up-regulated.
Pue reduces inflammation and alleviates AS induced by acrolein by mediating the JNK pathway to inhibit HDAC1-mediated oxidative stress disorder.
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