The challenge of bioprinting vascularized tissues is structure retention and in situ endothelialization. The issue is addressed by adopting an aqueous‐in‐aqueous 3D embedded bioprinting strategy, in ...which the interfacial coacervation of the cyto‐mimic aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) are employed for maintaining the suspending liquid architectures, and serving as filamentous scaffolds for cell attachment and growth. By incorporating endothelial cells in the ink phase of ATPS, tubular lumens enclosed by coacervated complexes of polylysine (PLL) and oxidized bacteria celluloses (oxBC) can be cellularized with a confluent endothelial layer, without any help of adhesive peptides. By applying PLL/oxBC ATPS for embedded bioprinting, free‐form 3D vascular networks with in situ endothelialization of interconnected tubular lumens are achieved. This simple approach is a one‐step process without any sacrificed templates and post‐treatments. The resultant functional vessel networks with arbitrary complexity are suspended in liquid medium and can be conveniently handled, opening new routes for the in vitro production of thick vascularized tissues for pathological research, regeneration therapy and animal‐free drug development.
Endothelialized liquid‐in‐liquid architectures are presented by a three‐dimensional (3D) embedded bioprinting strategy. The interfacial coacervation of aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) is exploited for maintaining liquid architectures and serving as filamentous scaffolds for cell growth. The free‐form 3D networks of interconnected endothelium lumens suspended in liquids can be significant for generating functional tissues.
The economic and environmental potentialities of the application of choline salts in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS), as well as the incipiency of works of these ionic liquids (ILs) combined with ...polyethylene glycol (PEG), are the reasons for the characterization of new “green” ATPS formed by PEG (400 and 1500 g.mol−1) combined with choline-based ILs (choline chloride, choline bitartrate, and choline dihydrogen citrate). Choline chloride was preferentially concentrated in the top phase, while the lower phase was rich in PEG. The opposite behavior was observed for bitartrate and dihydrogen citrate. ATPS formed by PEG1500 exhibits a significant increase in the biphasic area as the temperature increases; while for systems formed by PEG400, this same trend is slight, demonstrating that phase segregation has an endothermic character. The salting-out effect and the hydrophobicity of the polymer explain the increase of the biphasic area with increasing the charge density of the anion and increasing polymer molar mass, respectively. The data were fitted with good correlation using the Merchuk equation for the binodal curves and Guan equation for the tie-lines.
•Chiral magnetic ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system is firstly developed.•Extractive resolution of DL-Phe by this system shows good performance.•Preparation method of optically pure product is ...developed.•Chiral magnetic ionic liquid could be recycled for at least 6 times.
In this report, chiral magnetic ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system was developed for the first time. Three novel chiral magnetic ionic liquids (C2-4MIM-TempoL-Pro) were synthesized and successfully used to construct aqueous two-phase system with inorganic salts (K2HPO4, K2CO3, K3PO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3) for the extractive resolution of racemic phenylalanine. This novel system combined the advantages of organic solvent free, magnetic phase separation and rapid extraction together in an enantiomer resolution process for the first time. Phase behaviors and various influencing factors on resolution performance were systematically studied and optimized. The optimal extractive resolution conditions are: 1.4 g added water, 450 mg C4MIM-TempoL-Pro, 100 mg Cu(OAc)2, 20 mg DL-Phe, 0.85 g K2HPO4, pH of added water as 7, system temperature as 298.15 K. Based on this, a novel preparation method of highly optically pure L-phenylalanine and D-phenylalanine was developed and achieved a satisfactory performance even in gram-scale. The e.e. value of L-phenylalanine in chiral MIL-rich phase reached 94.3% and the e.e. value of D-phenylalanine in salt-rich phase could reach 98.1%. Moreover, chiral magnetic ionic liquid could be recycled for at least 6 times with consistently good resolution ability. Hopefully, this green and recyclable resolution approach is showing great potential in industry.
•Thermo-separating magnetic ionic liquids are discovered for the first time.•The first thermo-separating magnetic ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system is successfully developed.•This system is ...successfully applied to remove phenols from aqueous solution.•MIL and phenolic compound are simultaneously recovered simply by heating.•MIL can be recycled for at least 6 times with satisfactory performances.
In this report, thermo-separating magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) were discovered for the first time. Two Polypropylene glycol 600 (PPG600) based thermo-separating MILs were synthesized, characterized and successfully applied to construct the first reported thermo-separating magnetic ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system (MILATPS). This novelly proposed thermo-separating MILATPS combined the advantages of rapid extraction, volatile organic solvent free, magnetic separation and thermo-recovery of MIL in an extraction process. Phase behaviors and extraction-recovery processes of phenol, o-cresol and m-cresol were systematically studied. Several influencing factors on phenolic compound extraction efficiencies were detailedly investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, both two synthesized thermo-separating MILs revealed good performances with extraction efficiencies higher than 90%. Scale-up studies were also satisfactory. Additionally, both high purities of MILs and phenolic compounds could be ideally recovered simply by heating and the recoveries of phenolic compounds were higher than 95% for all systems. Furthermore, the two MILs could be recycled for at least 6 times with steadily high extraction efficiencies. This novelly proposed thermo-separating MILATPS is simple and green method which is showing great potential in an extraction-recovery process and the industrial treatment of phenolic wastewater.
The use of microdevices in extraction processes in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) has been studied for years in the literature. However, the effects of flow patterns still need to be adequately ...explored, especially for real samples. In this sense, the present study investigated the performance of microdevices in the recovery and partial purification of invertases with varying flow patterns. The invertases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the polyethylene glycol 1500/magnesium sulfate system were used in the experiments. Beyond the flow pattern, the study sought to maximize recovery and purification factor (PF) values by varying other operating conditions, including residence time, volumetric ratio, and channel diameter. It was observed that the short slug and long slug patterns showed better separation performance than the parallel pattern regardless of residence time and volumetric ratio. Increasing the residence time from 15 to 35 min increased the top recovery and PF values by two times, indicating that S. cerevisiae invertase partition is slow to the top phase. The maximum values of recovery (57.01 % ± 2.67 %) and PF (4.16 ± 0.06) were reached in the condition with long slug pattern, 35 min of operation, volumetric ratio of 2:1, and a channel diameter of 0.51 mm. The present study provides valuable information for integrating microdevices in a protocol for purifying invertase from S. cerevisiae and other proteins in real systems.
•Microdevices improved the separation of invertases from S. cerevisiae.•Short and long slugs showed better results than the parallel pattern.•Increasing the time from 15 to 35 min increased invertase recovery by two times.•Invertases migrated more slowly than contaminants to the PEG-rich phase.•Channel size strongly affected the purification factor of invertases.
Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is a liquid-liquid fractionation technique and has gained an interest because of great potential for the extraction, separation, purification and enrichment of ...proteins, membranes, viruses, enzymes, nucleic acids and other biomolecules both in industry and academia. Although, the partition behavior involved in the method is complex and difficult to predict. Current research shows that it has also been successfully used in the detection of veterinary drug residues in food, separation of precious metals, sewage treatment and a variety of other purposes. The ATPS is able to give high recovery yield and is easily to scale up. It is also very economic and environment friendly method. The aim of this review is to overview the basics of ATPS, optimization and its applications.
This review approaches how aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS), in their various compositions (e.g., polymer + salt, copolymer + salt, ionic liquid + salt, acetonitrile + salt), can be efficiently used ...for extraction, preconcentration, and clean-up of analytes in aqueous samples to determine the compounds classified as emerging contaminants (ECs). In the literature, there are some studies using ATPS applied to ECs, like pesticides, pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, personal care products, alkaloids, and hormones, even when in trace concentrations. The ATPS is an alternative to the conventional liquid-liquid extraction technique. However, it is predominantly composed of water and do not generally use organic solvents and, therefore, is based on the principles of green chemistry. An ATPS approach has a unique advantage because it can extract neutral, anionic, cationic, polar, and nonpolar compounds, even when present simultaneously in the same sample. This review covers how this simple and low environmental impact technique has been employed for the analysis of different classes of emerging contaminants.
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•Emerging contaminants (ECs) can cause severe consequences for ecosystems and humans.•Most ECs are not completely removed by conventional water treatments.•Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) can be applied to different classes of ECs.•ATPS is efficient and selective to extract ECs from aqueous samples.
In this study, Janus droplets are fabricated by inducing phase separation of single‐phase droplets made up of an aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS). The resultant Janus droplets are highly monodisperse ...in structures and internal morphologies. Due to the affinity partitioning properties of ATPS, encapsulated ingredients can automatically partition into different compartments of the resultant Janus droplets. The use of biocompatible and cytocompatible ATPS also enables the encapsulation of enzymes and cells in the resultant droplets with their activity preserved at a relatively high level.
Janus droplets are fabricated by inducing phase separation of an aqueous two‐phase system. Without additional steps, phase separation is induced by evaporation of water. The resultant Janus droplets are monodisperse with controlled internal morphology and ratio of the compartments. The approach can be applied for encapsulating bioactive ingredients whose activity needs to be preserved at a relatively high level.
Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is long seen as a technique that promotes higher purity and yield in a single step. It is witnessing increased acceptance as a preferred choice for combined goals of ...concentration, separation and purification of a target product, be it industrially valuable or environmentally contaminating. Purification of biomolecules like enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, etc. has been the forte of ATPS. Currently, the technique is used for concentrating the toxic fractions from diverse industrial let offs, from food, dairy, beverage, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, dyeing, tannery and metal-processing industries. Apart from being simple, efficient, rapid, flexible, economical, and biocompatible, the selectivity, purity and yield are on par and sometimes higher than the traditional downstream steps. From an industrial angle too, problems related to scale-up of ATPS are being actively addressed. Many novel approaches are being added by way of varying ATPS components to increase the yield and purity. Another case in point is the inclusion of optimization techniques for zeroing in on the precise setting of the operating parameters. With increasing impetus to the approach, we attempt to draw attention from academia and industries, alike, that are developing novel tweaks to the currently existing practices in ATPS. This review aims to assess and evaluate the different types of ATPS that have been used for the recovery of valuables and contaminants from industrial waste discharges.
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•ATPS is a powerful method to extract valuables from wastewater.•Various types of ATPS have been reviewed with examples.•Various ATPS to recover valuables from industrial wastewater have been reviewed•Recycling and reuse of components from wastewater have been reviewed.
Ganoderma lucidum exhibits pronounced anti-inflammatory effects, polysaccharides and triterpenoids are regarded as major constituents displaying the anti-inflammatory activities, whether sterols ...contribute to this activity remains unclear. Herein Ganoderma lucidum sterols (GLS) were innovatively isolated by a single-step procedure, the profile of GLS was characterized by HPLC-ELSD and shown similar to that of sterols separated by a traditional method, but much higher in content. Furthermore, GLS inhibited inflammation in macrophages by significantly attenuating LPS-induced cell polarization as well as releases and mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of GLS was mediated by MAPK and NF-κB pathways, GLS suppressed MAPK pathways by blocking phosphorylation of p38 but not ERK and JNK, which is complementary with inhibitory effects of Ganoderma polysaccharides and triterpenes on JNK and ERK, indicating Ganoderma sterols may exert synergistic anti-inflammatory effect with polysaccharides and triterpenes. GLS also inhibited NF-κB pathways by restraining phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α and blocking phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Molecular docking confirmed that sterols of GLS were directly bound to active sites of p38 and p65 to suppress their activation. Therefore, our findings suggest GLS as natural and safe anti-inflammatory agents to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases.
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