La evaluación de las actitudes hacia la estadística de los futuros profesores alcanza interés por la importancia que la formación en esta disciplina tiene en la sociedad actual, para la ciudadanía en ...general, y, específicamente, por su relación con la alfabetización científica de los maestros. Dado que un elemento básico en la evaluación es que se apoye en medidas válidas y fiables, el objetivo final del presente trabajo es fundamentalmente métrico y consiste en obtener evidencias de consistencia y validez estructural y criterial de la Escala de Actitudes hacia la Estadística (EAE), que se aplica a 542 estudiantes de los grados de Maestro en Educación Primaria e Infantil. Después de describir al colectivo estudiado, se aborda el constructo desde un enfoque multivariado adecuado para datos ordinales, con análisis factorial confirmatorio (ULSMV) y árboles de decisión (CHAID y CART). Los resultados indican que los estudiantes consultados no tienen unas actitudes muy positivas y consideran que su manejo de la estadística es insuficiente para realizar investigación, pero muestran interés por estar actualizados y poder discriminar entre lo cierto y lo falso. Tras evaluar once modelos de medida, se concluye aportando evidencias de la convergencia y consistencia de un constructo con cinco dimensiones y 24 ítems, con índices de ajuste aceptables en este colectivo. Además, se evidencia la utilidad de los ítems de la EAE para predecir los criterios utilizados, autoevaluación del desempeño e indicadores de la importancia que los futuros maestros otorgan a la ciencia y a la investigación en su profesión.
Absztrakt: A tanulmány célja az attituddeixis legtipikusabb muveleteinek, a tegezés és magázás változatainak és a megszólításhasználatnak a vizsgálata egy angol nyelvu sorozat magyar ...szövegváltozataiban. Az attitudjelölo deiktikus elemek mindegyike kultúraspecifikus jelenség, fordításuk minden szövegtípusban kulturális átváltási muveleteket is igényel. A tanulmány a Csernobil címu minisorozat (HBO, 2019) angol nyelvu eredetijének és magyar szövegváltozatainak teljes feldolgozása révén rámutat, hogy a szinkron és a felirat attituddeiktikus elemeinek különbségei nem értelmezhetok egyes diskurzusrészletek eltéro megfeleltetéseként, hanem a diskurzushangvétel célnyelvi megalkotásának eltéro stratégiáiba épülnek bele. Az elemzés igazolja, hogy a társas deiktikus elemek alakítása révén mindkét vizsgált szövegváltozat a célnyelvi közönség kognitív környezetéhez igazodó társas jelentésekkel gazdagítja a forrásszöveget, mindkét verzióban muködo, a társas viszonyok értelmezését lehetové tevo fordítás valósul meg.
Bureaucrats are important symbols of the governments that employ them. Contrary to popular stereotypes, they determine much about the way policy is ultimately enacted and experienced by citizens. ...While we know a great deal about bureaucrats and their actions, we know little about their development. Are particular types of people drawn to government work, or are government workers forged by the agencies they work in? Put simply, are bureaucrats born, or are they made?InBecoming Bureaucrats, Zachary W. Oberfield traces the paths of two sets of public servants-police officers and welfare caseworkers-from their first day on the job through the end of their second year. Examining original data derived from surveys and in-depth interviews, along with ethnographic observations from the author's year of training and work as a welfare caseworker,Becoming Bureaucratscharts how public-sector entrants develop their bureaucratic identities, motivations, and attitudes. Ranging from individual stories to population-wide statistical analysis, Oberfield's study complicates the long-standing cliché that bureaucracies churn out bureaucrats with mechanical efficiency. He demonstrates that entrants' bureaucratic personalities evolved but remained strongly tied to the views, identities, and motives that they articulated at the outset of their service. As such, he argues that who bureaucrats become and, as a result, how bureaucracies function, depends strongly on patterns of self-selection and recruitment.Becoming Bureaucratsnot only enriches our theoretical understanding of bureaucratic behavior but also provides practical advice to elected officials and public managers on building responsive, accountable workforces.
Lab-based interventions have been ineffective in changing individuals’ implicit racial attitudes for more than brief durations, and exposure to high-status Black exemplars like Obama has proven ...ineffective in shifting societal-level racial attitudes. Antiracist social movements, however, offer a potential societal-level alternative for reducing racial bias. Racial attitudes were examined before and during Black Lives Matter (BLM) and its high points of struggle with 1,369,204 participants from 2009 to 2016. After controlling for changes in participant demographics, overall implicit attitudes were less pro-White during BLM than pre-BLM, became increasingly less pro-White across BLM, and were less pro-White during most periods of high BLM struggle. Considering changes in implicit attitudes by participant race, Whites became less implicitly pro-White during BLM, whereas Blacks showed little change. Regarding explicit attitudes, Whites became less pro-White and Blacks became less pro-Black during BLM, each moving toward an egalitarian “no preference” position.
Antisemitism from Muslims has become a serious issue in Western Europe, although not often acknowledged as such. Looking for insights into the views and rationales of young Muslims toward Jews, ...Günther Jikeli and his colleagues interviewed 117 ordinary Muslim men in London (chiefly of South Asian background), Paris (chiefly North African), and Berlin (chiefly Turkish). The researchers sought information about stereotypes of Jews, arguments used to support hostility toward Jews, the role played by the Middle East conflict and Islamist ideology in perceptions of Jews, the possible sources of antisemitic views, and, by contrast, what would motivate Muslims to actively oppose antisemitism. They also learned how the men perceive discrimination and exclusion as well as their own national identification. This study is rich in qualitative data that will mark a significant step along the path toward a better understanding of contemporary antisemitism in Europe.
Understanding the formation of prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination has long been a core topic of social psychology. Since the seminal theorizing by Allport in 1954, different views on ...childhood origins of prejudice have been discussed, in which the role of parental socialization varies on a scale from fundamental to negligible. This meta-analysis integrates the available empirical evidence of the past 60 years and critically discusses the current state of knowledge on parental socialization of intergroup attitudes. A random-effects model analysis of data from 131 studies on over 45,000 parent-child dyads indicated a significant medium-sized average effect size for the correlation between parental and child intergroup attitudes. The average effect size was related to study-specific variables, such as the source of parental attitude report (self vs. child reported), the conceptual overlap between measures, and the privacy of assessment. We also found significant moderations by ingroup status and size as well as child age. The latter was, however, mediated by measurement overlap. No significant effect size differences were found in relation to different components of intergroup attitudes (i.e., affective, cognitive, behavioral), nor to child or parent gender. The results unequivocally demonstrate that parent-child attitudes are related throughout childhood and adolescence. We discuss in detail whether and to what extent this interrelation can be interpreted as an indicator of parent-child socialization to allow a critical evaluation of the available contradicting theories. We furthermore address limitations of the available research and the current meta-analysis and derive implications and suggestions for future research.
There is considerable controversy about how to conceptualize implicit and explicit attitudes, reflecting substantial speculation about the mechanisms involved in implicit and explicit attitude ...formation and change. To investigate this issue, the current work examines the processes by which new attitudes are formed and changed and how these attitudes predict behavior. Five experiments support a systems of reasoning approach to implicit and explicit attitude change. Specifically, explicit attitudes were shaped in a manner consistent with fast-changing processes, were affected by explicit processing goals, and uniquely predicted more deliberate behavioral intentions. Conversely, implicit attitudes reflected an associative system characterized by a slower process of repeated pairings between an attitude object and related evaluations, were unaffected by explicit processing goals, uniquely predicted spontaneous behaviors, and were exclusively affected by associative information about the attitude object that was not available for higher order cognition.
Political campaign slogans, such as ‘Take back control of our country’ (United Kingdom Independence Party) and ‘The Netherlands ours again’ (Dutch Party for Freedom), indicate that right‐wing ...populism appeals to the belief that the country is ‘ours’, and therefore, ‘we’ have the exclusive right to determine what happens. We examined this sense of ownership of the country (i.e. collective psychological ownership CPO) with the related determination right in relation to exclusionary attitudes and voting behaviour. Among Dutch (Study 1, N = 572) and British (Study 2, N = 495) participants, we found that CPO explained anti‐immigrant and anti‐EU attitudes, and these attitudes in turn accounted for voting ‘leave’ in the 2016 Brexit referendum in the British sample (Study 2). Additionally, CPO was more strongly related to negative immigrant attitudes among right‐wing Dutch participants, whereas it was more strongly related to negative EU attitudes and voting ‘leave’ among left‐wing British participants. CPO contributes to the understanding of critical contemporary social attitudes and political behaviour.
The education system in modern society is aimed at ensuring the spiritual and moral development of an individualbasing on the formation of the value attitude towards the Motherland. The authors ...appeal to the theoretical foundations of the formation of the value attitude towards the Motherland in schoolchildren, and consider various approaches of Russian and foreign researchers. At present, the problem of the formation of the value attitude towards the Motherland in schoolchildren is connected with the formation and development of an individual as a highly moral and responsible citizen of the country. It is the younger school age that is favorable for the formation of the value attitude towards the Motherland, which contributes to the acquisition of moral experience, moral knowledge, and the introduction of the child to the values of the society. The results of the formative stage made it possible to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of formative activities in the organization of experimental work.
Over the past decade, implicit attitudes about sexual orientation, race, and age have revealed both change toward neutrality (sexuality and race attitudes) and stability (age attitudes). But how ...consistently have such patterns of change and stability unfolded across U.S. society? Are the trends widespread, with most demographic groups changing or remaining stable in parallel, at the same rate and in the same direction? Or are the trends more idiosyncratic, with groups moving at different rates and/or directions, revealing nonparallel change? The answer can reveal whether the sources of change are unfolding at the collective, macrolevel of society, or at the mezzo-level of demographic group memberships. Results from over 2.5 million tests of sexuality, race, and age attitudes, collected continuously in the United States over 10 years (2007-2016) show that attitude trends are largely parallel across most demographic groups (e.g., respondents' gender, race, education). Parallel trends are more strongly evident in implicit social group attitudes, with explicit attitudes showing relatively more nonparallel trends. Two demographics, respondent age and political orientation, are exceptions: younger and politically liberal groups are generally changing faster toward implicit attitude neutrality than older and conservative groups. Nevertheless, the surprising consistency in trends across demographic groups points to the role of macrolevel societal variables as the most likely sources of widespread reductions in implicit and explicit social group attitudes over the past decade.
Public Significance StatementOver the past decade, implicit social group attitudes have revealed both change toward neutrality (sexuality and race attitudes) and stability (age attitudes). The present study shows that these patterns of change and stability are widespread across most people, with parallel trends observed in implicit attitudes generally regardless of respondents' gender, education, religion, race, or geography. The findings point to cross-cutting, macrolevel variables as the most likely sources of long-term implicit attitude change.
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