The article deals with one of the least studied periods in the history of mountainous southwestern Taurica, the second half of the XIII century. During this period, a radical transformation of the ...political system of the whole Black Sea region took place, which began with the destruction of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, and the catalyst was the Mongol conquests. Since the 1320s, the Crimean peninsula was subject to invasions by the armies of Genghis Khan and his descendants, but the process of its integration into the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde) proceeded unevenly and stretched over many decades. The study, based on a comprehensive analysis of narrative and epigraphic sources, focuses on peculiarities of the early phase of the Golden Horde period in history of the mountainous southwestern Crimea, where such significant archaeological sites as Eski Kermen and Mangup are located. The conclusion is made, that during this period the region maintained a certain form of independence from the khans’ power and was ruled by local multi-ethnic elites who still adhered to Greek Orthodox Christianity, but at the same time sought to fit into the emerging privileged class of the Golden Horde.
•± J BC model is examined in the lowest approximation of cluster variation method.•The ground state phase diagrams are calculated.•The sublattice order-parameters are studied in detail to obtain the ...phase diagrams.•The model gives tetracritical points, reentrant and double reentrant behaviors.•The FM, AFM, FI, PM and chaotic phase regions are observed.
The Blume-Emery-Griffiths (BEG) model is considered on the Bethe lattice (BL) in terms of exact recursion relations (ERR) under the effect of a crystal field (D) which was either turned on or off randomly for a given probability. The repulsive case of biquadratic exchange interaction ((K < 0)) between the nearest-neighbor (NN) spins is assumed and the effects of changing the coordination number are also investigated. The thermal variation of the order-parameters, i.e. dipole and quadrupole moments, is examined to obtain the phase diagrams. Very rich phase diagrams with the second- and first-order phase transition lines, tricritical, bicritical and critical end points and the occurrence of reentrant behavior are observed. Different phase regions were explored which include the ferromagnetic (F), paramagnetic (P), staggered quadrupolar (SQ) and ferrimagnetic (FI) phases.
Two nonperturbative methods such as Monte-Carlo simulation (MC) and Transfer-Matrix Finite-Size-Scaling calculations (TMFSS) have been used to study the phase transition of the spin-3/2 ...Blume–Emery–Griffiths model (BEG) with quadrupolar and antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbor exchange interactions. Ground state and finite temperature phase diagrams are obtained by means of these two methods. New degenerate phases are found and only second order phase transitions occur for all values of the parameter interactions. No sign of the intermediate phase is found from both methods. Critical exponents are also obtained from TMFSS calculations. Ising criticality and nonuniversal behaviors are observed depending on the strength of the second neighbor interaction.
•A spin-3/2 Blume–Emery–Griffiths model with second neighbor exchange is proposed.•Monte-Carlo simulations and Transfer-matrix Finite-size-scaling methodology are used.•New phases appear in this model and second order transitions are found.•The critical behavior has been analyzed by calculating the exponent nu.•Ising critical universality and nonuniversal behavior are found.
19. yüzyılın son çeyreği, Doğu Türkistan tarihi için özel bir durum arz etmektedir. Önceki dönemlerinde Hokant Hanlığı hizmetinde de bulunmuş olan Yakup Bek, Türkiye’de Kaşgar Emirliği olarak bilinen ...Yedişehir Devletini kurmuş ve bölgede etkin bir güç haline gelmişti. Bu makalede, söz konusu dönemde Yedişehir Devleti (Kaşgar Emirliği) ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Batı Türkistan’daki Rus istilası sırasında, buradaki hanlıklara gerekli yardımda bulunamayan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Yakup Bek’in taleplerini geri çevirmeyerek, bu devleti askerî ve siyasî olarak desteklemiştir. Bununla birlikte, Yedişehir Devleti, Osmanlı Devleti’nin yanı sıra Rusya ve İngiltere ile de siyasî ve ticari ilişkiler kurmuştur. Ancak Kaşgar ve Osmanlı ülkesinin halkı ve yöneticilerinin aynı dine inanmaları, aynı soya mensup olmaları, bu ilişkilerin daha samimi düzeyde gelişmesini sağlamıştı. Kaşgar ile İstanbul arasında diplomatik ilişkiler kurulmuş ve Kaşgar’dan İstanbul’a gelen elçilik heyeti vasıtasıyla Yakup Bek, Osmanlı sultanına tabi olduğunu bildirmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti de Kaşgar’a gönderdiği heyetle birlikte Yedişehir Devletine askeri yardımda bulunmuştur. İki ülke arasındaki ilişkileri incelemeye çalıştığımız makalemizde, arşiv belgelerinin yanı sıra kaynak ve araştırma eserlerinden de yararlanılmıştır.
The last quarter of the 19th century has a special place in the history of East Turkestan. Yakup Bek, who had also served in the Hokant Khanate in his previous periods, established the Yettishar State, known as the Kashgar Emirate in Turkey, and became an effective power in the region. In this article, the relations between the Yettishar State (Emirate of Kashgar) and the Ottoman Empire in the same period were tried to be examined. During the Russian invasion in Western Turkestan, the Ottoman Empire, which could not provide the necessary assistance to the khanates here, did not refuse the demands of Yaqub Bek and supported this state militarily and politically. In addition to this, Yettishar State established political and commercial relations with Russia and England as well as the Ottoman Empire. However, the fact that the people and administrators of Kashgar and the Ottoman state believed in the same religion and belonged to the same lineage enabled these relations to develop more sincerely. Diplomatic relations were established between Kashgar and Istanbul, and through the embassy delegation from Kashgar to Istanbul, Yaqub Bek declared that he was dependent on the Ottoman sultan. The Ottoman Empire also provided military aid to the Yettishar State with the delegation it sent to Kashgar. In our article, in which we tried to examine the relations between the two countries, sources and research works were used as well as archival documents
Dîrok û roman du hêmanên sereke ne ku behsa jîyana civak û ferdan dikin. Çawa ku dîroknas xwe dispêre belgenameyan û bûyerên berê radigihîne romannivîs jî kitekit û jîyanên ku di dîrokê da nepenî ...mane şîrove dike. Em di vê xebata xwe da li ser romana Îhsan Colemêrgî ya bi navê Zeynel Beg bisekinîn gelo di vê romanê da nivîskarî çawa ji dîrokê sûd wergirtîye. Wekî cureyeka romanê ev berhem di edebîyata Kurdî da yek ji nimûneyên ewil yên ku li ser dîroka Hekaryan e. Lewma lêkolîna me ji ber vê sedemê girîng e. Di vê xebatê da me ev pirs bersivandin; gelo hêmanên romanê yên binyadgerî yên wek zîncîreya rûdanê , karakter , zeman û mekanî çawa hatine honandin, cureyê vegêr bandoreka çawa li ser romanê kirîye, wekhevîyên vê berhemê ligel romanên dî yên dîrokî çi ne? Me rêbaza nirxandina naverokê ya çawahînîyê bi kar anî. Me dît ku di navbera nivîskarî û berhema wî da têkilîyeka girîng heye. Bûyerên ku di romanê da tên vegotin ji riwangeha romannivîsekî zêdetir dişibe ya dîroknasekî. Lewma mirov dikare bibêje ku di berhemê da mînakên anakronîzmê jî tên dîtin. Lewma nivîskarî ji bo nivîsandina dîrokê roman wek amûrekê bi kar anîye
Tarih ve roman toplumların ve bireylerin hayatlarını ele alan iki önemli unsurdur. Tarihçi bilgi ve belgelere dayanarak yaşanmış olayları aktarırken romancı ise gizli ayrıntıları ve hayatları yorumlar. Bizler de bu çalışmamızda bir roman yazılırken tarihten nasıl faydalanılabileceğini Îhsan Colemêrgî’nin Zeynel Beg adlı romanı üzerinden inceledik. Eser Kürt edebiyatında, roman türünde Hakkari tarihini anlatan ilk örneklerdendir. Bu nedenle eserin incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Zeynel Beg adlı romanı ele alan bu çalışmada; olay, kişi, yer ve zaman ögelerini nasıl kurgulandığı, tercih edilen anlatıcı türünün romanın kurgusunu nasıl etkilediği, eserin diğer tarihi romanlarla ne tür benzerlikler taşıdığı, incelenmiştir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi olan içerik analizine başvurulmuştur. Hakkari tarihi üzerine araştırmaları olan Îhsan Colemêrgî’nin tarihçi yönü söz konusu romanında da görülür. Olaylar bir romancıdan ziyade bir tarihçinin bakış açısıyla anlatılmıştır. Bundan hareketele yazarın, bir roman yazmak için tarihten faydalanırken eserde kendisini anakronizm örneklerinden de kurtaramamıştır.
Juchid Khan Beg Sufi and his coins Denisov, M.A.; Zayonchkovskiy, Yu.V.
Materialy po arheologii i istorii antičnogo i srednevekovogo Pričernomorʹâ,
03/2021
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Silver coins of Khan Beg Sufi (ruled in the Crimea in 822—824 AH) are studied by the method of the analysis of dies for minting coins. Graphic reconstructions of imprints of 20 obverse dies and 49 ...reverse dies were made. They worked in 93 die pairs. Schemes of die conneсtions were drawn up, the dating of coins that do not bear the date indication was proposed. A review of the main scientific publications on the topic was prepared, the metrology of the emissions was analyzed, the average weight of the dangs (0.84 g) was determined — silver content of these coins was explored. Aspеrs with the name Beg Sufi were minted by 13 die pairs; 7 obverse dies and 5 reverse dies were used in minting process. The average weight of aspеrs is 0.88 g. Copper anonymous Crimean puls, minted during the reign of Beg Sufi and dated 823 AH, were also analyzed. Catalogue of silver coins with the name of Beg Sufi khan is published: photographic images and graphic reconstructions of die pairs with which dangs and aspers of Beg Sufi were struck are reproduced, reconstructions and translations of coin legends are proposed.
В статье рассматривается один из наименее изученных периодов в истории Горной Юго-Западной Таврики, 2-я половина XIII в. В этот период происходит коренная трансформация политической системы всего ...Причерноморского региона, началом которой послужило разрушение Византийской империи в 1204 г., а катализатором выступили монгольские завоевания. Начиная с 20-х гг. XIII в., Крымский полуостров подвергается вторжениям армий Чингисхана и его потомков, однако процесс его интеграции в структуру Улуса Джучи (Золотой Орды) протекает неравномерно и растягивается на многие десятилетия. На основе комплексного анализа нарративных и эпиграфических источников авторы изучают специфику ранней фазы золотоордынского периода на территории Горного Юго- Западного Крыма, где представлены такие значительные археологические памятники, как Эски-Кермен и Мангуп. Сделаны выводы о том, что в рассматриваемый период регион сохранял определенную форму независимости от ханской власти и управлялся местными полиэтничными элитами, которые сохраняли приверженность греческому православному христианству, но при этом стремились вписатьсяв формирующийся привилегированный класс Золотой Орды.
Namen prispevka je osvežiti spomin na čas intenzivnega (globalnega) pojava bega možganov, na njegove tematizacije v izbranih raziskavah in na položaj v Sloveniji v obdobju od konca petdesetih let do ...začetka devetdesetih let 20. stoletja, to je do slovenske osamosvojitve. V prvem delu prispevka avtorica teoretsko tematizira različne pojme in njihove opredelitve, v drugem delu pa prikaz samega pojava osvetli s preglednimi podatki, ki kažejo vpetost Slovenije v takratno širšo svetovno dinamiko. V zaključku poudari, da je za razumevanje pojava v vseh njegovih razsežnostih ključno razumevanje širšega konteksta.
Premise of research . The recognition of diverse and abundant chlamydospermous seeds from the Early Cretaceous of Denmark, Portugal, and eastern North America has been an unexpected outcome of ...studies of mesofloras that were initially focused on early angiosperms. These seeds provide structural information critical for understanding morphological and structural diversity in an important Mesozoic group of extinct gnetalean relatives.
Methodology . The fossil seeds were picked from Early Cretaceous mesofossil floras from localities in western Portugal and Virginia using a stereomicroscope. Selected seeds were studied in more detail for morphological and anatomical traits using SEM and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy.
Pivotal results . Six new species of chlamydospermous seeds are described that add substantially to the known diversity of Early Cretaceous chlamydosperms. In general seed organization, the fossils are similar to seeds of extant Gnetales, but none of the fossils can be assigned to any of the three living genera of Gnetales ( Ephedra , Gnetum , and Welwitschia ). All six species have similar closure of the micropylar canal but show considerable variation in the anatomy of the seed envelope. In micropylar closure, the fossils are most similar to extant Gnetum , but they differ in other respects from seeds of extant Gnetum , and one of the new seed taxa has polyplicate, ephedroid pollen in the micropyle. A well-preserved embryo with two cotyledons is preserved in seeds of Rothwellia foveata and provides the first information on the embryo in this Early Cretaceous chlamydospermous complex.
Conclusions . The chlamydospermous seeds described here show similarities to seeds of extant Gnetales. However, most of the fossils exhibit combinations of features that are unknown among extant species of Gnetales and clearly represent an extinct complex of plants that were important in Early Cretaceous vegetation, along with other extinct plant groups, including Bennettitales and Erdtmanithecales.
Tekom štiridesetih let razprav o begu možganov na Slovenskem so se porodile različne ideje o tem, kaj storiti, da bi preprečili dolgoročne negativne družbenoekonomske posledice bega možganov. ...Predlogi se razpenjajo od ukrepov za omejevanje izseljevanja izobraženega in visoko usposobljenega kadra prek razmislekov o nujnem spodbujanju vračanja do ideje o mednarodnem sodelovanju, ki je bilo v jedru predloga za »Tretjo slovensko univerzo«. Odhajanje bi morali urediti tako, da to ne bi predstavljalo odliva znanja, ampak njegovo oplemenitenje – z organiziranjem transnacionalne mreže, po katerih znanje kroži in se tudi vrača.
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