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•Effect of plasma treatment and six different fluxes on solder wetting was studied.•Copper samples treated by N2/H2 plasma exhibited excellent wetting with any flux.•Even expired ...fluxes can be successfully used for soldering of plasma-treated connectors.•Flux cannot be omitted from soldering due to the remaining thin oxide/organic layer.•Plasma treatment allows much less active flux to be used in the soldering process.
To enhance the solderability, highly active fluxes are commonly employed in lead-free soldering. However, there are industry-wide efforts to use less active fluxes to avoid possible issues associated with corrosion processes and minimize subsequent cleaning processes, thereby reducing potential environmentally harmful waste. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the plasma treatment (N2/H2 97:3) on the wettability of the soldered surface (copper connectors) was investigated. Wettability measurements were conducted using SAC305 solder alloy and six different fluxes. The wetting balance test revealed a significant improvement in wetting for all tested fluxes, regardless of their composition. On the other hand, non-wetting occurred when no flux was applied to the plasma-treated surface, attributed to a thin residual oxide layer detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thus, the plasma treatment of the surface supports the flux effect, which cannot be entirely omitted from the soldering process. However, incorporating plasma treatment in the soldering process allows for the use of much less active or even expired fluxes.
Deficits in dynamic neuromuscular control have been associated with post-injury sequelae and increased injury risk. The Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ) has emerged as a tool to identify these ...deficits.
To review the reliability of the YBT-LQ, determine if performance on the YBT-LQ varies among populations (i.e., sex, sport/activity, and competition level), and to determine the injury risk identification validity of the YBT-LQ based on asymmetry, individual reach direction performance, or composite score.
Systematic Review.
A comprehensive search was performed of 10 online databases from inception to October 30, 2019. Only studies that tested dynamic single leg balance using the YBT-LQ were included. Studies were excluded if the Y-Balance Test kit was not utilized during testing or if there was a major deviation from the Y-Balance test procedure. For methodological quality assessment, the modified Downs and Black scale and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used.
Fifty-seven studies (four in multiple categories) were included with nine studies assessing reliability, 36 assessing population differences, and 16 assessing injury prediction were included. Intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.85-0.91. Sex differences were observed in the posteromedial direction (males: 109.6 95%CI 107.4-111.8; females: 102.3 95%CI 97.2-107.4; p = 0.01) and posterolateral direction (males: 107.0 95%CI 105.0-109.1; females: 102.0 95%CI 97.8-106.2). However, no difference was observed between sexes in the anterior reach direction (males: 71.9 95%CI 69.5-74.5; females: 70.8 95%CI 65.7-75.9; p=0.708). Differences in composite score were noted between soccer (97.6; 95%CI 95.9-99.3) and basketball (92.8; 95%CI 90.4-95.3; p <0.01), and baseball (97.4; 95%CI 94.6-100.2) and basketball (92.8; 95%CI 90.4-95.3; p=0.02). Given the heterogeneity of injury prediction studies, a meta-analysis of these data was not possible. Three of the 13 studies reported a relationship between anterior reach asymmetry reach and injury risk, three of 10 studies for posteromedial and posterolateral reach asymmetry, and one of 13 studies reported relationship with composite reach asymmetry.
There was moderate to high quality evidence demonstrating that the YBT-LQ is a reliable dynamic neuromuscular control test. Significant differences in sex and sport were observed. If general cut points (i.e., not population specific) are used, the YBT-LQ may not be predictive of injury. Clinical population specific requirements (e.g., age, sex, sport/activity) should be considered when interpreting YBT-LQ performance, particularly when used to identify risk factors for injury.
1b.
SEBT AND YBT DYNAMIC BALANCE TESTS CORDUN, MARIANA; ROȘU, BOGDAN
Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai. Educatio artis gymnasticae,
08/2022, Letnik:
67, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A fundamental role in movement control is given by proprioceptive information from a multitude of mechanoreceptors that are integrated and processed by the human brain. Understanding proprioception ...and the test method, such as the threshold for detecting passive movement and reproducing joint position, are used to assess proprioception. The origin of the methods, test apparatus and procedures or protocols used in each approach are compared and discussed. Instability of a lower limb joint is a risk factor for these areas. Therefore, the development of proprioception can play an important role in injury prevention. The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is a dynamic postural control task that has gained notoriety in clinical and research settings, it is able to provide objective measures to differentiate deficiencies and improve dynamic postural control related to lower limb joint injuries. The clinical application of the SEBT led to the development of the Y Balance Test (YBT), both SEBT and YBT involve similar movements that are deemed to measure and challenge dynamic balance.
Widespread concern over the credibility of published results has led to scrutiny of statistical practices. We address one aspect of this problem that stems from the use of balance tests in ...conjunction with experimental data. When random assignment is botched, due either to mistakes in implementation or differential attrition, balance tests can be an important tool in determining whether to treat the data as observational versus experimental. Unfortunately, the use of balance tests has become commonplace in analyses of "clean" data, that is, data for which random assignment can be stipulated. Here, we show that balance tests can destroy the basis on which scientific conclusions are formed, and can lead to erroneous and even fraudulent conclusions. We conclude by advocating that scientists and journal editors resist the use of balance tests in all analyses of clean data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online
Menurunnya minat anak-anak terhadap aktivitas motoric akibat gadget akan menghambat dari proses perkembangan motoric ini terutama pada keseimbangan dinamis. Perlunya diberikan latihan modifikasi ...untuk dapat membantu mengoptimalkan perkembangan keseimbangan dinamis pada anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari pemberian Core Stability Exercise dan Wobble Board terhadap keseimbangan dinamis pada anak sekolah dasar. Metode penelitian ini pre-eksperimental dengan one group pre-test and post-test design. Alat ukur keseimbangan dinamis yang digunakan adalah Y Balance Test. Sampel pada penelitian ini sejumlah 17 orang yang didapat berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Uji Normalitas dengan Shapiro-wilk test menunjukkan p>0,05 pada hasil pre dan post test. Berdasarkan hasil uji Paired Sample T-Test didapatkan hasil p=0,000 yang berarti terdapat peningkatan keseimbangan dinamis pada anak sekolah dasar dengan presentase peningkatan sebesar 11,65%. Sehingga kombinasi dari Core Stability Exercise dan Wobble Board dapat menjadi salah satu modifikasi latihan keseimbangan dinamis pada anak-anak
PURPOSEThe Y balance test (YBT) is a screen of dynamic balance requiring stance leg balance while the contralateral leg reaches in anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) ...directions. YBT has been proposed as a screen for injury risk; however, limited research has examined the association between YBT and injury. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between YBT (asymmetry and composite score (CS)) and noncontact injury in a sample of Division I (DI) college athletes from multiple sports.
METHODSDI college athletes were screened with the YBT during the preparticipation examination to determine asymmetry (absolute difference between legs in ANT, PL, and PM) and CS (summed average of right/left ANT, PL, and PM normalized to leg length). Participants were followed throughout the sport season, and noncontact injuries requiring athletic training staff intervention were recorded for analysis. Demographic variables between injured and uninjured athletes were assessed with independent t-tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves determined optimal cut points for predicting injury on the basis of CS and asymmetry. CS was analyzed as a continuous variable, as ROC curves were unable to maximize sensitivity and specificity. Logistic regression models adjusted for sport and previous injury determined the odds of injury on the basis of asymmetry and CS.
RESULTSOne hundred and eighty-four participants were included in analysis; 81 were injured. ROC curves determined asymmetry >4 cm (sensitivity, 59%; specificity, 72%) as the optimal cut point for predicting injury. Only ANT asymmetry was significantly associated with noncontact injury (odds ratio, 2.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–4.76).
CONCLUSIONSANT asymmetry >4 cm was associated with increased risk of noncontact injury. CS in this sample of DI athletes was not associated with increased risk of injury.
STUDY DESIGN.A prospective cohort study.
OBJECTIVE.The aim of this study was to quantify the amount of sway associated with maintaining a balanced posture in a group of untreated cervical spondylotic ...myelopathy (CSM) patients.
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.Balance is defined as the ability of the human body to maintain its center of mass (COM) within the base of support with minimal postural sway. Sway is the movement of the COM in the horizontal plane when a person is standing in a static position. CSM patients have impaired body balance and proprioceptive loss.
METHODS.Thirty-two CSM patients performed a series of functional balance tests a week before surgery. Sixteen healthy controls (HCs) performed a similar balance test. Patients are instructed to stand erect with feet together and eyes opened in their self-perceived balanced and natural position for a full minute. All test subjects were fitted to a full-body reflective markers set and surface electromyography (EMG).
RESULTS.CSM patients had more COM sway in the anterior-posterior (CSM2.87 cm vs. C0.74 cm; P = 0.023), right-left (CSM5.16 cm vs. C2.51 cm; P = 0.003) directions as well as head sway (anterior-posterior - CSM2.17 cm vs. C0.82 cm; P = 0.010 and right-left - CSM3.66 cm vs. C1.69 cm; P = 0.044), more COM (CSM44.72 cm vs. HC19.26 cm, p = 0.001), and head (Pre37.87 cm vs. C19.93 cm, P = 0.001) total sway in comparison to controls. CSM patients utilized significantly more muscle activity to maintain static standing, evidenced by the increased trunk and lower extremity muscle activity (multifidus, erector spinae, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior, P < 0.050) during 1-minute standing.
CONCLUSION.In symptomatic CSM patients, COM and head total sway were significantly greater than controls. Individuals with CSM exhibit more trunk and lower extremity muscle activity, and thus expend more neuromuscular energy to maintain a balanced, static standing posture. This study is the first effort to evaluate global balance as a dynamic process in this patient population.Level of Evidence3
Introduction Ice hockey is one of the most popular sports that constitutes a physically demanding intermittent type of physical activity. It also requires an enormous amount of energy expended by the ...musculoskeletal system. The main objective of the study was to determine the dynamic stability of the lower limb in professional hockey players. Methods The Y-balance test was chosen to measure the dynamic stability of lower limb. In addition, an electronic questionnaire was applied to obtain data associated with the knee joint injuries. Results The mean value of the composite score for the right lower limb was 1.07 (± 0.10). The minimum value of the composite score for the right lower limb was 0.88, and the maximum value equalled 1.25. The mean value of the composite score for the left lower limb was 1.08 (± 0.11). The minimum value for the left lower limb was 0.90, and the maximum equalled 1.27. Conclusions Dynamic stability in the tested group of professional hockey players was shown to be adequate; however, further studies will be needed to determine the optimal values of the Y-balance test in the prevention of injuries in hockey players.
Comparative analysis of student performance on the y-balance test Tanasă, Bogdan Ionuţ; Vizitiu, Elena
Annals of the "Ștefan cel Mare" University. Physical Education and Sport Section. The Science and Art of Movement (Online),
12/2024, Letnik:
16, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In the case of a physical education and sport teacher, the way in which he or she orients his or her mindset can contribute significantly to communicating and working effectively with students and ...can positively influence the outcomes of the educational process. The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of students’ performance on the Y-Balance test, evaluating and comparing their results to identify and understand differences and similarities in functional ability and balance. The objectives of the study: to identify and analyze student balance levels between the experimental group (who played weekly basketball) and the control group (who followed the regular school curriculum); to analyze differences in performance on the Y Balance test between the two groups of students to determine if playing weekly basketball had a significant impact on balance compared to the control group; To differentiate the results of the Y Balance test in the group that practiced basketball during the experimental period (September – December 2023) and the control group that followed the standard school curriculum, in order to highlight possible changes in balance; To analyze and interpret the balance results obtained, providing an understanding of how regular basketball practice can influence students’ balance.
Static balance and dynamic balance are crucial to an athlete's motor skills and are pivotal determinants of performance in team sports (TS) players. Training to enhance balance prevents falls and ...reduces the incidence of sports-related injuries. However, the existing literature presents conflicting data regarding the impact of an athlete's sex on balance performance and the potential associations between static and dynamic balance characteristics. The aims of our study were: 1) to assess and compare the static and dynamic balance performance between TS players and the control group (CG) and 2) to examine and analyze sex differences in static and dynamic balance tests within both the TS players and CG. A total of 97 subjects who were 19-24 years of age participated in the study. The participants were categorized into two groups: 1) TS players (males: n = 30, females: n = 25), with a mean weekly training duration of 10.1 ± 1.5 h, including sport-specific balance exercises twice per week for 15 min, and training experience in football, basketball, or volleyball averaging 9.7 ±3.3 years and 2) a CG (males: n = 17, females: n = 25) engaged in regular physical activity for at least 2-3 h per week. The stork stand static balance test was employed to measure static balance, revealing no significant differences between TS players and their same-sex counterparts in the CG (p > 0.05). However, males exhibited higher static balance values overall than females (p < 0.01). Dynamic balance assessment, conducted using the Y-lower body dynamic balance test, showed that TS players of both sexes displayed significantly higher normalized leg reach distances (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral) and composite scores compared to the CG (p < 0.001). Notably, the dynamic stability normalized results did not differ significantly between males and females within the TS players and CG, respectively (p < 0.01). No significant correlation existed between static and dynamic balance test results in any participant groups (p > 0.05).
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